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Richard J. Mcnally - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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training the removal of negative information from working Memory a preliminary investigation of a working Memory Bias modification task
Cognition & Emotion, 2016Co-Authors: Donald J Robinaugh, Margaret E Crane, Philip M Enock, Richard J. McnallyAbstract:Rumination in depressed adults is associated with a Bias toward retaining negative information in working Memory. We developed a task designed to modify this cognitive Bias by having subjects repeatedly practice removing negative words from working Memory, thereby enabling them to retain positive and neutral words. To assess the efficacy of this task, we recruited 60 adults who reported elevated repetitive negative thought (RNT) and randomly assigned them to receive a single administration of either the working Memory Bias modification (WMBM) task or a control task. Subjects in the WMBM condition exhibited greater reduction in proactive interference for negative information than did those in the control condition. These results suggest that the WMBM task reduces Biased retention of negative information in working Memory and, thus, may be useful in investigating the possible causal role of this cognitive Bias in RNT or depression.
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Implicit and explicit Memory Bias for threat in post-traumatic stress disorder
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2002Co-Authors: Sharon B. Zeitlin, Richard J. McnallyAbstract:We investigated explicit (cued recall) and implicit (word completion) Memory in Vietnam combat veterans with (n = 24) and without (n = 24) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Half of the subjects in each group encoded combat, social threat, positive, and neutral words elaboratively, whereas the others encoded these words nonelaboratively. On the cued recall test, under both encoding conditions, both groups recalled more combat words than other words. However, difference scores obtained by subtracting the mean recall for neutral words from the mean recall scores for the other words revealed that PTSD patients exhibited a relative explicit Memory Bias for combat words. That is, PTSD patients tended to exhibit poor Memory for everything but combat words. On the word completion test, only PTSD subjects exhibited an implicit Memory Bias for combat words. This Bias was greater for primed than for unprimed words, thereby ruling out a response Bias. Such Memory Bias may underlie the 'reexperiencing' symptoms characteristic of PTSD (e.g. intrusive thoughts, nightmares).
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Implicit Memory Bias for threat in posttraumatic stress disorder
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1996Co-Authors: Nader Amir, Richard J. Mcnally, Pamela S. WiegartzAbstract:We employed a noise judgment task to investigate implicit Memory Bias for threat in Vietnam veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Subjects first heard neutral (e.g., “THE SHINY APPLE SAT ON THE TABLE”) and combat-relevant (e.g., “THE CHOPPER LANDED IN HOT LZ”) sentences. Implicit Memory for these sentences was tested by having subjects rate the volume of noise accompanying the presentation of these “old” sentences intermixed with “new” sentences. Implicit Memory for old sentences is revealed when subjects rate the noise accompanying old sentences as less loud than the noise accompanying new sentences. Results revealed that under high noise volume PTSD patients demonstrated an implicit Memory Bias for combat-relevant sentences, whereas control subjects did not. This differential priming effect suggests that information about threat may be automatically accessed in PTSD.
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Implicit Memory Bias for threat in panic disorder: application of the "white noise" paradigm.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1996Co-Authors: Nader Amir, Richard J. Mcnally, Bradley C. Riemann, Caroline ClementsAbstract:Abstract We employed Jacoby's white noise paradigm to investigate implicit Memory Bias for threat in panic disorder and in normal control subjects. Subjects heard a series of neutral sentences (e.g. “The shiny apple sat on the table”) and panic sentences (e.g. “The anxious woman panicked in the supermarket”). Implicit Memory for this prior exposure was then tested by having subjects rate the volume of white noise accompanying the presentation of ‘old’ sentences intermixed with ‘new’ sentences. Implicit Memory for old sentences is revealed when subjects rate the white noise accompanying these sentences as less loud than noise accompanying new sentences. Results revealed that under low noise level, panic patients demonstrated an implicit Memory Bias for threat information, whereas control subjects did not. This differential priming effect suggests that information about threat may be automatically accessed in these patients.
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Hemispheric Laterality and Memory Bias for Threat in Anxiety Disorders
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1994Co-Authors: Michael W. Otto, Richard J. Mcnally, Mark H. Pollack, Edith Chen, Jerrold F. RosenbaumAbstract:The authors examined auditory perceptual asymmetries and explicit Memory Biases for threat in patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder relative to healthy control subjects. They did not find a greater explicit Memory Bias for threat in the anxiety patients. However, explicit Memory Biases for threat were associated with perceptual asymmetry scores; patients with a greater right-ear (left hemisphere) advantage exhibited an explicit Memory Bias for threat material, whereas patients with a lower right-ear advantage displayed apparent cognitive avoidance of threat material. Memory for threat words was unrelated to perceptual asymmetry in healthy control subjects. These findings suggest that neuropsychological variables may partly determine the degree to which anxiety patients process threatening stimuli.
