The Experts below are selected from a list of 101733 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jeroen Van Der Heijden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Urban Climate Governance Experimentation in Seoul: Science, Politics, or a Little of Both?:
Urban Affairs Review, 2020Co-Authors: Jeroen Van Der Heijden, Seung-hun HongAbstract:Cities are key in Urban Climate mitigation. Since the early 2000s, a trend of Urban Climate governance experimentation has been observed in which cities, and especially city governments, are triali...
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Urban Climate governance in Russia: Insights from Moscow and St. Petersburg
Journal of Urban Affairs, 2019Co-Authors: Jeroen Van Der Heijden, Olesya Luckmann, Alexandra CherkashevaAbstract:ABSTRACTCities are considered key to addressing Climate change. A substantial volume of scholarship is now available on Urban Climate transitions (focusing on social and technological change) and o...
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Studying Urban Climate governance: Where to begin, what to look for, and how to make a meaningful contribution to scholarship and practice
Earth System Governance, 2019Co-Authors: Jeroen Van Der HeijdenAbstract:Abstract Cities are key in Climate mitigation and adaptation, and they have developed into sites of innovative Urban Climate governance that can spur on Climate action. Building on this development, a rich scholarship (within earth system governance and beyond) is now available that seeks to understand the development and performance of Urban Climate governance around the world. This article systematically reviews a decade of Urban Climate governance scholarship (building on 260 publications from 2009 to 2018). It is informed in this by four research challenges that were identified by leading scholars of Urban Climate governance a decade ago. The article seeks to understand how much progress has been made in the literature during this decade, and to identify the key research challenges for the critical decade that lies ahead of us.
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Learning in Urban Climate governance: concepts, key issues and challenges
Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 2018Co-Authors: Marc Wolfram, Jeroen Van Der Heijden, Sirkku Juhola, James PattersonAbstract:Over the past decade, diverse Urban governance innovations and experiments have emerged with the declared aim to foster Climate change mitigation and adaptation, involving actors at multiple levels and scales. This Urban turn in environmental governance has been accompanied by normative claims and high expectations regarding a leading role of cities in coping with Climate change. However, while time pressures for effective action are growing, little is known about the social learning processes involved in such Urban Climate governance innovations, and what they actually contribute to achieve the required transformations in Urban systems. Therefore, this special issue presents eight selected papers that explore learning in Urban Climate governance practices in a variety of local, national and international contexts. Their findings point to a more ambiguous role of these practices as they tend to support incremental adjustments rather than deeper social learning for radical systemic change. Against this backdrop we propose a heuristic distinguishing basic modes and sources in governance learning that aims to facilitate future empirical research and comparison, thus filling a critical theory gap. Using this framework for interpretation illustrates that Urban Climate governance learning urgently requires more openness, parallel processes, exogenous sources, as well as novel meta-learning practices.
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Voluntary Urban Climate programmes: should city governments be involved and, if so, how?
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2018Co-Authors: Jeroen Van Der HeijdenAbstract:It has been proposed that voluntary Urban Climate programmes overcome shortfalls in mandatory, top-down, state-led government interventions to address Climate change risks. Such programmes seek commitments from households and firms to improve their environmental sustainability, but do not have the force of law. City governments are actively developing and implementing such programmes, seeking improved and accelerated Urban Climate action. There is little evidence, however, of whether their involvement positively affects voluntary programme performance. This article presents qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of 26 voluntary programmes from Australia, the Netherlands and the US, seeking to understand whether, and if so how, city governments affect the performance of voluntary Urban Climate programmes. The results will help to inform city governments about the roles they may play in Urban Climate governance.
