The Experts below are selected from a list of 306 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Mark Cohen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The political process of the revolutionary samurai: a comparative reconsideration of Japan’s Meiji Restoration
    Theory and Society, 2014
    Co-Authors: Mark Cohen
    Abstract:

    In the 1860s and 1870s, the feudal monarchy of the Tokugawa shogunate, which had ruled Japan for over two centuries, was overthrown, and the entire political order it had commanded was dismantled. This immense political transformation, comparable in its results to the great social revolutions of the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries in the West, was distinctive for lacking a major role for mass political mobilization. Since popular political action was decisive elsewhere for both providing the force for social revolutions to defeat old regimes and for pushing revolutionary leaders to more radical policies, the Meiji Restoration’s combination of revolutionary outcomes with conservative personnel and means is puzzling. This article argues that previous accounts fail to explain why a group of relatively low-status samurai—administrative functionaries with some hereditary political privileges but in fact little secure power within the old regime—was able to overcome far more deeply entrenched political actors. To explain this, it is necessary to distinguish clearly between two political processes: the long-standing political relations of feudal monarchy and magnate lords and the unprecedented emergence of independent samurai political action and organizations cutting across domain boundaries. It was the interaction of these two processes that produced the overthrow of the Tokugawa and enabled the revolutionary outcomes that followed it. This article’s revised explanation of the Meiji Restoration clearly places it within the same theoretical parameters as the major revolutions of the seventeenth century and later.

  • The political process of the revolutionary samurai: A comparative reconsideration of Japan's Meiji Restoration
    Theory and Society, 2014
    Co-Authors: Mark Cohen
    Abstract:

    In the 1860s and 1870s, the feudal monarchy of the Tokugawa shogunate, which had ruled Japan for over two centuries, was overthrown, and the entire political order it had commanded was dismantled. This immense political transformation, comparable in its results to the great social revolutions of the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries in the West, was distinctive for lacking a major role for mass political mobilization. Since popular political action was decisive elsewhere for both providing the force for social revolutions to defeat old regimes and for pushing revolutionary leaders to more radical policies, the Meiji Restoration’s combination of revolutionary outcomes with conservative personnel and means is puzzling. This article argues that previous accounts fail to explain why a group of relatively low-status samurai—administrative functionaries with some hereditary political privileges but in fact little secure power within the old regime—was able to overcome far more deeply entrenched political actors. To explain this, it is necessary to distinguish clearly between two political processes: the long-standing political relations of feudal monarchy and magnate lords and the unprecedented emergence of independent samurai political action and organizations cutting across domain boundaries. It was the interaction of these two processes that produced the overthrow of the Tokugawa and enabled the revolutionary outcomes that followed it. This article’s revised explanation of the Meiji Restoration clearly places it within the same theoretical parameters as the major revolutions of the seventeenth century and later.

Andreas Eichleter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Outside Perspective – The Treaty Port Press, the Meiji Restoration and the Image of a Modern Japan
    Mutual Images Journal, 2019
    Co-Authors: Andreas Eichleter
    Abstract:

    The Treaty Ports established by the Unequal Treaties in the middle of the 19th century were crucial spaces of interaction between Japan and the West. For a long time, they were the only places were foreigners were allowed to permanently reside in Japan. While the interior of the nation might be visited by Western travelers and globetrotters, the primary contacts, commercial as well as social and cultural, took place in the environment of the Treaty Ports, where the vast majority of foreigners resided and visited. Because of this exclusive role, the ports played a critical venue for the creation and formation of images of Japan, as well as their transmission abroad. This article focuses at the image of Japan generated in these Treaty Ports in the immediate aftermath of the Meiji Restoration. It will look at how the Restoration and subsequent Japanese policies of modernization were perceived by the foreign communities in East Asia and how it was presented in the foreign language press in the Treaty Ports. This will be undertaken by the study of two of the most important foreign language newspapers of East Asia at the time, the North China Herald, published in Shanghai from 1850 to 1951, and the Japan Weekly Mail, published in Yokohama from 1870 to 1917. Both were amongst the largest and most influential newspapers in their respective communities, but also further abroad, and their pages reflect the understanding these communities had of Japan at the time. Furthermore, their comparison enables us to look at the creation of images, within the wider Treaty Port network of East Asia, and analyze how it differed or remained similar across the China Sea.

