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Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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inheritance of fusarium wilt resistance introgressed from solanum aethiopicum gilo and aculeatum groups into cultivated eggplant s Melongena and development of associated pcr based markers
Molecular Breeding, 2008Co-Authors: L Toppino, Giampiero Vale, Giuseppe Leonardo RotinoAbstract:The two eggplant relatives Solanum aethiopicum gr. Gilo and Solanum aethiopicum gr. Aculeatum (=Solanum integrifolium) carry resistance to the fungal wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Melongenae, a worldwide soil-borne disease of eggplant. To introgress the resistance trait into cultivated eggplant, the tetraploid somatic hybrids S. Melongena + S. aethiopicum and S. Melongena + S.integrifolium were used. An inheritance study of the resistance was performed on advanced anther culture-derived androgenetic backcross progenies from the two somatic hybrids. The segregation fitted a 3 resistant (R): 1 susceptible (S) ratio in the selfed populations and a 1R:1S ratio in the backcross progenies for the trait derived from S. aethiopicum and S. integrifolium. These ratios are consistent with a single gene, which we designated as Rfo-sa1, controlling the resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Melongenae. The allelic relationship between the resistance genes from S. aethiopicum and S. integrifolium indicate that these two genes are alleles of the same locus. Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA) was performed with RAPD markers on the BC3/BC5 resistant advanced backcross progenies, and three RAPD markers associated with the resistance trait were identified. Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPSs) were subsequently obtained on the basis of the amplicon sequences. The evaluation of the efficiency of these markers in predicting the resistant phenotype in segregating progenies revealed that they represent useful tools for indirect selection of Fusarium resistance in eggplant.
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solanum torvum as a useful source of resistance against bacterial and fungal diseases for improvement of eggplant s Melongena l
Plant Science, 2005Co-Authors: Christian Gousset, Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino, Cecile Collonnier, Karden Mulya, Ika Mariska, Pascale Besse, Aline Servaes, Darasinh SihachakrAbstract:Abstract Accessions of Solanum torvum SW, a wild relative of eggplant, were collected in Java Island, Indonesia, and assessed for morphology, fertility, levels of resistance against both Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Melongenae, as well as the genetic diversity by using RAPD and I-SSR markers. When grown to maturity in the field in Bogor, Indonesia, plants were very vigorous and showed a high polymorphism in all characters examined among the accessions, except for the stem diameter and the number of branches. The relatively high heterogeneity in morphology and fertility could not be related to the geographical origin of the accessions surveyed, and was not corroborated by genetic analysis. By using RAPD markers, 8.4% polymorphism were detected in two genotypes (BML and BG1) among the 11 accessions analysed, whereas screening with I-SSR markers has resulted in 3.3% polymorphism in three accessions, BG1, CN1 and CN2. This therefore gives a global 4.7% polymorphism, individualising only four accessions among the 11 tested. Twenty nine accessions of S. torvum and eggplant, cv Pusa Purple Long used as positive control, were evaluated for resistance to R. solanacearum (race 1 biovar 3, strain T926) in the greenhouse in Bogor. All inoculated plants of eggplant died within 2 weeks. Bacterial wilt symptoms occurred on lower leaves of S. torvum plants tested without however causing any plant death. The presence of bacteria, serologically detected in roots of symptomless plants, suggested S. torvum to be tolerant to R. solanacearum. A sample of 10 accessions was shown to be highly resistant to an Italian isolate of F. oxysporum f. sp. Melongena, while the cultivated eggplant, line Tina used as positive control, died within 2 weeks after inoculation. The low levels of genetic diversity of Javanese accessions of S. torvum and their relatively homogeneous response in tolerance and resistance to bacterial and fungal wilts are discussed, respectively.
Tomohito Arao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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xylem loading process is a critical factor in determining cd accumulation in the shoots of solanum Melongena and solanum torvum
Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2009Co-Authors: Shinsuke Mori, Shimpei Uraguchi, Satoru Ishikawa, Tomohito AraoAbstract:Abstract Cadmium (Cd) concentration in eggplant (Solanum Melongena) fruits can be drastically reduced by grafting them with Solanum torvum rootstock. We thus examined the characteristics of Cd absorption in roots and Cd translocation from roots to shoots between S. Melongena and S. torvum over 7 days using a hydroponic culture. Although there is no significant difference in Cd concentration in the roots of S. Melongena and S. torvum, Cd concentration in the shoots and xylem sap was higher in S. Melongena than in S. torvum. By evaluating symplastic Cd absorption in roots, using enriched isotopes 113Cd and 114Cd, and measuring the kinetics in xylem loading, we characterized Cd absorption and translocation for S. torvum (low Cd translocation) and S. Melongena (high Cd translocation). A concentration-dependent study in roots indicated that Km values were almost the same for species, but the Vmax value was 1.5-fold higher in S. Melongena than in S. torvum. A concentration-dependent study in xylem loading indicated that Vmax was almost the same, but Km values were approximately 7-fold higher in S. torvum compared to S. Melongena. These results, together, suggest that the affinity for Cd in the xylem loading process is a critical factor for determining the different Cd concentrations in the shoots between both plants under low Cd concentration conditions. In addition, a metabolic inhibitor, carbonyl cyanide-m-chloro-phenyl-hydrazone (CCCP) inhibited Cd absorption and translocation from roots to shoots in both plants. This suggests that Cd absorption in roots and Cd translocation from roots to shoots via the xylem loading process, under low Cd concentration conditions, are partly mediated by an active energy-dependent process in both plants.
