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A. A. Bisschoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • from ore to tool iron age iron smelting in the largest and oldest Meteorite Crater in the world
    Hyperfine Interactions, 2005
    Co-Authors: F. B. Waanders, L. R. Tiedt, M. C. Brink, A. A. Bisschoff
    Abstract:

    The Vredefort Impact Structure in South Africa is the biggest and oldest remnant Meteorite impact Crater in the world where various ancient cultures thrived. In this paper some light will be shed on the Iron Age, iron smelting aspects of the people that inhabited the area and the results of a laboratory study of iron artefacts and a possible source of iron ore in the region is given. A sectional piece from a hoe manufactured in a small bloomery furnace was polished and etched and subsequently analyses with SEM and Mossbauer techniques were obtained. The hoe has a typical cast iron composition (2.9% C, 0.1% Mn, 0.4% Si, 0.4% P and 96.2% Fe, all wt.%) and contains many slag inclusions with wustite dendrites. The Mossbauer spectrum consisted of iron (86%), wustite (5%) and oxihydroxide (9%) and the thin (200 mm) corrosion layer consisted of hematite (55%) and oxihydroxides (45%). At a furnace site, various slag clumps (26.3% C, 24.8% SiO2, 11.3% Al2O3, 1.3% P2O5, 1.0% K2O, 0.4% CaO and 30.2 FeO, all wt.%, average of four samples) and iron nodules (7.6% C, 6.0% Mn, 4.3% Si, 1.4% Al, 80.7% Fe, all wt.%) were found. The Mossbauer spectrum of the slag consisted of iron (7%), magnetite (56%), fayalite (2%) and oxihydroxides (35%) and that of the iron nodules yielded iron (28%), wustite (12%), magnetite (20%) and oxihydroxides (40%). A possible ore source containing 84% FeO, 7% of Al2O3 and SiO2 (all in wt.%) and minor impurities is located a few kilometers from the furnace site, yielding a Mossbauer spectrum consisting of hematite (70%) and oxihydroxides (30%).

  • From Ore to Tool – Iron Age Iron Smelting in the Largest and Oldest Meteorite Crater in the World
    Hyperfine Interactions, 2005
    Co-Authors: F. B. Waanders, L. R. Tiedt, M. C. Brink, A. A. Bisschoff
    Abstract:

    The Vredefort Impact Structure in South Africa is the biggest and oldest remnant Meteorite impact Crater in the world where various ancient cultures thrived. In this paper some light will be shed on the Iron Age, iron smelting aspects of the people that inhabited the area and the results of a laboratory study of iron artefacts and a possible source of iron ore in the region is given. A sectional piece from a hoe manufactured in a small bloomery furnace was polished and etched and subsequently analyses with SEM and Mössbauer techniques were obtained. The hoe has a typical cast iron composition (2.9% C, 0.1% Mn, 0.4% Si, 0.4% P and 96.2% Fe, all wt.%) and contains many slag inclusions with wustite dendrites. The Mössbauer spectrum consisted of iron (86%), wustite (5%) and oxihydroxide (9%) and the thin (200 μm) corrosion layer consisted of hematite (55%) and oxihydroxides (45%). At a furnace site, various slag clumps (26.3% C, 24.8% SiO_2, 11.3% Al_2O_3, 1.3% P_2O_5, 1.0% K_2O, 0.4% CaO and 30.2 FeO, all wt.%, average of four samples) and iron nodules (7.6% C, 6.0% Mn, 4.3% Si, 1.4% Al, 80.7% Fe, all wt.%) were found. The Mössbauer spectrum of the slag consisted of iron (7%), magnetite (56%), fayalite (2%) and oxihydroxides (35%) and that of the iron nodules yielded iron (28%), wustite (12%), magnetite (20%) and oxihydroxides (40%). A possible ore source containing 84% FeO, 7% of Al_2O_3 and SiO_2 (all in wt.%) and minor impurities is located a few kilometers from the furnace site, yielding a Mössbauer spectrum consisting of hematite (70%) and oxihydroxides (30%).