Nader Amir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Implicit Memory and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2008Co-Authors: Nader Amir, Amy S. Leiner, Jessica BomyeaAbstract:Recent theories of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) suggest that Memory dysregulation plays a crucial role in symptom maintenance. However, it is not clear which specific Memory systems are involved in PTSD. In this study we used a visual implicit Memory paradigm to examine Memory Bias in individuals with PTSD symptoms. Three hundred nineteen participants provided self-report measures of PTSD, anxiety and depression symptoms. Next they completed a visual clarity-rating task (Amir et al. Cognition and Emotion 17(4):567–583, 2003) to assess implicit Memory for three picture types (trauma-relevant, neutral, and negative). Results revealed that participants with PTSD symptoms had greater implicit Memory for negative and trauma-relevant pictures compared to neutral pictures. Traumatized individuals without PTSD symptoms showed greater implicit Memory for negative pictures relative to trauma and neutral pictures. This pattern of results suggests that implicit Memory Bias for trauma-relevant and negative visual information may be an important factor in the maintenance of PTSD symptoms.
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Implicit Memory Bias for threat-relevant information in individuals with generalized social phobia.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Nader Amir, Edna B. Foa, Meredith E. ColesAbstract:The authors used a noise judgment task to investigate implicit Memory Bias for threat in individuals with generalized social phobia (GSP). Participants first heard neutral sentences (e.g., "The manual tells you how to set up the tent.") and social-threat sentences (e.g., "The classmate asks you to go for drinks."). Implicit Memory for these sentences was then tested by asking participants to rate the volume of noise accompanying the presentation of these "old" sentences intermixed with "new" sentences that had not been previously presented. Implicit Memory for old sentences is revealed when participants rate the noise accompanying old sentences as less loud than the noise accompanying new sentences. Those with GSP demonstrated an implicit Memory Bias for social-threat sentences, whereas controls did not. This differential priming effect suggests that information about threat may be automatically accessed in GSP.
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Memory Bias in generalized social phobia remembering negative emotional expressions
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2000Co-Authors: Edna B. Foa, Nader Amir, Eva Gilboaschechtman, Melinda FreshmanAbstract:In two experiments, the authors examined Memory for facial emotional expressions in patients with generalized social phobia (GSP) and in nonanxious control (NAC) participants. Three main questions were addressed. First, do patients with GSP differ from NAC participants in their overall Memory for facial expressions? Second, do patients with GSP exhibit a Memory Bias for negative versus nonnegative expressions? Third, if such a Bias exists, is it specific to angry expressions? The results of both experiments indicated that patients with GSP have better Memory for all facial expressions than do NAC participants. Results of experiment 2 suggest that patients with GSP exhibit enhanced recognition for negative compared with nonnegative expressions; in contrast, NAC participants did not exhibit such enhancement. Results concerning specificity were equivocal. The importance of examining cognitive Biases in patients with GSP via the use of facial expression is discussed.
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Implicit Memory Bias for threat in posttraumatic stress disorder
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1996Co-Authors: Nader Amir, Richard J. Mcnally, Pamela S. WiegartzAbstract:We employed a noise judgment task to investigate implicit Memory Bias for threat in Vietnam veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Subjects first heard neutral (e.g., “THE SHINY APPLE SAT ON THE TABLE”) and combat-relevant (e.g., “THE CHOPPER LANDED IN HOT LZ”) sentences. Implicit Memory for these sentences was tested by having subjects rate the volume of noise accompanying the presentation of these “old” sentences intermixed with “new” sentences. Implicit Memory for old sentences is revealed when subjects rate the noise accompanying old sentences as less loud than the noise accompanying new sentences. Results revealed that under high noise volume PTSD patients demonstrated an implicit Memory Bias for combat-relevant sentences, whereas control subjects did not. This differential priming effect suggests that information about threat may be automatically accessed in PTSD.
