Rumination

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Edward R Watkins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The acute effects of alcohol on state Rumination in the laboratory
    Psychopharmacology, 2021
    Co-Authors: O. Merve Mollaahmetoglu, Edward R Watkins, Edward Palmer, Emily Maschauer, Melissa C. Nolan, Tobias Stevens, Molly Carlyle, Lorna Hardy, Celia J. A. Morgan
    Abstract:

    Rationale Rumination is a repetitive, negative, self-focused thinking style associated with various forms of psychopathology. Recent studies suggest that Rumination increases craving for alcohol and predicts harmful drinking and alcohol-related problems. However, the acute effects of alcohol on Rumination have not been previously studied. It is proposed that alcohol may reduce ruminative thinking through decreasing negative mood. Objectives In the present study, we aimed to test the previously unexplored effects of acute alcohol consumption on Rumination in a hazardous drinking population. Methods We conducted a randomised placebo-controlled laboratory study to examine the effect of low (0.4 g kg^−1) and high doses (0.8 g kg^−1) of alcohol on state Rumination compared to placebo. Participants completed a Rumination induction task prior to receiving drinks. We then measured state Rumination and mood at repeated time points; 30 min, 60 min and 90 min post-drinks consumption. Results We found a significant decrease in state Rumination in the low-dose alcohol group compared to placebo at 30 min post-alcohol consumption, but no difference was observed between the high-dose alcohol and placebo groups. Mediation analysis provided evidence for an indirect effect of alcohol on state Rumination through concurrent changes in negative mood. Conclusions These findings suggest that acute alcohol consumption can regulate negative mood and concurrently Rumination, providing preliminary evidence for the role of Rumination in alcohol use disorders. Rumination may be a treatment target in alcohol use disorders.

  • Reflecting on Rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of Rumination.
    Behaviour research and therapy, 2020
    Co-Authors: Edward R Watkins, Henrietta Roberts
    Abstract:

    We review research showing that Rumination has multiple negative consequences: (a) exacerbating psychopathology by magnifying and prolonging negative mood states, interfering with problem-solving and instrumental behaviour and reducing sensitivity to changing contingencies; (b) acting as a transdiagnostic mental health vulnerability impacting anxiety, depression, psychosis, insomnia, and impulsive behaviours; (c) interfering with therapy and limiting the efficacy of psychological interventions; (d) exacerbating and maintaining physiological stress responses. The mechanisms underlying Rumination are examined, and a model (H-EX-A-GO-N - Habit development, EXecutive control, Abstract processing, GOal discrepancies, Negative bias) is proposed to account for the onset and maintenance of Rumination. H-EX-A-GO-N outlines how Rumination results from dwelling on problematic goals developing into a learnt habit that involves the tendency to process negative information in an abstract way, particularly in the context of poor executive control and negative information-processing biases. These proximal factors integrate experimental evidence to provide a partial answer to the critical question of what maintains Rumination. They constitute a pathway by which more distal biological and environmental factors increase the likelihood of Rumination developing. Treatments for Rumination are reviewed, with preliminary trials suggesting that psychological interventions designed to specifically target these mechanisms may be effective at reducing Rumination.

  • Rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy vs. cognitive behaviour therapy for depression: study protocol for a randomised controlled superiority trial
    Trials, 2015
    Co-Authors: Morten Hvenegaard, Edward R Watkins, Stig Poulsen, Nicole Rosenberg, Matthias Gondan, Ben Grafton, Stephen F. Austin, Henriette Howard, Stine Bjerrum Moeller
    Abstract:

    Cognitive behavioural therapy is an effective treatment for depression. However, one third of the patients do not respond satisfactorily, and relapse rates of around 30 % within the first post-treatment year were reported in a recent meta-analysis. In total, 30-50 % of remitted patients present with residual symptoms by the end of treatment. A common residual symptom is Rumination, a process of recurrent negative thinking and dwelling on negative affect. Rumination has been demonstrated as a major factor in vulnerability to depression, predicting the onset, severity, and duration of future depression. Rumination-focused cognitive behavioural therapy is a psychotherapeutic treatment targeting Rumination. Because Rumination plays a major role in the initiation and maintenance of depression, targeting Rumination with Rumination-focused cognitive behavioural therapy may be more effective in treating depression and reducing relapse than standard cognitive behavioural therapy. This study is a two-arm pragmatic randomised controlled superiority trial comparing the effectiveness of group-based Rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy with the effectiveness of group-based cognitive behavioural therapy for treatment of depression. One hundred twenty-eight patients with depression will be recruited from and given treatment in an outpatient service at a psychiatric hospital in Denmark. Our primary outcome will be severity of depressive symptoms (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) at completion of treatment. Secondary outcomes will be level of Rumination, worry, anxiety, quality of life, behavioural activation, experimental measures of cognitive flexibility, and emotional attentional bias. A 6-month follow-up is planned and will include the primary outcome measure and assessment of relapse. The clinical outcome of this trial may guide clinicians to decide on the merits of including Rumination-focused cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of depression in outpatient services. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02278224 , registered 28 Oct. 2014.

  • Rumination focused cognitive behavioural therapy for residual depression phase ii randomised controlled trial
    British Journal of Psychiatry, 2011
    Co-Authors: Edward R Watkins, Eugene Mullan, Janet Wingrove, Katharine A Rimes, Herbert Steiner, Neil Bathurst, Rachel Eastman, Jan Scott
    Abstract:

    Background About 20% of major depressive episodes become chronic and medication-refractory and also appear to be less responsive to standard cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Aims To test whether CBT developed from behavioural activation principles that explicitly and exclusively targets depressive Rumination enhances treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing residual depression. Method Forty-two consecutively recruited participants meeting criteria for medication-refractory residual depression were randomly allocated to TAU v. TAU plus up to 12 sessions of individual Rumination-focused CBT. The trial has been registered ([ISRCTN22782150][1]). Results Adding Rumination-focused CBT to TAU significantly improved residual symptoms and remission rates. Treatment effects were mediated by change in Rumination. Conclusions This is the first randomised controlled trial providing evidence of benefits of Rumination-focused CBT in persistent depression. Although suggesting the internal validity of Rumination-focused CBT for residual depression, the trial lacked an attentional control group so cannot test whether the effects were as a result of the specific content of Rumination-focused CBT v . non-specific therapy effects. [1]: /external-ref?link_type=ISRCTN&access_num=ISRCTN22782150

  • depressive Rumination and co morbidity evidence for brooding as a transdiagnostic process
    Journal of Rational-emotive & Cognitive-behavior Therapy, 2009
    Co-Authors: Edward R Watkins
    Abstract:

    A sample of 116 patients with unipolar mood disorders referred to a specialist research clinic were assessed to investigate (a) whether Rumination is a transdiagnostic process that is related to co-morbid Axis I and II symptoms and diagnosis in depressed patients; (b) whether common findings in the depressive Rumination literature could be replicated in a recurrent depressed sample. Consistent with the transdiagnostic hypothesis, Rumination was positively associated with both depression and anxiety, brooding was related to co-morbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, and Rumination was associated with traits associated with borderline personality disorder, most notably self-report of unstable relationships and inconsistent sense of self. As predicted, Rumination was equivalent in currently depressed and formerly depressed patients, suggesting that Rumination is not simply dependent on mood state or clinical status. As predicted, the brooding subtype most strongly correlated with depressed and anxious symptoms, consistent with previous observations that brooding is the more maladaptive form of Rumination. As predicted, Rumination was associated with reports of sexual abuse. Inconsistent with previous findings, there was no gender difference in Rumination.