F. B. Waanders - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • from ore to tool iron age iron smelting in the largest and oldest Meteorite Crater in the world
    Hyperfine Interactions, 2005
    Co-Authors: F. B. Waanders, L. R. Tiedt, M. C. Brink, A. A. Bisschoff
    Abstract:

    The Vredefort Impact Structure in South Africa is the biggest and oldest remnant Meteorite impact Crater in the world where various ancient cultures thrived. In this paper some light will be shed on the Iron Age, iron smelting aspects of the people that inhabited the area and the results of a laboratory study of iron artefacts and a possible source of iron ore in the region is given. A sectional piece from a hoe manufactured in a small bloomery furnace was polished and etched and subsequently analyses with SEM and Mossbauer techniques were obtained. The hoe has a typical cast iron composition (2.9% C, 0.1% Mn, 0.4% Si, 0.4% P and 96.2% Fe, all wt.%) and contains many slag inclusions with wustite dendrites. The Mossbauer spectrum consisted of iron (86%), wustite (5%) and oxihydroxide (9%) and the thin (200 mm) corrosion layer consisted of hematite (55%) and oxihydroxides (45%). At a furnace site, various slag clumps (26.3% C, 24.8% SiO2, 11.3% Al2O3, 1.3% P2O5, 1.0% K2O, 0.4% CaO and 30.2 FeO, all wt.%, average of four samples) and iron nodules (7.6% C, 6.0% Mn, 4.3% Si, 1.4% Al, 80.7% Fe, all wt.%) were found. The Mossbauer spectrum of the slag consisted of iron (7%), magnetite (56%), fayalite (2%) and oxihydroxides (35%) and that of the iron nodules yielded iron (28%), wustite (12%), magnetite (20%) and oxihydroxides (40%). A possible ore source containing 84% FeO, 7% of Al2O3 and SiO2 (all in wt.%) and minor impurities is located a few kilometers from the furnace site, yielding a Mossbauer spectrum consisting of hematite (70%) and oxihydroxides (30%).

  • From Ore to Tool – Iron Age Iron Smelting in the Largest and Oldest Meteorite Crater in the World
    Hyperfine Interactions, 2005
    Co-Authors: F. B. Waanders, L. R. Tiedt, M. C. Brink, A. A. Bisschoff
    Abstract:

    The Vredefort Impact Structure in South Africa is the biggest and oldest remnant Meteorite impact Crater in the world where various ancient cultures thrived. In this paper some light will be shed on the Iron Age, iron smelting aspects of the people that inhabited the area and the results of a laboratory study of iron artefacts and a possible source of iron ore in the region is given. A sectional piece from a hoe manufactured in a small bloomery furnace was polished and etched and subsequently analyses with SEM and Mössbauer techniques were obtained. The hoe has a typical cast iron composition (2.9% C, 0.1% Mn, 0.4% Si, 0.4% P and 96.2% Fe, all wt.%) and contains many slag inclusions with wustite dendrites. The Mössbauer spectrum consisted of iron (86%), wustite (5%) and oxihydroxide (9%) and the thin (200 μm) corrosion layer consisted of hematite (55%) and oxihydroxides (45%). At a furnace site, various slag clumps (26.3% C, 24.8% SiO_2, 11.3% Al_2O_3, 1.3% P_2O_5, 1.0% K_2O, 0.4% CaO and 30.2 FeO, all wt.%, average of four samples) and iron nodules (7.6% C, 6.0% Mn, 4.3% Si, 1.4% Al, 80.7% Fe, all wt.%) were found. The Mössbauer spectrum of the slag consisted of iron (7%), magnetite (56%), fayalite (2%) and oxihydroxides (35%) and that of the iron nodules yielded iron (28%), wustite (12%), magnetite (20%) and oxihydroxides (40%). A possible ore source containing 84% FeO, 7% of Al_2O_3 and SiO_2 (all in wt.%) and minor impurities is located a few kilometers from the furnace site, yielding a Mössbauer spectrum consisting of hematite (70%) and oxihydroxides (30%).

Matthew J. Wooller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Stable isotope characteristics across narrow savanna/woodland ecotones in Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater, Western Australia.
    Oecologia, 2005
    Co-Authors: Matthew J. Wooller, Beverly J. Johnson, Andrew Wilkie, Marilyn L. Fogel
    Abstract:

    The stable isotopic composition (δ13C) of sediments from lakes are frequently analyzed to reconstruct the proportion of the regional vegetation that used either the C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways, often without conducting a detailed survey of the current local vegetation. We performed a study on the modern vegetation composition within the Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater to complement our future paleoecological investigation of the Crater. A bull’s-eye pattern exists where C4 grasses dominate an outer ring and salt tolerant species, including shrubs, herbs, chenopods, and halophytic algae, dominate the inner pan of the Crater. The ecotone between the inner and outer zones is narrow and occupied by tall (>7 m) Acacia ampliceps, with some C4 grasses in the understory. Along with the highest water table and most saline soils the center of the Crater has C3 plants present with the highest δ13C and δ15N values. The range of δ13C and δ15N values from the analysis of surface soil organic matter (OM) was much smaller compared with the range of values from plant materials implying that either: (1) the current plant OM has not yet been integrated into the soils, or (2) processes within the soil have acted to homogenize isotopic variability within the Crater. The application of a two end member mixing model to calculate %C4 and %C3 biomass from the δ13C of surface soil OM was complicated by: (1) the Crater containing both a dry habitat with C4 grasses and a central pan with C4 halophytic plants and, (2) the large variation in the δ13C of the plants and soil OM.