Yujun Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Temporal and spatial variations of Urban Climate and derivation of an Urban Climate map for Xi'an, China
Sustainable Cities and Society, 2020Co-Authors: Dian Zhou, Yupeng Wang, Xiangzhao Meng, Wei Chen, Yujun YangAbstract:Abstract Rapid Urbanization have increased the sensitivity of Urban environment to extreme weather. To improve the deteriorating Urban environment, the current situation of Urban Climate should be evaluated systematically and applied to the planning process. This study reports on the temporal and spatial variability of Urban Climate and introduces a method for constructing an Urban Climate map based on spatial statistical analysis of field measurement data. Taking Xi’an, a metropolis in northern China, as the case study, we first conducted a 3-year meteorological investigation, including air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed in both summer and winter. Meanwhile, five indicators with potential impacts on Urban Climate were selected to describe the Urban characteristics. Then, the geographic information system was applied to integrate the meteorological data and Urban characteristic data in order to assign more meteorological data. Next, three types of meteorological single-factor and thermal comfort spatial distribution maps were derived. The k-means clustering analysis method was then employed to classify three types of meteorological factors into seven zones in horizontal spatial dimension. Finally, Urban Climate maps were generated. This study can help planners quickly distinguish Urban Climate-sensitive and valuable zones in order to make better strategies for future development.
Dian Zhou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Temporal and spatial variations of Urban Climate and derivation of an Urban Climate map for Xi'an, China
Sustainable Cities and Society, 2020Co-Authors: Dian Zhou, Yupeng Wang, Xiangzhao Meng, Wei Chen, Yujun YangAbstract:Abstract Rapid Urbanization have increased the sensitivity of Urban environment to extreme weather. To improve the deteriorating Urban environment, the current situation of Urban Climate should be evaluated systematically and applied to the planning process. This study reports on the temporal and spatial variability of Urban Climate and introduces a method for constructing an Urban Climate map based on spatial statistical analysis of field measurement data. Taking Xi’an, a metropolis in northern China, as the case study, we first conducted a 3-year meteorological investigation, including air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed in both summer and winter. Meanwhile, five indicators with potential impacts on Urban Climate were selected to describe the Urban characteristics. Then, the geographic information system was applied to integrate the meteorological data and Urban characteristic data in order to assign more meteorological data. Next, three types of meteorological single-factor and thermal comfort spatial distribution maps were derived. The k-means clustering analysis method was then employed to classify three types of meteorological factors into seven zones in horizontal spatial dimension. Finally, Urban Climate maps were generated. This study can help planners quickly distinguish Urban Climate-sensitive and valuable zones in order to make better strategies for future development.
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Simulation Study of Urban Residential Development and Urban Climate Change in Xi’an, China
Procedia Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Yupeng Wang, Dian ZhouAbstract:Abstract Increased awareness of the Urban heat island (UHI) effect has drawn attention to monitoring and evaluating outdoor thermal comfort in cities worldwide. Especially in China, rapid, large-scale Urban development is producing Urban Climate change in large cities, creating other Urban environmental problems such as haze weather. Currently, studies are being conducted in China to reveal the impact of Urban development on Urban Climate change. Few studies, however, have focused on microscale Urban planning styles and Urban typology. High-density building development will change the Urban typology, leading to changes in the Urban sky view factor (SVF) and microClimate. Our previous study explored the relationship between SVF and the UHI effect by assessing the effect of SVF on the Urban thermal environment. Since the energy consumed by indoor heating and air conditioning is affected by mean air temperature (Ta), a high SVF should be considered in the Urban planning stage. In this study, we analyzed typical Urban planning styles in China. We selected microscale residential districts in Xi’an to represent the typical Urban typology of residential districts that developed during different periods and used the numerical Urban simulation system ENVI-met to evaluate the impact of Urban typology change on Urban Climate change. Using this approach, we determined the effects of building density, building styles, and vegetation system design, thus demonstrating the mechanism of Urban Climate change in China's larger cities. This analysis of planning styles can provide guidance for future environmental Urban development.