Jan Scott - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Rumination focused cognitive behavioural therapy for residual depression phase ii randomised controlled trial
    British Journal of Psychiatry, 2011
    Co-Authors: Edward R Watkins, Eugene Mullan, Janet Wingrove, Katharine A Rimes, Herbert Steiner, Neil Bathurst, Rachel Eastman, Jan Scott
    Abstract:

    Background About 20% of major depressive episodes become chronic and medication-refractory and also appear to be less responsive to standard cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Aims To test whether CBT developed from behavioural activation principles that explicitly and exclusively targets depressive Rumination enhances treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing residual depression. Method Forty-two consecutively recruited participants meeting criteria for medication-refractory residual depression were randomly allocated to TAU v. TAU plus up to 12 sessions of individual Rumination-focused CBT. The trial has been registered ([ISRCTN22782150][1]). Results Adding Rumination-focused CBT to TAU significantly improved residual symptoms and remission rates. Treatment effects were mediated by change in Rumination. Conclusions This is the first randomised controlled trial providing evidence of benefits of Rumination-focused CBT in persistent depression. Although suggesting the internal validity of Rumination-focused CBT for residual depression, the trial lacked an attentional control group so cannot test whether the effects were as a result of the specific content of Rumination-focused CBT v . non-specific therapy effects. [1]: /external-ref?link_type=ISRCTN&access_num=ISRCTN22782150

Ashley Borders - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Rumination, anger, and aggression
    Rumination and Related Constructs, 2020
    Co-Authors: Ashley Borders
    Abstract:

    Abstract This chapter reviews the literature on angry Rumination, or repetitive thinking about angering events. After describing the original development of the construct, I review the evidence linking Rumination with anger. I then explore how Rumination can be incorporated into relevant theories of aggression, as well as the sizable literature on Rumination and various types of aggression. The chapter also addresses various mechanisms of angry Rumination, such as increased desire for revenge and physiological activation, as well as decreased interest in forgiveness and moral prohibitions. After an examination of potential moderators of the effect of angry Rumination, I conclude by reviewing an evolutionary hypothesis about possible societal functions—both negative and positive—of angry Rumination.

  • Rumination and mood disorders
    Rumination and Related Constructs, 2020
    Co-Authors: Ashley Borders
    Abstract:

    Abstract This chapter reviews the literature on depressive Rumination, or repetitive thinking about the nature, causes, and consequences of depressive symptoms. After describing the development of this construct and the associated response styles theory, I review the empirical evidence linking depressive Rumination to maintained or exacerbated sad mood and depressive symptoms. I then explore empirical evidence for the proposed mechanisms of depressive Rumination: negative thinking, impaired problem-solving, behavioral avoidance, and poor social support. After an examination of the nascent field of Rumination and bipolar disorder, I explore research on gender differences in depressive Rumination. The chapter ends with a discussion of moderators of depressive Rumination and a proposed theory that integrates the Rumination literature with other known predictors of depression.

  • Triggers of Rumination
    Rumination and Related Constructs, 2020
    Co-Authors: Ashley Borders
    Abstract:

    Abstract This chapter explores reasons why people ruminate. After first describing the influential control theory of Rumination, I explore how Rumination can be conceptualized in terms of Lazarus and Folkman’s (1984) coping theory. I then examine the empirical evidence showing that various negative emotions trigger Rumination. The chapter then explores ways that stressful events trigger Rumination, including characteristics of stressors that make Rumination more likely, as well as research on three major types of triggers: interpersonal, childhood, and stigma-related stressors.

  • Rumination and anxiety-related disorders
    Rumination and Related Constructs, 2020
    Co-Authors: Ashley Borders
    Abstract:

    Abstract This chapter explores the literature linking Rumination and worry with anxiety-related disorders. Starting with generalized anxiety disorder, I first address similarities and differences between worry and Rumination before describing the avoidance theories of worry. The chapter then reviews theory and evidence for the roles of pre- and postevent Rumination in social anxiety disorder, as well as trauma-focused Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder. I conclude by touching on the nascent literature on Rumination in both obsessive–compulsive disorder and illness anxiety disorder.