  • stable isotope characteristics across narrow savanna woodland ecotones in wolfe creek Meteorite Crater western australia
    Oecologia, 2005
    Co-Authors: Matthew J. Wooller, Beverly J. Johnson, Andrew Wilkie, Marilyn L. Fogel
    Abstract:

    The stable isotopic composition (δ13C) of sediments from lakes are frequently analyzed to reconstruct the proportion of the regional vegetation that used either the C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways, often without conducting a detailed survey of the current local vegetation. We performed a study on the modern vegetation composition within the Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater to complement our future paleoecological investigation of the Crater. A bull’s-eye pattern exists where C4 grasses dominate an outer ring and salt tolerant species, including shrubs, herbs, chenopods, and halophytic algae, dominate the inner pan of the Crater. The ecotone between the inner and outer zones is narrow and occupied by tall (>7 m) Acacia ampliceps, with some C4 grasses in the understory. Along with the highest water table and most saline soils the center of the Crater has C3 plants present with the highest δ13C and δ15N values. The range of δ13C and δ15N values from the analysis of surface soil organic matter (OM) was much smaller compared with the range of values from plant materials implying that either: (1) the current plant OM has not yet been integrated into the soils, or (2) processes within the soil have acted to homogenize isotopic variability within the Crater. The application of a two end member mixing model to calculate %C4 and %C3 biomass from the δ13C of surface soil OM was complicated by: (1) the Crater containing both a dry habitat with C4 grasses and a central pan with C4 halophytic plants and, (2) the large variation in the δ13C of the plants and soil OM.

Marilyn L. Fogel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Stable isotope characteristics across narrow savanna/woodland ecotones in Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater, Western Australia.
    Oecologia, 2005
    Co-Authors: Matthew J. Wooller, Beverly J. Johnson, Andrew Wilkie, Marilyn L. Fogel
    Abstract:

    The stable isotopic composition (δ13C) of sediments from lakes are frequently analyzed to reconstruct the proportion of the regional vegetation that used either the C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways, often without conducting a detailed survey of the current local vegetation. We performed a study on the modern vegetation composition within the Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater to complement our future paleoecological investigation of the Crater. A bull’s-eye pattern exists where C4 grasses dominate an outer ring and salt tolerant species, including shrubs, herbs, chenopods, and halophytic algae, dominate the inner pan of the Crater. The ecotone between the inner and outer zones is narrow and occupied by tall (>7 m) Acacia ampliceps, with some C4 grasses in the understory. Along with the highest water table and most saline soils the center of the Crater has C3 plants present with the highest δ13C and δ15N values. The range of δ13C and δ15N values from the analysis of surface soil organic matter (OM) was much smaller compared with the range of values from plant materials implying that either: (1) the current plant OM has not yet been integrated into the soils, or (2) processes within the soil have acted to homogenize isotopic variability within the Crater. The application of a two end member mixing model to calculate %C4 and %C3 biomass from the δ13C of surface soil OM was complicated by: (1) the Crater containing both a dry habitat with C4 grasses and a central pan with C4 halophytic plants and, (2) the large variation in the δ13C of the plants and soil OM.

  • stable isotope characteristics across narrow savanna woodland ecotones in wolfe creek Meteorite Crater western australia
    Oecologia, 2005
    Co-Authors: Matthew J. Wooller, Beverly J. Johnson, Andrew Wilkie, Marilyn L. Fogel
    Abstract:

    The stable isotopic composition (δ13C) of sediments from lakes are frequently analyzed to reconstruct the proportion of the regional vegetation that used either the C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways, often without conducting a detailed survey of the current local vegetation. We performed a study on the modern vegetation composition within the Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater to complement our future paleoecological investigation of the Crater. A bull’s-eye pattern exists where C4 grasses dominate an outer ring and salt tolerant species, including shrubs, herbs, chenopods, and halophytic algae, dominate the inner pan of the Crater. The ecotone between the inner and outer zones is narrow and occupied by tall (>7 m) Acacia ampliceps, with some C4 grasses in the understory. Along with the highest water table and most saline soils the center of the Crater has C3 plants present with the highest δ13C and δ15N values. The range of δ13C and δ15N values from the analysis of surface soil organic matter (OM) was much smaller compared with the range of values from plant materials implying that either: (1) the current plant OM has not yet been integrated into the soils, or (2) processes within the soil have acted to homogenize isotopic variability within the Crater. The application of a two end member mixing model to calculate %C4 and %C3 biomass from the δ13C of surface soil OM was complicated by: (1) the Crater containing both a dry habitat with C4 grasses and a central pan with C4 halophytic plants and, (2) the large variation in the δ13C of the plants and soil OM.