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Characterization of Cd uptake in roots and translocation from roots to shoots in Solanum Melongena and Solanum torvum
2009Co-Authors: Shinsuke Mori, Satoru Ishikawa, Masato Kuramata, Akira Kawasaki, Noriko Yamaguchi, Saeko Yada, Tadashi Abe, Tomohito AraoAbstract:Cadmium (Cd) concentration in eggplant (Solanum Melongena) fruits can be drastically reduced by grafting them with Solanum torvum rootstock. However, mechanisms of Cd uptake in roots and translocation from roots to shoots in both plants are not understood well. We thus characterized symplastic Cd uptake in roots and translocation from roots to shoots via xylem loading process of both plants. Additionally, we also examined effect of other elements in roots uptake and translocation process with the increase of Cd concentration in the medium. Cd concentration in roots of S. torvum was almost similar to that of S. Melongena for 7 days. On the other hand, Cd concentrations in the shoots and xylem sap were higher in S. Melongena than in S. torvum. A concentration dependent experiment in roots indicated that Km values were almost the same for species, but the Vmax values were 1.5-fold higher in S. Melongena than in S. torvum. A concentration dependent experiment in xylem loading process indicated that Km values were approximately 7-fold higher in S. torvum than in S. Melongena. These results suggest that xylem loading process is a critical factor for determining Cd accumulation in the shoots of both plants. Several elements concentration in roots and xylem sap of both plants decreased with the increase of Cd concentration in the medium, suggesting that Cd uptake and translocation process are partly mediated by similar transporters involving these elements transport.
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reduction of cadmium translocation from roots to shoots in eggplant solanum Melongena by grafting onto solanum torvum rootstock
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2008Co-Authors: Tomohito Arao, Hiroyuki Takeda, Eiji NishiharaAbstract:Abstract A survey in Japan showed that approximately 7% of eggplant fruits contain cadmium (Cd) concentrations above the international limit for fruiting vegetables. This study was conducted to develop a method to reduce Cd concentration in eggplant fruits. We determined Cd concentrations in eggplants grown on different rootstocks in Cd-polluted soil, unpolluted soil and nutrient culture. Grafting onto Solanum torvum reduced eggplant fruit Cd concentrations by 63–74% in Cd-polluted soil and unpolluted soil compared with grafting onto Solanum Melongena and Solanum integrifolium. Stem and leaf Cd concentrations of scions on S. torvum were approximately 30% of those on S. integrifolium, so Cd translocation from roots to shoots was apparently reduced in plants grafted onto S. torvum. Stem and leaf Cd concentrations of S. torvum were also lower than those of cv. Senryou2 (S. Melongena) and cv. Daitarou (S. Melongena); thus, Cd translocation from roots to shoots was also reduced in self-rooted S. torvum plants....
C Ogbogu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Solanum Melongena (garden egg) on some visual functions of visually active Igbos of Nigeria.
Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2003Co-Authors: S A Igwe, D N Akunyili, C OgboguAbstract:Solanum Melongena LINN (garden egg) or bitter tomato is an economic flowering plant belonging to the family Solanaceae and widely distributed throughout the temperate and tropical regions. Members are mostly herbaceous plants, and the fruit is berry and the seeds have large endosperm and are grown mainly for food and medicinal purposes. The effects of bolus consumption of 10 g of S. Melongena were undertaken on visually active male volunteers so as to determine its ocular complications. Results showed that the pupil size was reduced (23%), NPC was decreased (9%) and the AA was increased (22%) and the intraocular pressure dropped by 25% while there was no effect on VA, and the habitual phoria. The miotic effect lowered the intraocular pressure appreciably and the reduced NPC which was still within normal range did not produce any vision discomfort. The increased AA and convergence excess positively correlated provide an efficient visual mechanism. It is suggested that S. Melongena would be of benefit to patients suffering from raised intraocular pressure (glaucoma) and convergence insufficiency.
J.l. Karihaloo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seed protein diversity in Solanum Melongena L. and its wild and weedy relatives
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2002Co-Authors: J.l. Karihaloo, Manjeet Kaur, Sonika SinghAbstract:Seed protein profiles by SDS-PAGE were studied in 72 accessions of Solanum Melongena L. and its related taxa in subgenus Leptostemonum (Dunal) Bitter. Comparisons based onJaccard's similarity and UPGMA clustering revealed interrelationships broadly inconformity with the conventional taxonomic treatments. Thus, S . viarum Dunal (section Acanthophora Dunal), S . torvum Swartz (section Torva Nees) and S . sisymbriifolium Lam. (section Cryptocarpum Dunal) were located on separate branches ofthe dendrogram while all taxa of section Melongena Dunal,except S . macrocarpon Dunal, wereclustered closer together. S . Melongena , “incanum” and “insanum”,all members of the eggplant complex, were revealed to bear very high similaritywith each other. Most of their accessions had identical band patterns supportingthe contention that these represent an interbreeding complex with limitedgenetic differentiation.