Valery Masson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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city descriptive input data for Urban Climate models model requirements data sources and challenges
urban climate, 2020Co-Authors: Valery Masson, Wieke Heldens, Erwan Bocher, Marion Bonhomme, Benedicte Bucher, Cornelia Burmeister, Cecile De Munck, Thomas Esch, Julia Hidalgo, Farah KananisuhringAbstract:Abstract Cities are particularly vulnerable to meteorological hazards because of the concentration of population, goods, capital stock and infrastructure. Urban Climate services require multi-disciplinary and multi-sectorial approaches and new paradigms in Urban Climate modelling. This paper classifies the required Urban input data for both mesoscale state-of-the-art Urban Canopy Models (UCMs) and microscale Obstacle Resolving Models (ORM) into five categories and reviews the ways in which they can be obtained. The first two categories are (1) land cover, and (2) building morphology. These govern the main interactions between the city and the Urban Climate and the Urban Heat Island. Interdependence between morphological parameters and UCM geometric hypotheses are discussed. Building height, plan and wall area densities are recommended as the main input variables for UCMs, whereas ORMs require 3D building data. Recently, three other categories of Urban data became relevant for finer Urban studies and adaptation to Climate change: (3) building design and architecture, (4) building use, anthropogenic heat and socio-economic data, and (5) Urban vegetation data. Several methods for acquiring spatial information are reviewed, including remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) processing from administrative cadasters, expert knowledge and crowdsourcing. Data availability, data harmonization, costs/efficiency trade-offs and future challenges are then discussed.
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Between progress and obstacles in Urban Climate interdisciplinary studies and knowledge transfer to society.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2018Co-Authors: Julia Hidalgo, Aude Lemonsu, Valery MassonAbstract:Cities modify their local Climate and at the same time they suffer from the local impacts of Climate change. This paper comments on progress and obstacles in three active research topics that contribute to increasing the capacity of 15 knowledge transfer to society within the Urban Climate research community. The first is linked to the production of Urban surface description useful for Urban Climate studies. The conceptualization of 'Local Climate Zones' is now widely used to represent Urban Climate variability at the neighborhood scale. Land-use, morphological, architectural, and social data are also needed and those are being gathered using different approaches. The second is linked to the necessity of producing information directly connected to the effects on society. This requires a strong multidisciplinary 20 approach and nowadays, impact studies are not limited to one dimension but instead cover multiple dimensions. Finally, the third is to transfer all this information to city practitioners, so that Urban Climate features are considered, among many other aspects, in city management. For Urban planning, the introduction of cartographic tools encompasses Urban Climate diagnosis as well as recommendations for future Urbanization. 25
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Is OpenStreetMap suitable for Urban Climate studies ?
2018Co-Authors: Jonathan Lao, Erwan Bocher, Gwendall Petit, Sylvain Palominos, Elisabeth Le Saux, Valery MassonAbstract:In order to assess the impact on cities on the regional Climate, either present or future, an adequate description of the cities is needed. In global Climate models, cities are most often not represented. In high-resolution Climate models, they are now physically represented by dedicated surfaces schemes, as TEB (Town Energy Balance) model (Masson 2000). However, the Urban description itself is most often very crude, based on land cover classes. First these land cover classes are at typically 1km of resolution, a coarse resolution from the stakeholders point of view, and secondly, the Urban parameters associated with these classes are uniform for each class (same building height for all subUrban areas for example). Recently, the Local Climate Zones concept has been proposed by Steward and Oke (2012), and is widely accepted as a reference in the Urban Climate community. It classifies the Urban tissues and the surrounding land cover in classes (10 Urban classes). Mills et al (2015) propose a methodology and a toolchain to build a world Climate database on the physical geographies of cities. The World Urban Database and Portal Tool (WUDAPT) project categorizes data in 3 levels : - Level 0 describes a city in terms of its constituent neighbourhood types using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) scheme (Stewart and Oke, 2012). - Level 1 refines the parameters for each LCZ through sampling. These data will capture information on UFF at a finer spatial resolution and in greater details. - Level 2 refines the data