  • the outside perspective the treaty port press the Meiji Restoration and the image of a modern japan
    Mutual Images Journal, 2019
    Co-Authors: Andreas Eichleter
    Abstract:

    The Treaty Ports established by the Unequal Treaties in the middle of the 19th century were crucial spaces of interaction between Japan and the West. For a long time, they were the only places were foreigners were allowed to permanently reside in Japan. While the interior of the nation might be visited by Western travelers and globetrotters, the primary contacts, commercial as well as social and cultural, took place in the environment of the Treaty Ports, where the vast majority of foreigners resided and visited. Because of this exclusive role, the ports played a critical venue for the creation and formation of images of Japan, as well as their transmission abroad. This article focuses at the image of Japan generated in these Treaty Ports in the immediate aftermath of the Meiji Restoration. It will look at how the Restoration and subsequent Japanese policies of modernization were perceived by the foreign communities in East Asia and how it was presented in the foreign language press in the Treaty Ports. This will be undertaken by the study of two of the most important foreign language newspapers of East Asia at the time, the North China Herald, published in Shanghai from 1850 to 1951, and the Japan Weekly Mail, published in Yokohama from 1870 to 1917. Both were amongst the largest and most influential newspapers in their respective communities, but also further abroad, and their pages reflect the understanding these communities had of Japan at the time. Furthermore, their comparison enables us to look at the creation of images, within the wider Treaty Port network of East Asia, and analyze how it differed or remained similar across the China Sea.

Fajar Pambudi Utomo Pampam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Wujud Kebudayaan Jepang Pada Masa Restorasi Meiji Yang Tergambar Pada Film Rurouni Kenshin Karya Keishi Otomo
    2019
    Co-Authors: Fajar Pambudi Utomo Pampam
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Utomo, Fajar Pambudi. 2019. "Japanese Cultural Manifestation in the Meiji Restoration Period Seen in the Rurouni Kenshin Film by Keishi Otomo". A thesis of Japanese Departement, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University. Advisor : Yuliani Rahmah, S.Pd., M.Hum dan Arsi Widiandari, SS., M.Si. The material object of this study is a live action film Rurouni Kenshin sequel 1 to 3. While the formal object in this study is a discuss the narrative elements of the film and discuss the depictions of Japanese culture in the Meiji Restoration. This study used theory of narrative theory of film by Himawan Pratista, and theory of cultural manifestations by J.J Honigman. The purpose of this study is to find out the narrative elements of the film which includes the actors, plot, space, and time. In addition, to find out the manifestation of Japanese culture in the Meiji Restoration which included ideas, activities, and artifacts. The results of this study reveal the manifestation of Japanese culture during the Meiji Restoration in the film Rurouni Kenshin. Keywords: Live action, Rurouni Kenshin, Japanese cultur

Pampam Fajar Pambudi Utomo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Wujud Kebudayaan Jepang Pada Masa Restorasi Meiji Yang Tergambar Pada Film Rurouni Kenshin Karya Keishi Otomo
    2019
    Co-Authors: Pampam Fajar Pambudi Utomo
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Utomo, Fajar Pambudi. 2019. "Japanese Cultural Manifestation in the Meiji Restoration Period Seen in the Rurouni Kenshin Film by Keishi Otomo". A thesis of Japanese Departement, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University. Advisor : Yuliani Rahmah, S.Pd., M.Hum dan Arsi Widiandari, SS., M.Si. The material object of this study is a live action film Rurouni Kenshin sequel 1 to 3. While the formal object in this study is a discuss the narrative elements of the film and discuss the depictions of Japanese culture in the Meiji Restoration. This study used theory of narrative theory of film by Himawan Pratista, and theory of cultural manifestations by J.J Honigman. The purpose of this study is to find out the narrative elements of the film which includes the actors, plot, space, and time. In addition, to find out the manifestation of Japanese culture in the Meiji Restoration which included ideas, activities, and artifacts. The results of this study reveal the manifestation of Japanese culture during the Meiji Restoration in the film Rurouni Kenshin. Keywords: Live action, Rurouni Kenshin, Japanese culture

Masahiko Aoki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Economic and Political Transitions from Premodern to Modern States in the Meiji Restoration and Xinhai Revolution: A Strategic Approach
    2014
    Co-Authors: Masahiko Aoki
    Abstract:

    Economists often identify a reduction in the share of agricultural employment as a quantitative indication of the economic growth of nations. But this process did not occur in earnest in the People’s Republic of China until the 1980s and to some extent in Japan until well into the mid-20th century. Were extractive political regimes, commonly regarded as the primary drivers of economic performance, solely responsible for the lateness of these developments? This paper deals with this question from a strategic perspective by examining the interactions between the polity and the economy in both countries. It begins by characterizing the complementary nature of the peasant-based economy and the agrarian-tax state in premodern China and Japan. It then describes how endogenous strategic forces evolved from among the intermediate organizations in each country to challenge the incumbent dynastic ruler in response to the commercialization of the peasant-based economy on one hand and the fiscal and military weakening of the agrarian-tax state on the other. The paper then introduces a three-person game model between a ruler and two challenging organizations, and derives conditions for multiple equilbria and their comparative static. The analytical results help to identify the endogenous strategic forces that led the Meiji Restoration and the Xinhai Revolution to move from a premodern state of play to nation-state building and modern economic regimes in each country.

  • Formal Rules in Institutional Transitions: An Examination Based on the Meiji Restoration and the Xinhai Revolution
    2014
    Co-Authors: Masahiko Aoki
    Abstract:

    This paper focuses on the roles of formal rules (laws) in institutional emergence, sustenance, crisis, and transition based on an examination of the Meiji Restoration and the Xinhai Revolution. It describes how formal rules in the polities of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan were enforced, supplemented, or modified by the strategic interactions among the ruler, the intermediate organizations, and the peasantry. It then discusses how the strategic complementarities between the ruler and the intermediate organizations were transformed into strategic rivalries in response to changes in the economic and foreign environments, resulting in the demise of dynastic rule in each country. The post-transition constitutional design was affected by the ways in which the strategic reconfigurations had led to the demise of the dynastic rulers. This historical narrative suggests that formal rules per se do not necessarily create institutions in the sense of an integral pattern and process of social behaviour and ideas. A formal rule can function as a substantive form of an institutional process if, and only if, it mediates between a recursive state of strategic interactions among agents and individual belief formation in order to sustain the social order.

  • Formal Rules in Institutional Transitions: An Examination Based on the Meiji Restoration and Xinhai Revolution
    SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014
    Co-Authors: Masahiko Aoki
    Abstract:

    This article focuses on the roles of formal rules (laws) in institutional emergence, sustenance, crisis, and transition based on an examination of the Meiji Restoration and the Xinhai Revolution. It describes how formal rules in the polities of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan were enforced, supplemented, or modified by the strategic interactions among the ruler, the intermediate organisations, and the peasantry. It then discusses how the strategic complementarities between the ruler and the intermediate organizations were transformed into strategic rivalries in response to changes in the economic and foreign environments, resulting in the demise of dynastic rule in each country. The post-transition constitutional design was affected by the ways in which the strategic reconfigurations led to the demise of the dynastic rulers. This historical narrative suggests that formal rules per se do not necessarily create institutions in the sense of an integral pattern and process of social behavior and ideas. A formal rule can function as a substantive form of an institutional process if, and only if, it mediates between a recursive state of strategic interactions among agents and individual belief formation in order to sustain the social order.

  • Political-Economic Transitions from Pre-Modern to Modern States in the Meiji Restoration and Xinhai Revolution: A Strategic Approach
    SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014
    Co-Authors: Masahiko Aoki
    Abstract:

    Economists often identify a reduction in the share of agricultural employment as a quantitative indication of the economic growth of nations. But this process did not occur in earnest in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) until the 1980s and to some extent in Japan until well into the mid-20th century. Were extractive political regimes, commonly regarded as the primary drivers of economic performance, solely responsible for the lateness of these developments? This article deals with this question from a strategic perspective by examining the interactions between the polity and the economy in both countries. It begins by characterizing the complementary nature of the peasant-based economy and the agrarian-tax state in premodern China and Japan. It then describes how endogenous strategic forces evolved from among the intermediate organizations in each country to challenge the incumbent dynastic ruler in response to the commercialization of the peasant-based economy on one hand and the fiscal and military weakening of the agrarian-tax state on the other. The article then introduces a three-person game model between a ruler and two challenging organizations, derive conditions for multiple equilbria and their comparative static. The analytical results help to identify the endogenous strategic forces that led the Meiji Restoration and the Xinhai Revolution to move from a premodern state of play to nation-state building and modern economic regimes in each country.