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Seed Epidermis Development and Histochemistry in Solanum Melongena L. and S. violaceum Ort.
Annals of Botany, 1996Co-Authors: J.l. Karihaloo, S.k. MalikAbstract:Abstract Structure, development and histochemistry of the seed epidermis were studied in Solanum Melongena L. and S. violaceum Ort. using light and scanning electron microscopy. The epidermal cells at the endosperm mother cell stage of ovule development had thickened outer periclinal walls, consisting of two layers, a thin inner layer, and a thick outer layer. The latter which stained positively for pectic substances became further thickened during the course of seed development; more so in S. Melongena . The inner layer of the outer periclinal wall also was thickened by depositions of cellulose but remained comparatively thin. The development of the inner periclinal and anticlinal walls took place by the uneven deposition of concentric layers. These secondary wall thickenings which appeared as pyramids in transverse section stained for cellulose, lignin and pectin. Further uneven secondary thickenings near the outer part of the anticlinal walls resulted in the formation of projections which were hair- or ribbon-like in appearance. In S. Melongena , these projections progressed only a short distance from the anticlinal wall. In S. violaceum , on the other hand, they grew much longer forming striations on the inside of the outer periclinal wall. In S. Melongena , partial removal of the outer periclinal wall by enzyme etching exposed to surface view a beaded appearance of the cell boundaries. Complete erosion of the outer periclinal wall revealed the hair-like projections of the underlying anticlinal walls. In S. violaceum , enzyme treatment exposed the striations which formed bridge-like structures over the curves in the anticlinal walls.
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA variation in the eggplant, Solanum Melongena L. (Solanaceae)
TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik, 1995Co-Authors: J.l. Karihaloo, S. Brauner, L. D. GottliebAbstract:RAPD analysis was carried out on 52 accessions of Solanum Melongena (eggplant) and related weedy forms known as “insanum”. Twenty-two primers amplified 130 fragments. Solanum Melongena exhibited 117 of the fragments, all of which were also present in insanum. Insanum displayed an additional 13 fragments not found in S. Melongena. Overall, the insanum accessions were more diverse than those of S. Melongena. The calculated similarity between them was 0.947. The RAPD results were closely concordant with the results of an electrophoretic isozyme survey performed on the same accessions. The concordance of the results shows that even though S. Melongena and insanum are highly diverse morphologically, it is no longer appropriate to distinguish them taxonomically.
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Allozyme variation in the eggplant, Solanum Melongena L. (Solanaceae).
TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik, 1995Co-Authors: J.l. Karihaloo, L. D. GottliebAbstract:Enzyme electrophoretic studies were made in cultivated Solanum Melongena L. (eggplant) and similar wild and weedy forms, several of which have been thought to be different species/taxa. Twenty-nine accessions of S. Melongena, 33 accessions of weedy forms (referred to as "insanum") and 2 accessions of wild forms (referred to as "incanum") were surveyed for 29 isozyme loci. In S. Melongena, 22 of the 29 loci were monomorphic, and nearly all of its genes were either also monomorphic or in similar frequencies in insanum and incanum. The results demonstrate that the three taxa have a very close genetic relationship. The high genetic identities between them (0.913-0.967) suggests that they are conspecific even though they include extensive morphological diversity.
Kazim Abak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of SRAP, SRAP-RGA, RAPD and SCAR markers linked with a Fusarium wilt resistance gene in eggplant
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2008Co-Authors: Nedim Mutlu, Filiz Hatice Boyaci, Miinevver Göcmen, Kazim AbakAbstract:Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. Melongenae) is a vascular disease of eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.). The objectives of this work were (1) to confirm the monogenic inheritance of fusarium wilt resistance in eggplant, (2) to identify molecular markers linked to this resistance, and (3) to develop SCAR markers from most informative markers. We report the tagging of the gene for resistance to fusarium wilt (FOM) in eggplant using SRAP, RGA, SRAP-RGA and RAPD markers. Analysis of segregation data confirmed the monogenic inheritance of resistance. DNA from F2 and BC1 populations of eggplant segregating for fusarium wilt resistance was screened with 2,316 primer combinations to detect polymorphism. Three markers were linked within 2.6 cM of the gene. The codominant SRAP marker Me8/Em5 and dominant SRAP-RGA marker Em12/GLPL2 were tightly linked to each other and mapped 1.2 cM from the resistance gene, whereas RAPD marker H12 mapped 2.6 cM from the gene and on the same side as the other two markers. The SRAP marker was converted into two dominant SCAR markers that were confirmed to be linked to the resistance gene in the F2, BC1 and F2 of BC3 generations of the same cross. These markers provide a starting point for mapping the eggplant FOM resistance gene in eggplant and for exploring the synteny between solanaceous crops for fusarium wilt resistance genes. The SCAR markers will be useful for identifying fusarium wilt-resistant genotypes in marker-assisted selection breeding programs using segregating progenies of the resistant eggplant progenitor used in this study.