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Implicit Memory Bias for threat in panic disorder: application of the "white noise" paradigm.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1996Co-Authors: Nader Amir, Richard J. Mcnally, Bradley C. Riemann, Caroline ClementsAbstract:Abstract We employed Jacoby's white noise paradigm to investigate implicit Memory Bias for threat in panic disorder and in normal control subjects. Subjects heard a series of neutral sentences (e.g. “The shiny apple sat on the table”) and panic sentences (e.g. “The anxious woman panicked in the supermarket”). Implicit Memory for this prior exposure was then tested by having subjects rate the volume of white noise accompanying the presentation of ‘old’ sentences intermixed with ‘new’ sentences. Implicit Memory for old sentences is revealed when subjects rate the white noise accompanying these sentences as less loud than noise accompanying new sentences. Results revealed that under low noise level, panic patients demonstrated an implicit Memory Bias for threat information, whereas control subjects did not. This differential priming effect suggests that information about threat may be automatically accessed in these patients.
Janna N. Vrijsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Negative Memory Bias as a transdiagnostic cognitive marker for depression symptom severity
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020Co-Authors: F.a. Duyser, P.f.p. Van Eijndhoven, M.a. Bergman, Rose M. Collard, Aart H. Schene, Indira Tendolkar, Janna N. VrijsenAbstract:Abstract Background Negative Memory Bias is a strong risk factor for the development and maintenance of depression. Recent evidence also found negative Memory Bias in other mental disorders. Here, we aim to: 1) assess the presence and strength of negative Memory Bias in a range of (comorbid) mental disorders, 2) investigate which disorder-specific symptoms are associated with negative Memory Bias, and 3) test whether negative Memory Bias might be a transdiagnostic mechanism. Methods Negative Memory Bias was measured in patients with at least one diagnosis of a stress-related disorder (n = 86), a neurodevelopmental disorder (n = 53), or both (n = 68), and 51 controls. Depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder symptom severity was assessed using questionnaires. Groups were compared on negative Memory Bias and the associations between negative Memory Bias and symptom severity were made using linear regression models. Results All patient groups showed stronger negative Memory Bias than the controls. Negative Memory Bias was individually associated with all symptom severity indices, but when added into a single model, only the association with depressive symptom severity remained. This persisted after controlling for diagnostic group. Limitations Due to the cross-sectional sectional study design, we could only look at the associations between negative Memory Bias and disorder-specific symptoms and not at the direction of the effects. Conclusions Negative Memory Bias is characteristic of a depressotypic processing style and present in different mental disorders. It might play a mechanistic role in the development of (subclinical) co-occurrence between mental disorders.
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A Pilot Study of Smartphone-Based Memory Bias Modification and Its Effect on Memory Bias and Depressive symptoms in an Unselected Population
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2019Co-Authors: D.a. Visser, Aart H. Schene, Indira Tendolkar, L.n.m. Van De Kraats, Henricus G. Ruhé, Janna N. VrijsenAbstract:Memory Bias modification (MBM) is a relatively new approach at targeting Biased processing—a central cognitive factor causing and maintaining depression. In this pilot study we aimed to develop a smartphone-based autobiographical Memory training, a novel form of MBM. A total of 153 unselected participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental training conditions (positive, negative or sham Memory training) conducted over a period of three days. Autobiographical Memory Bias and depressive scores were assessed pre- and post-training, whilst recent event recall and explicit self-referent Memory Bias were assessed post-training. Positive Memory Bias significantly increased in the positive training condition, however Memory Bias did not significantly differ post-training between the three conditions. Participants who received positive training recalled a positive autobiographical event more frequently compared to the other conditions. No significant difference between conditions was found in the other outcomes, including symptoms. The novel smartphone-based MBM intervention seems apt to affect autobiographical Memory of emotional material. Future research should explore its possible (therapeutic) application.
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effect of cognitive Bias modification Memory on depressive symptoms and autobiographical Memory Bias two independent studies in high ruminating and dysphoric samples
Cognition & Emotion, 2019Co-Authors: Janna N. Vrijsen, Eni S. Becker, Sara M. Witcraft, Santiago Papini, Paula T. Hertel, Christopher G. Beevers, Justin Dainerbest, Jasper A. J. SmitsAbstract:ABSTRACTMemory Bias is a risk factor for depression. In two independent studies, the efficacy of one CBM-Memory session on negative Memory Bias and depressive symptoms was tested in vulnerable samples. We compared positive to neutral (control) CBM-Memory trainings in highly-ruminating individuals (N = 101) and individuals with elevated depressive symptoms (N = 100). In both studies, participants studied positive, neutral, and negative Swahili words paired with their translations. In five study–test blocks, they were then prompted to retrieve either only the positive or neutral translations. Immediately following the training and one week later, we tested cued recall of all translations and autobiographical Memory Bias; and also measured mood, depressive symptoms, and rumination. Retrieval practice resulted in training-congruent recall both immediately after and one week after the training. Overall, there was no differential decrease in symptoms or difference in autobiographical Memory Bias between the tra...