  • Rumination and dysregulated behaviors
    Rumination and Related Constructs, 2020
    Co-Authors: Ashley Borders
    Abstract:

    Abstract This chapter explores the literatures linking Rumination with mental disorders and behaviors characterized by dysregulation and impulsivity. I first describe the evidence showing that Rumination predicts substance use and substance-related problems, as well as potential mechanisms of these associations. The chapter then reviews theory and support for the links between Rumination and borderline personality, as well as eating disorders. After next addressing the effect of Rumination on suicidality and self-harm, I conclude by describing the new literature on Rumination and psychotic symptoms.

Mark Cropley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • exploring the relationship between work related Rumination sleep quality and work related fatigue
    Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Dawn Querstret, Mark Cropley
    Abstract:

    This study examined the association among three conceptualizations of work-related Rumination (affective Rumination, problem-solving pondering, and detachment) with sleep quality and work-related fatigue. It was hypothesized that affective Rumination and poor sleep quality would be associated with increased fatigue and that problem-solving pondering and detachment would be associated with decreased fatigue. The mediating effect of sleep quality on the relationship between work-related Rumination and fatigue was also tested. An online questionnaire was completed by a heterogeneous sample of 719 adult workers in diverse occupations. The following variables were entered as predictors in a regression model: affective Rumination, problem-solving pondering, detachment, and sleep quality. The dependent variables were chronic work-related fatigue (CF) and acute work-related fatigue (AF). Affective Rumination was the strongest predictor of increased CF and AF. Problem-solving pondering was a significant predictor of decreased CF and AF. Poor sleep quality was predictive of increased CF and AF. Detachment was significantly negatively predictive for AF. Sleep quality partially mediated the relationship between affective Rumination and fatigue and between problem-solving pondering and fatigue. Work-related affective Rumination appears more detrimental to an individual's ability to recover from work than problem-solving pondering. In the context of identifying mechanisms by which demands at work are translated into ill-health, this appears to be a key finding and suggests that it is the type of work-related Rumination, not Rumination per se, that is important.

Shannon E. Sauer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Relationships between depressive Rumination, anger Rumination, and borderline personality features.
    Personality disorders, 2011
    Co-Authors: Ruth A. Baer, Shannon E. Sauer
    Abstract:

    We examined relationships between depressive Rumination, anger Rumination, and features of borderline personality disorder in a sample of 93 students with a wide range of borderline symptoms. All completed self-report measures of borderline features; trait-level negative affect; depressive and anger Rumination; and current symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Depressive and anger Rumination were strongly associated with borderline features after controlling for comorbid symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Both types of Rumination showed significant incremental validity over trait-level sadness, anger, and general negative affect in predicting borderline features. Relationships with borderline features were stronger for anger Rumination than for depressive Rumination. Relationships between trait-level negative affect and borderline features were substantially reduced when anger Rumination was included in regression models, suggesting the need for longitudinal analyses of mediation. Findings suggest that severity of borderline symptoms is influenced by ruminative thinking in response to negative affect, especially anger.

  • BRIEF REPORT Relationships Between Depressive Rumination, Anger Rumination, and Borderline Personality Features
    2011
    Co-Authors: Ruth A. Baer, Shannon E. Sauer
    Abstract:

    We examined relationships between depressive Rumination, anger Rumination, and features of borderline personality disorder in a sample of 93 students with a wide range of borderline symptoms. All completed self-report measures of borderline features; trait-level negative affect; depressive and anger Rumination; and current symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Depressive and anger Rumination were strongly associated with borderline features after controlling for comorbid symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Both types of Rumination showed significant incremental validity over trait-level sadness, anger, and general negative affect in predicting borderline features. Relationships with borderline features were stronger for anger Rumination than for depressive Rumination. Relationships between trait-level negative affect and borderline features were substantially reduced when anger Rumination was included in regression models, suggesting the need for longitudinal analyses of mediation. Findings suggest that severity of borderline symptoms is influenced by ruminative thinking in response to negative affect, especially anger.