M. C. Brink - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • from ore to tool iron age iron smelting in the largest and oldest Meteorite Crater in the world
    Hyperfine Interactions, 2005
    Co-Authors: F. B. Waanders, L. R. Tiedt, M. C. Brink, A. A. Bisschoff
    Abstract:

    The Vredefort Impact Structure in South Africa is the biggest and oldest remnant Meteorite impact Crater in the world where various ancient cultures thrived. In this paper some light will be shed on the Iron Age, iron smelting aspects of the people that inhabited the area and the results of a laboratory study of iron artefacts and a possible source of iron ore in the region is given. A sectional piece from a hoe manufactured in a small bloomery furnace was polished and etched and subsequently analyses with SEM and Mossbauer techniques were obtained. The hoe has a typical cast iron composition (2.9% C, 0.1% Mn, 0.4% Si, 0.4% P and 96.2% Fe, all wt.%) and contains many slag inclusions with wustite dendrites. The Mossbauer spectrum consisted of iron (86%), wustite (5%) and oxihydroxide (9%) and the thin (200 mm) corrosion layer consisted of hematite (55%) and oxihydroxides (45%). At a furnace site, various slag clumps (26.3% C, 24.8% SiO2, 11.3% Al2O3, 1.3% P2O5, 1.0% K2O, 0.4% CaO and 30.2 FeO, all wt.%, average of four samples) and iron nodules (7.6% C, 6.0% Mn, 4.3% Si, 1.4% Al, 80.7% Fe, all wt.%) were found. The Mossbauer spectrum of the slag consisted of iron (7%), magnetite (56%), fayalite (2%) and oxihydroxides (35%) and that of the iron nodules yielded iron (28%), wustite (12%), magnetite (20%) and oxihydroxides (40%). A possible ore source containing 84% FeO, 7% of Al2O3 and SiO2 (all in wt.%) and minor impurities is located a few kilometers from the furnace site, yielding a Mossbauer spectrum consisting of hematite (70%) and oxihydroxides (30%).

  • From Ore to Tool – Iron Age Iron Smelting in the Largest and Oldest Meteorite Crater in the World
    Hyperfine Interactions, 2005
    Co-Authors: F. B. Waanders, L. R. Tiedt, M. C. Brink, A. A. Bisschoff
    Abstract:

    The Vredefort Impact Structure in South Africa is the biggest and oldest remnant Meteorite impact Crater in the world where various ancient cultures thrived. In this paper some light will be shed on the Iron Age, iron smelting aspects of the people that inhabited the area and the results of a laboratory study of iron artefacts and a possible source of iron ore in the region is given. A sectional piece from a hoe manufactured in a small bloomery furnace was polished and etched and subsequently analyses with SEM and Mössbauer techniques were obtained. The hoe has a typical cast iron composition (2.9% C, 0.1% Mn, 0.4% Si, 0.4% P and 96.2% Fe, all wt.%) and contains many slag inclusions with wustite dendrites. The Mössbauer spectrum consisted of iron (86%), wustite (5%) and oxihydroxide (9%) and the thin (200 μm) corrosion layer consisted of hematite (55%) and oxihydroxides (45%). At a furnace site, various slag clumps (26.3% C, 24.8% SiO_2, 11.3% Al_2O_3, 1.3% P_2O_5, 1.0% K_2O, 0.4% CaO and 30.2 FeO, all wt.%, average of four samples) and iron nodules (7.6% C, 6.0% Mn, 4.3% Si, 1.4% Al, 80.7% Fe, all wt.%) were found. The Mössbauer spectrum of the slag consisted of iron (7%), magnetite (56%), fayalite (2%) and oxihydroxides (35%) and that of the iron nodules yielded iron (28%), wustite (12%), magnetite (20%) and oxihydroxides (40%). A possible ore source containing 84% FeO, 7% of Al_2O_3 and SiO_2 (all in wt.%) and minor impurities is located a few kilometers from the furnace site, yielding a Mössbauer spectrum consisting of hematite (70%) and oxihydroxides (30%).