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Effect of cognitive Bias modification-Memory on depressive symptoms and autobiographical Memory Bias: two independent studies in high-ruminating and dysphoric samples
Cognition & Emotion, 2018Co-Authors: Janna N. Vrijsen, Eni S. Becker, Justin Dainer-best, Sara M. Witcraft, Santiago Papini, Paula T. Hertel, Christopher G. Beevers, Jasper A. J. SmitsAbstract:Memory Bias is a risk factor for depression. In two independent studies, the efficacy of one CBM-Memory session on negative Memory Bias and depressive symptoms was tested in vulnerable samples. We ...
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ADHD symptoms in healthy adults are associated with stressful life events and negative Memory Bias.
Adhd Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 2017Co-Authors: Janna N. Vrijsen, Aart H. Schene, Indira Tendolkar, Guillén Fernández, Marten Onnink, Martine Hoogman, Iris Van Oostrom, Barbara FrankeAbstract:Stressful life events, especially Childhood Trauma, predict ADHD symptoms. Childhood Trauma and negatively Biased Memory are risk factors for affective disorders. The association of life events and Bias with ADHD symptoms may inform about the etiology of ADHD. Memory Bias was tested using a computer task in N = 675 healthy adults. Life events and ADHD symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. The mediation of the association between life events and ADHD symptoms by Memory Bias was examined. We explored the roles of different types of life events and of ADHD symptom clusters. Life events and Memory Bias were associated with overall ADHD symptoms as well as inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom clusters. Memory Bias mediated the association of Lifetime Life Events, specifically Childhood Trauma, with ADHD symptoms. Negatively Biased Memory may be a cognitive marker of the effects of Childhood Trauma on the development and/or persistence of ADHD symptoms.
Rena R Wing - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Memory Bias for recall of experiences during initial weight loss is affected by subsequent weight loss outcome
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2018Co-Authors: Kathryn M Ross, Rena R WingAbstract:Research has suggested that memories of mood, emotions, and behaviors are not purely unBiased retrieval, but more similar to reconstructions based on current opinions, positive or negative experiences associated with the Memory, and how a person believes they would have felt, thought, or acted. We investigated this Memory Bias in 66 adult participants with overweight/obesity who rated their mood, emotions, and behaviors during a 12-week, Internet-based behavioral weight loss program and later recalled these ratings at Month 3 (immediate post-test) and Month 12 (follow-up). At Month 3, participants recalled the intervention more positively than reported previously, p = .010, but reported remembering the intervention more negatively at the Month 12 follow-up, p = .004. Memory Bias was associated with initial weight loss and regain, ps < .05, such that participants who lost more weight at Month 3 remembered their mood, emotions, and behaviors during intervention more positively, and those who regained more weight at Month 12, more negatively. Future research should investigate whether this Bias is associated with willingness to re-engage with intervention.
Eni S. Becker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of cognitive Bias modification Memory on depressive symptoms and autobiographical Memory Bias two independent studies in high ruminating and dysphoric samples
Cognition & Emotion, 2019Co-Authors: Janna N. Vrijsen, Eni S. Becker, Sara M. Witcraft, Santiago Papini, Paula T. Hertel, Christopher G. Beevers, Justin Dainerbest, Jasper A. J. SmitsAbstract:ABSTRACTMemory Bias is a risk factor for depression. In two independent studies, the efficacy of one CBM-Memory session on negative Memory Bias and depressive symptoms was tested in vulnerable samples. We compared positive to neutral (control) CBM-Memory trainings in highly-ruminating individuals (N = 101) and individuals with elevated depressive symptoms (N = 100). In both studies, participants studied positive, neutral, and negative Swahili words paired with their translations. In five study–test blocks, they were then prompted to retrieve either only the positive or neutral translations. Immediately following the training and one week later, we tested cued recall of all translations and autobiographical Memory Bias; and also measured mood, depressive symptoms, and rumination. Retrieval practice resulted in training-congruent recall both immediately after and one week after the training. Overall, there was no differential decrease in symptoms or difference in autobiographical Memory Bias between the tra...
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Effect of cognitive Bias modification-Memory on depressive symptoms and autobiographical Memory Bias: two independent studies in high-ruminating and dysphoric samples
Cognition & Emotion, 2018Co-Authors: Janna N. Vrijsen, Eni S. Becker, Justin Dainer-best, Sara M. Witcraft, Santiago Papini, Paula T. Hertel, Christopher G. Beevers, Jasper A. J. SmitsAbstract:Memory Bias is a risk factor for depression. In two independent studies, the efficacy of one CBM-Memory session on negative Memory Bias and depressive symptoms was tested in vulnerable samples. We ...
