The Experts below are selected from a list of 27 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Iain D Stewart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a systematic review and scientific critique of methodology in modern urban heat island literature
    International Journal of Climatology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Iain D Stewart
    Abstract:

    In the modern era of urban climatology, much emphasis has been placed on observing and documenting heat island magnitudes in cities around the world. Urban climate literature consequently boasts a remarkable accumulation of observational heat island studies. Through time, however, methodologists have raised concerns about the authenticity of these studies, especially regarding the Measurement, Definition and reporting of heat island magnitudes. This paper substantiates these concerns through a systematic review and scientific critique of heat island literature from the period 1950–2007. The review uses nine criteria of experimental design and communication to critically assess methodological quality in a sample of 190 heat island studies. Results of this assessment are discouraging: the mean quality score of the sample is just 50 percent, and nearly half of all urban heat island magnitudes reported in the sample are judged to be scientifically indefensible. Two areas of universal weakness in the literature sample are controlled Measurement and openness of method: one-half of the sample studies fail to sufficiently control the confounding effects of weather, relief or time on reported ‘urban’ heat island magnitudes, and three-quarters fail to communicate basic metadata regarding instrumentation and field site characteristics. A large proportion of observational heat island literature is therefore compromised by poor scientific practice. This paper concludes with recommendations for improving method and communication in heat island studies through better scrutiny of findings and more rigorous reporting of primary research. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society

Pautrat Yan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Heat Conservation and Fluctuations Between Quantum Reservoirs in the Two-Time Measurement Picture
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2020
    Co-Authors: Benoist Tristan, Panati Annalisa, Pautrat Yan
    Abstract:

    International audienceThis work concerns the statistics of the Two-Time Measurement Definition of heat variation in each reservoir of a thermodynamic quantum system. We study the cumulant generating function of the heat flows in the thermodynamic and large-time limits. It is well-known that, if the system is time-reversal invariant, this cumulant generating function satisfies the celebrated Evans–Searles symmetry. We show in addition that, under appropriate ultraviolet regularity assumptions on the local interaction between the reservoirs, it satisfies a translation-invariance property, as proposed in Andrieux et al. (in New J Phys 11(4):043014, 2009). We particularly fix some proofs of the latter article where the ultraviolet condition was not mentioned. We detail how these two symmetries lead respectively to fluctuation relations and a statistical refinement of heat conservation for isolated thermodynamic quantum systems. As in Andrieux et al. (in New J Phys 11(4):043014, 2009), we recover the fluctuation–dissipation theorem in the linear response theory, short of Green–Kubo relations. We illustrate the general theory on a number of canonical models

Jantz R. L. L.) - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Error quantification of osteometric data in forensic anthropology
    'Elsevier BV', 2018
    Co-Authors: Langley N. R. R.), Meadows Jantz L., Mcnulty S., Maijanen H., Ousley S. D. D.), Jantz R. L. L.)
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study evaluates the reliability of osteometric data commonly used in forensic case analyses, with specific reference to the Measurements in Data Collection Procedures 2.0 (DCP 2.0). Four observers took a set of 99 Measurements four times on a sample of 50 skeletons (each Measurement was taken 200 times by each observer). Two-way mixed ANOVAs and repeated measures ANOVAs with pairwise comparisons were used to examine interobserver (between-subjects) and intraobserver (within-subjects) variability. Relative technical error of Measurement (TEM) was calculated for Measurements with significant ANOVA results to examine the error among a single observer repeating a Measurement multiple times (e.g. repeatability or intraobserver error), as well as the variability between multiple observers (interobserver error). Two general trends emerged from these analyses: (1) maximum lengths and breadths have the lowest error across the board (TEM < 0.5), and (2) maximum and minimum diameters at midshaft are more reliable than their positionally-dependent counterparts (i.e. sagittal, vertical, transverse, dorso-volar). Therefore, maxima and minima are specified for all midshaft Measurements in DCP 2.0. Twenty-two Measurements were flagged for excessive variability (either interobserver, intraobserver, or both); 15 of these Measurements were part of the standard set of Measurements in Data Collection Procedures for Forensic Skeletal Material, 3rd edition. Each Measurement was examined carefully to determine the likely source of the error (e.g. data input, instrumentation, observer’s method, or Measurement Definition). For several Measurements (e.g. anterior sacral breadth, distal epiphyseal breadth of the tibia) only one observer differed significantly from the remaining observers, indicating a likely problem with the Measurement Definition as interpreted by that observer; these Definitions were clarified in DCP 2.0 to eliminate this confusion. Other Measurements were taken from landmarks that are difficult to locate consistently (e.g. pubis length, ischium length); these Measurements were omitted from DCP 2.0. This manual is available for free download online (https://fac.utk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/DCP20_webversion.pdf), along with an accompanying instructional video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtkLFl3vim4)