still further by integrating available data sources that can provide accurate parameter values at a fine spatial resolution, suited for boundary - layer modelling. The WUDAPT methodology is to use landsat images in order to classify the LCZ with pixels at 100m of resolution. Each city would be processed and validated by a scientist having local knowledge. While very promising to acquire Urban data for Urban Climate modeling anywhere in the world, the resolution still is relatively coarse (100m), and there is no description of the morphological or architectural parameters yet. Those parameters are still uniform for each class. Bocher et al (2018) present an open geoprocessing framework to calculate standardized Urban indicators at three geographic scales : building, block and a reference spatial unit (RSU). Called MApUCE database and based on a fine vector database provided by the French National Geographical Institute (IGN), it offers new opportunities to extend the WUDAPT database at a finest scale (with morphological, architectural and socioeconomic indicators). However because WUDAPT intends to classify the Urban fabric by Climate properties from homogeneous and available data at world scale, there is a need to investigate other databases. OpenStreetMap (OSM) is one of the most famous user-generated map. Its popularity is growing steadily, as evidenced by the number of users and the multiplication of uses. Due to its world geographic coverage , OSM constitutes an opportunity for environmental studies by opening-up possibilities for comparative scientific studies on several territories at the same time. This paper describes a methodology and a set of tools to check the availability of the OSM data to feed the MApUCE geoprocessing chain and thus Urban Climate studies. We propose an open source framework to : - Query on the fly the OSM database from a country code, - Compute spatial and attribute metrics on the country, - Store the results on a multi-dimensional database, - Visualise the results from a dashboard service that integrates chart and map representations at different scales : time, attributes, geography.
Lutz Katzschner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Urban Climate multi-scale modelling in Bilbao (Spain): a review
Procedia Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Juan Angel Acero, Sebastian Kupski, Jon Arrizabalaga, Lutz KatzschnerAbstract:Abstract Despite development of cities are including more sustainable aspects (e.g. reduction of energy consumption), Urban Climate still needs to be consolidated as an important variable in Urban planning. In this sense, the analysis of Urban Climate requires a multi-scale approach. This work presents a review of the results of the analysis of Urban Climate in Bilbao (Spain). In the meso-scale, an Urban Climate Map (UC-Map) is developed using a method based on GIS calculations, specific climatic measurements and Urban Climate expert knowledge. All the information is grouped in 5 information layers (building volume, building surface fraction, Urban green areas, ventilation paths and slopes). The final UC-Map presents areas with relative homogeneous Climate variables (i.e. climatopes) that are classified in terms of thermal comfort. Urban planning recommendations are defined. In the micro-scale, results extracted from ENVI-met model in four Urban spaces show the influence in thermal comfort levels of the interaction of regional Climate conditions with the Urban development characteristics of each area and the location inside the whole city. In both spatial scales, Climate modelling should be accompanied by specific measurement campaigns to validate results.
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Deriving an Urban Climate Map in coastal areas with complex terrain in the Basque Country (Spain)
Urban Climate, 2013Co-Authors: Juan Angel Acero, Sebastian Kupski, Jon Arrizabalaga, Lutz KatzschnerAbstract:Abstract This works develops a methodology to analyze Urban Climate from an Urban planning perspective and derive an Urban Climate Map (UC-Map). Calculations with spatial information layers, Climate measurements and Urban Climate knowledge are used to evaluate thermal load and dynamic potential of the Urban area. All the necessary information is grouped in five information layers (building volume, building surface fraction, green areas, ventilation paths and slopes). The method is applied to Bilbao (Spain), a medium-sized Urban area located in complex terrain, and influenced by sea breeze and cold air drainage flow. The resulting UC-Map agrees with experimental data and shows the effects on thermal comfort of the interaction of different land use with regional Climate. Local/regional ventilation systems characterized by diurnal and seasonal intensity variations turn out to be a very important aspect to reduce heat storage in Bilbao. Specific recommendations are included to improve and protect Climate. This UC-Map is an important milestone in Spain since it is the first information tool that relates Urban Climate with Urban planning. The methodology presented is simple to apply and can be adapted to other Urban areas with similar characteristics to Bilbao.
