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Ezra Susser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Invited Commentary: The Context and Challenge of von Pettenkofer's Contributions to Epidemiology
    American journal of epidemiology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Gerald M. Oppenheimer, Ezra Susser
    Abstract:

    Max von Pettenkofer is largely remembered for swallowing cholera vibrio, trying thereby to falsify the claim of his rival, the contagionist Robert Koch, that the bacillus he had isolated was cholera's sufficient cause. In this issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology, Alfredo Morabia reminds us that von Pettenkofer was more than this futile gesture. He was a 19th century public health leader whose multifactorial Theory of cholera etiology deeply influenced the dominant anticontagionist school of disease transmission. His authority was undercut by the massive 1892 cholera epidemic in Hamburg, Germany. As it took off, the German government sent in Koch, who successfully contained the epidemic through interventions that von Pettenkofer regularly repudiated-quarantine, disinfection, and the boiling of water. The authors situate the antagonism between these two individuals within a broader scientific and political context that includes the evolution of Miasma Theory and debates over the role of governments confronted by epidemic disease. They also note that Koch's approach, which focused narrowly on the agent and its eradication, was missing key elements required for applying germ Theory to public health. As scientists later incorporated biologic, host, and environmental factors into the germ Theory paradigm, they reintroduced some of the complexity that had previously characterized the Miasma model.

  • Invited Commentary Invited Commentary: The Context and Challenge of von Pettenkofer’s Contributions to Epidemiology
    2007
    Co-Authors: Ezra Susser
    Abstract:

    Max von Pettenkofer is largely remembered for swallowing cholera vibrio, trying thereby to falsify the claim of his rival, the contagionist Robert Koch, that the bacillus he had isolated was cholera’s sufficient cause. In this issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology, Alfredo Morabia reminds us that von Pettenkofer was more than this futile gesture. He was a 19th century public health leader whose multifactorial Theory of cholera etiology deeply influ-enced the dominant anticontagionist school of disease transmission. His authority was undercut by the massive 1892 cholera epidemic in Hamburg, Germany. As it took off, the German government sent in Koch, who success-fully contained the epidemic through interventions that von Pettenkofer regularly repudiated—quarantine, disin-fection, and the boiling of water. The authors situate the antagonism between these two individuals within a broader scientific and political context that includes the evolution of Miasma Theory and debates over the role of govern-ments confronted by epidemic disease. They also note that Koch’s approach, which focused narrowly on the agent and its eradication, was missing key elements required for applying germ Theory to public health. As scientists later incorporated biologic, host, and environmental factors into the germ Theory paradigm, they reintroduced some of the complexity that had previously characterized the Miasma model. cholera; disease outbreaks; epidemiologic methods; Germany; history, 19th century; history of medicine; public health; sanitatio

Nel Roeleveld - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Verbetering van de volksgezondheid in Londen in de negentiende eeuw en de waarschijnlijk beperkte rol van het nieuwe rioolsysteem daarin
    Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 2008
    Co-Authors: M.m.h.j. Van Gelder, Nel Roeleveld
    Abstract:

    - London was one of the most rapidly expanding cities in the world in the nineteenth century, but the water supply and sanitary conditions were extremely poor. - In the nineteenth century, there were many theories regarding the causes and spread of epidemic diseases. The Miasma Theory, which postulated that disease was the result of bad air and odours, was the most popular. - In 1858, as a result of the foul smells from the Thames, the decision was made to improve the sewage system. The new system was first used in 1865, but its actual effect on public health is not clear. - The life expectancy of Londoners did not change in the period 1826-1871, butincreased substantially thereafter. In view of this time window, this may have been a result of improvements in the sewage system. - However, it is likely that several other factors, such as improvements in the food and water supply, vaccination programmes, and natural circumstances, were responsible for a large part of this increase.

  • Improvement of public health in London in the nineteenth century and the probably limited role of the new sewage system
    Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 2007
    Co-Authors: Marion Meijervan E Gelder, Nel Roeleveld
    Abstract:

    --London was one of the most rapidly expanding cities in the world in the nineteenth century, but the water supply and sanitary conditions were extremely poor. --In the nineteenth century, there were many theories regarding the causes and spread of epidemic diseases. The Miasma Theory, which postulated that disease was the result of bad air and odours, was the most popular. --In 1858, as a result of the foul smells from the Thames, the decision was made to improve the sewage system. The new system was first used in 1865, but its actual effect on public health is not clear. --The life expectancy of Londoners did not change in the period 1826-1871, but increased substantially thereafter. In view of this time window, this may have been a result of improvements in the sewage system. --However, it is likely that several other factors, such as improvements in the food and water supply, vaccination programmes, and natural circumstances, were responsible for a large part of this increase.