Alexander Torossian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • thermal management during anaesthesia and thermoregulation standards for the prevention of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia
    Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Alexander Torossian
    Abstract:

    Incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia is still high, and thus thermoregulatory standards are warranted. This review summarizes current evidence of thermal management during anaesthesia, referring to recognized clinical queries (temperature Measurement, Definition of hypothermia, risk factors, warming methods, implementation strategies). Body temperature is a vital sign, and 37 degrees C is the mean core temperature of a healthy human. Systematic review shows that for non-invasive temperature monitoring the oral route is the most reliable; infrared ear temperature Measurement is inaccurate. Intraoperatively, acceptable semi-invasive temperature monitoring sites are the nasopharynx, oesophagus and urinary bladder. Clinically relevant hypothermia starts at 36 degrees C with regard to major adverse outcomes (increased infectious complications, morbid cardiac events, coagulation disorders, prolonged length of hospital stay, and increased costs). Skin surface warming for 20 min immediately before anaesthesia (pre-warming) minimizes initial redistribution hypothermia. Intraoperatively, active warming should be applied when anaesthesia time is > 60 min. Effective methods of active warming are forced-air warming or conductive warming, provided that enough skin surface is available. Infusion fluid warming, increasing the operating room temperature, and warming of irrigation fluids are adjunctive therapies. The patient's body temperature should be above 36 degrees C before induction of anaesthesia, and should be measured continuously throughout surgery. Active warming should be applied intraoperatively. Postoperative patient temperature and outcomes should be evaluated.

Langley, Mendeley N Data) - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • DCP 2.0 Osteometric Data
    2018
    Co-Authors: Langley, Mendeley N Data)
    Abstract:

    This study evaluates the reliability of osteometric data commonly used in forensic case analyses, with specific reference to the Measurements in Data Collection Procedures 2.0 (DCP 2.0). Four observers took a set of 99 Measurements four times on a sample of 50 skeletons (each Measurement was taken 200 times by each observer). Two-way mixed ANOVAs and repeated measures ANOVAs with pairwise comparisons were used to examine interobserver (between-subjects) and intraobserver (within-subjects) variability. Relative technical error of Measurement (TEM) was calculated for Measurements with significant ANOVA results to examine the error among a single observer repeating a Measurement multiple times (e.g. repeatability or intraobserver error), as well as the variability between multiple observers (interobserver error). Two general trends emerged from these analyses: (1) maximum lengths and breadths have the lowest error across the board (TEM < 0.5), and (2) maximum and minimum diameters at midshaft are more reliable than their positionally-dependent counterparts (i.e. sagittal, vertical, transverse, dorso-volar). Therefore, maxima and minima are specified for all midshaft Measurements in DCP 2.0. Twenty-two Measurements were flagged for excessive variability (either interobserver, intraobserver, or both); 15 of these Measurements were part of the standard set of Measurements in Data Collection Procedures for Forensic Skeletal Material, 3rd edition. Each Measurement was examined carefully to determine the likely source of the error (e.g. data input, instrumentation, observer’s method, or Measurement Definition). For several Measurements (e.g. anterior sacral breadth, distal epiphyseal breadth of the tibia) only one observer differed significantly from the remaining observers, indicating a likely problem with the Measurement Definition as interpreted by that observer; these Definitions were clarified in DCP 2.0 to eliminate this confusion. Other Measurements were taken from landmarks that are difficult to locate consistently (e.g. pubis length, ischium length); these Measurements were omitted from DCP 2.0. This manual is available for free download online (https://fac.utk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/DCP20_webversion.pdf), along with an accompanying instructional video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtkLFl3vim4). Observer experience also played a role in the ability to consistently reproduce Measurements. Average intraobserver relative TEM values of the Measurements in Table 3 from lowest to highest were 2.31 (Observer 2), 3.25 (Observer 1), 3.36 (Observer 3), and 3.41 (Observer 4). Observer 2 had the lowest TEM for most Measurements, and Observer 4 had the highest TEM most frequently. While Observer 1 had the most experience in number of years (27 years), Observer 2 had more technical training than any other observers. Observer 2 had 14 years of experience, but had measured approximately 900 skeletons (more than any other observer) during this time