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Practicing Emotionally Biased Retrieval Affects Mood and Establishes Biased Recall a Week Later
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2016Co-Authors: Janna N. Vrijsen, Paula T. Hertel, Eni S. BeckerAbstract:Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) can yield clinically relevant results. Only few studies have directly manipulated Memory Bias, which is prominent in depression. In a new approach to CBM, we sought to simulate or oppose ruminative processes by training the retrieval of negative or positive words. Participants studied positive and negative word pairs (Swahili cues with Dutch translations). In the positive and negative conditions, each of the three study trials was followed by a cued-recall test of training-congruent translations; a no-practice condition merely studied the pairs. Recall of the translations was tested after the training and after 1 week. Both recall tests revealed evidence of training-congruent Bias and Bias was associated with emotional autobiographical Memory. Positive retrieval practice yielded stable positive mood, in contrast to the other conditions. The results indicate that Memory Bias can be established through retrieval practice and that the Bias transfers to mood and autobiographical Memory.
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Depressed patients in remission show an interaction between variance in the mineralocorticoid receptor NR3C2 gene and childhood trauma on negative Memory Bias.
Psychiatric Genetics, 2015Co-Authors: Janna N. Vrijsen, Eni S. Becker, Barbara Franke, Guillén Fernández, Susanne Vogel, Alejandro Arias-vasquez, Anne E M Speckens, Iris Van OostromAbstract:BACKGROUND: Genetic, environmental, and cognitive factors play a role in the development and recurrence of depression. More specifically, cognitive Biases have been associated with depression risk genes and life events. Recently, the mineralocorticoid receptor NR3C2 gene, and in particular the rs5534 polymorphism, has been associated with negative Memory Bias, at least in healthy individuals who experienced severe life adversity. The current study examined the interaction between the rs5534 genotype and different types of adverse life events in a sample of depressed patients in remission. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 298 depressed patients in remission performed an incidental emotional Memory task (negative and positive words). Life adversity, childhood trauma, and recent adversity were measured using a self-report questionnaire. NR3C2 rs5534 by life adversity, as well as childhood trauma and recent adversity interactions were analyzed for negative and positive Memory Bias using analyses of covariance. RESULTS: The significant interaction between rs5534 and childhood trauma on negative Memory Bias (P=0.046) indicated that risk 'A' allele carriers with childhood trauma tended to show more negative Memory Bias compared to individuals homozygous for the G allele who had experienced childhood trauma and A allele carriers without childhood trauma. No interaction effects with life adversity or recent adversity were found. Also, no main effect of rs5534 on Memory Bias was found, although we had insufficient power for this analysis. CONCLUSION: An association of the NR3C2 gene and childhood trauma with negative Memory Bias was found in depressed patients in remission, which extends previous findings in a healthy population.
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No evidence for the association between a polymorphism in the PCLO depression candidate gene with Memory Bias in remitted depressed patients and healthy individuals.
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Janna N. Vrijsen, Eni S. Becker, Barbara Franke, Alejandro Arias-vasquez, Anne E M Speckens, Iris Van OostromAbstract:The PCLO rs2522833 candidate polymorphism for depression has been associated to monoaminergic neurotransmission. In healthy and currently depressed individuals, the polymorphism has been found to affect activation of brain areas during Memory processing, but no direct association of PCLO with Memory Bias was found. We hypothesized that the absence of this association might have been obscured by current depressive symptoms or genetically driven individual differences in reactivity to stressful events. Experiencing stressful childhood events fosters dysfunctional assumptions that are related to cognitive Biases, and may modulate the predisposition for depression via epigenetic effects. The association between PCLO and Memory Bias, as well as interaction between PCLO and childhood events was studied in patients remitted from depression (N=299), as well as a sample of healthy individuals (N=157). The participants performed an emotional verbal Memory task after a sad mood induction. Childhood trauma and adversity were measured with a questionnaire. The Genotype main effect, and Genotype by Childhood Events interaction were analyzed for Memory Bias in both samples. PCLO risk allele carrying remitted depressed patients did not show more negatively Biased Memory than non-risk allele carriers, not even patients with stressful childhood events. A similar pattern of results was found in healthy individuals. Memory Bias may not be strongly associated with the PCLO rs2522833 polymorphism. We did not find any support for the PCLO-childhood events interaction, but the power of our study was insufficient to exclude this possibility.