Ordoñez Adriana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Ética de la Investigación científica: la fiebre amarilla, la Comisión Reed y el origen del consentimiento informado
    Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN). Published by Elsevier España S.L., 2010
    Co-Authors: Suarez-obando Fernando, Ordoñez Adriana
    Abstract:

    ResumenDurante el siglo XIX las investigaciones en infectología y microbiología, confirmaron la teoría “contagionista” de la enfermedad, descartando la teoría miasmática, fomentando el desarrollo de técnicas para aislar los microorganismos causantes de las infecciones y descubriendo los mecanismos de trasmisión de la enfermedad. Ante la dificultad de tener modelos animales para varios grupos de enfermedades, la experimentación en seres humanos se hizo necesaria, incluyendo la autoinoculación de los investigadores.La historia de las investigaciones sobre la fiebre amarilla en Cuba es una experiencia paradigmática y fundamental de la salud pública y ejemplo del triunfo del planteamiento de la infectología. Sin embargo, las circunstancias subyacentes a los triunfos científicos sobre la peste americana relatan una historia menos conocida, caracterizada por el sacrificio y el heroísmo, de la cual surgen los fundamentos de la ética en la investigación científica y el origen del moderno consentimiento informado.Mucho antes del Código de Nuremberg, las investigaciones de Walter Reed y las teorías de Carlos Finlay interactuaron para establecer un hito histórico que derivó en el triunfo de la medicina científica, y en el origen de la documentación y formalización estricta del respeto a la integridad de los voluntarios que participan en la investigación.AbstractDuring the Nineteenth Century, research on infectious diseases and microbiology confirmed the disease's contagionist Theory, thus ruling out the Miasma Theory and promoting the development of techniques to isolate the microorganisms that cause infections and the discovery of mechanisms for the disease's transmission. Given the difficulty for having animal models for several disease groups, experimentation with humans, including the researchers’ selfinoculation, became necessary. The history of yellow fever research in Cuba is a Public Health's fundamental and paradigmatic experience and an example of the approach to infectious diseases’ triumph. However, the circumstances underlying the scientific triumphs in the fight against the American Plague tell a less known story, marked by sacrifice and heroism, which generated the foundations for Scientific Research Ethics and the origin of modern Informed Consent. Long before the Nuremberg Code, Walter Reed's research and Carlos Finlay's theories interacted to establish a milestone that led to the triumph of scientific medicine and to the origin of respect for strict documentation related to the integrity of volunteers involved in research

  • Ethics in scientific research : yellow fever, the Reed Commission and the origin of informed consent
    2010
    Co-Authors: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Facultad De Medicina. Instituto De Genética Humana, Suarez-obando Fernando, Ordoñez Adriana
    Abstract:

    Durante el siglo XIX las investigaciones en infectología y microbiología, confirmaron la teoría “contagionista” de la enfermedad, des-cartando la teoría miasmática, fomentando el desarrollo de técnicas para aislar los micro-organismos causantes de las infecciones y descubriendo los mecanismos de trasmisión de la enfermedad. Ante la dificultad de te-ner modelos animales para varios grupos de enfermedades, la experimentación en seres humanos se hizo necesaria, incluyendo la au-toinoculación de los investigadores. La historia de las investigaciones sobre la fiebre amarilla en Cuba es una experiencia paradigmática y fundamental de la salud pública y ejemplo del triunfo del plantea-miento de la infectología. Sin embargo, las circunstancias subyacentes a los triunfos científicos sobre la peste americana relatan una historia menos conocida, caracterizada por el sacrificio y el heroísmo, de la cual sur-gen los fundamentos de la ética en la inves-tigación científica y el origen del moderno consentimiento informado.Q3Revisión de tema206-216During the Nineteenth Century, research on infectious diseases and microbiology confirmed the disease's contagionist Theory, thus ruling out the Miasma Theory and promoting the development of techniques to isolate the microorganisms that cause infections and the discovery of mechanisms for the disease's transmisión. Given the difficulty for having animal models for several disease groups, experimentation with humans, including the researchers' self-inoculation, became necessary. The history of yellow fever research in Cuba is a Public Health's fundamental and paradigmatic experience and an example of the approach to infectious diseases' triumph. However, the circumstances underlying the scientific triumphs in the fight against the American Plague tell a less known story, marked by sacrifice and heroism, which generated the foundations for Scientific Research Ethics and the origin of modern Informed Consent. Long before the Nuremberg Code, Walter Reed's research and Carlos Finlay's theories interacted to establish a milestone that led to the triumph of scientific medicine and to the origin of respect for strict documentation related to the integrity of volunteers involved in research

Gerald M. Oppenheimer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Invited Commentary: The Context and Challenge of von Pettenkofer's Contributions to Epidemiology
    American journal of epidemiology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Gerald M. Oppenheimer, Ezra Susser
    Abstract:

    Max von Pettenkofer is largely remembered for swallowing cholera vibrio, trying thereby to falsify the claim of his rival, the contagionist Robert Koch, that the bacillus he had isolated was cholera's sufficient cause. In this issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology, Alfredo Morabia reminds us that von Pettenkofer was more than this futile gesture. He was a 19th century public health leader whose multifactorial Theory of cholera etiology deeply influenced the dominant anticontagionist school of disease transmission. His authority was undercut by the massive 1892 cholera epidemic in Hamburg, Germany. As it took off, the German government sent in Koch, who successfully contained the epidemic through interventions that von Pettenkofer regularly repudiated-quarantine, disinfection, and the boiling of water. The authors situate the antagonism between these two individuals within a broader scientific and political context that includes the evolution of Miasma Theory and debates over the role of governments confronted by epidemic disease. They also note that Koch's approach, which focused narrowly on the agent and its eradication, was missing key elements required for applying germ Theory to public health. As scientists later incorporated biologic, host, and environmental factors into the germ Theory paradigm, they reintroduced some of the complexity that had previously characterized the Miasma model.

Roeleveld N. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.