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John Menzies - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Micromorphology of unconsolidated sediments
Sedimentary Geology, 2011Co-Authors: Jaap J M Van Der Meer, John MenziesAbstract:This paper aims to describe the use of thin sections/Micromorphology in the sedimentology of unconsolidated sediments. It provides examples of the use of thin sections in a variety of sedimentary environments, from fault gouge, through caves and volcanics to aeolian, fluviatile, marine, periglacial and glacial. It demonstrates that in the latter three fields the use of Micromorphology is relatively widespread and that in glacial sedimentology it has revolutionised our way of thinking about subglacial sediments. Although Micromorphology has been mainly descriptive so far, methods of quantification observations are demonstrated. Some of the important aspects of Micromorphology are its use for microstratigraphy and the possibility of relating observations to documented processes thereby allowing a more robust sedimentological interpretation of modern and ancient sediments.
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Micromorphology: as a tool in the detection, analyses and interpretation of (glacial) sediments and man-made materials
Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 2010Co-Authors: John Menzies, Jaap J M Van Der Meer, Eugene W. Domack, Julia S. WellnerAbstract:Abstract Micromorphology can be used in studying a wide range of earth materials. Within the last decades, the technique has been applied across an ever-widening range of sediments and materials. Micromorphology provides insight into sediments from various geological environments. Microstructures and the relationship of matrix (plasma) to skeleton grains offer an understanding of deposition, deformation, and postdepositional diagenesis. Examples from Germany and Antarctica illustrate the value of Micromorphology providing a robust method for microstratigraphic interpretation. Micromorphology has proved invaluable in detecting toxic substances with sediments. Likewise, micromorphological examination of concrete has revealed new clues to processes of concrete ‘setting’ and diagenesis.
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till as a glacial tectomict its internal architecture and the development of a typing method for till differentiation
Geomorphology, 2006Co-Authors: John Menzies, Jaap J M Van Der Meer, James RoseAbstract:Abstract Till has been studied for over a century, yet still a clear understanding of the mechanics of deposition and/or emplacement of till eludes us. Tills, in the past, have been generally subdivided into sediments formed in various sub-environments of the glacial system. As such it has been generally agreed that tills can be separated in terms of these types based on various attributes, such as clast fabric. Increasingly, such separation into various sub-types of till has become, however, highly debatable and tenuous. Based upon the use of Micromorphology and a greater in-depth appreciation of the internal architecture of till, it has become apparent that previously established classifications of till are erroneous. Micromorphology reveals that deposition and/or emplacement of tills is a complex ‘tectonic’ process such that lodgement, melt-out and flow tills, as previously defined, do not appear to exist. Rather a new term better describes tills as glacial ‘tectomicts’. By using Micromorphology in establishing the presence of sets of microstructures a statistical method is introduced that permits differentiation of tills from other diamictons. The implications for this new understanding of tills, allied to statistical ‘typing’, is considerable in terms of till formation, glacial stratigraphy and understanding glacial environments in terms of stress histories, porewater transmission, subglacial deformation mechanics, till rheological phase changes, and the timeline of till formation.
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Till—as a glacial “tectomict”, its internal architecture, and the development of a “typing” method for till differentiation
Geomorphology, 2006Co-Authors: John Menzies, Jaap J M Van Der Meer, James RoseAbstract:Abstract Till has been studied for over a century, yet still a clear understanding of the mechanics of deposition and/or emplacement of till eludes us. Tills, in the past, have been generally subdivided into sediments formed in various sub-environments of the glacial system. As such it has been generally agreed that tills can be separated in terms of these types based on various attributes, such as clast fabric. Increasingly, such separation into various sub-types of till has become, however, highly debatable and tenuous. Based upon the use of Micromorphology and a greater in-depth appreciation of the internal architecture of till, it has become apparent that previously established classifications of till are erroneous. Micromorphology reveals that deposition and/or emplacement of tills is a complex ‘tectonic’ process such that lodgement, melt-out and flow tills, as previously defined, do not appear to exist. Rather a new term better describes tills as glacial ‘tectomicts’. By using Micromorphology in establishing the presence of sets of microstructures a statistical method is introduced that permits differentiation of tills from other diamictons. The implications for this new understanding of tills, allied to statistical ‘typing’, is considerable in terms of till formation, glacial stratigraphy and understanding glacial environments in terms of stress histories, porewater transmission, subglacial deformation mechanics, till rheological phase changes, and the timeline of till formation.
James Rose - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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till as a glacial tectomict its internal architecture and the development of a typing method for till differentiation
Geomorphology, 2006Co-Authors: John Menzies, Jaap J M Van Der Meer, James RoseAbstract:Abstract Till has been studied for over a century, yet still a clear understanding of the mechanics of deposition and/or emplacement of till eludes us. Tills, in the past, have been generally subdivided into sediments formed in various sub-environments of the glacial system. As such it has been generally agreed that tills can be separated in terms of these types based on various attributes, such as clast fabric. Increasingly, such separation into various sub-types of till has become, however, highly debatable and tenuous. Based upon the use of Micromorphology and a greater in-depth appreciation of the internal architecture of till, it has become apparent that previously established classifications of till are erroneous. Micromorphology reveals that deposition and/or emplacement of tills is a complex ‘tectonic’ process such that lodgement, melt-out and flow tills, as previously defined, do not appear to exist. Rather a new term better describes tills as glacial ‘tectomicts’. By using Micromorphology in establishing the presence of sets of microstructures a statistical method is introduced that permits differentiation of tills from other diamictons. The implications for this new understanding of tills, allied to statistical ‘typing’, is considerable in terms of till formation, glacial stratigraphy and understanding glacial environments in terms of stress histories, porewater transmission, subglacial deformation mechanics, till rheological phase changes, and the timeline of till formation.
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Till—as a glacial “tectomict”, its internal architecture, and the development of a “typing” method for till differentiation
Geomorphology, 2006Co-Authors: John Menzies, Jaap J M Van Der Meer, James RoseAbstract:Abstract Till has been studied for over a century, yet still a clear understanding of the mechanics of deposition and/or emplacement of till eludes us. Tills, in the past, have been generally subdivided into sediments formed in various sub-environments of the glacial system. As such it has been generally agreed that tills can be separated in terms of these types based on various attributes, such as clast fabric. Increasingly, such separation into various sub-types of till has become, however, highly debatable and tenuous. Based upon the use of Micromorphology and a greater in-depth appreciation of the internal architecture of till, it has become apparent that previously established classifications of till are erroneous. Micromorphology reveals that deposition and/or emplacement of tills is a complex ‘tectonic’ process such that lodgement, melt-out and flow tills, as previously defined, do not appear to exist. Rather a new term better describes tills as glacial ‘tectomicts’. By using Micromorphology in establishing the presence of sets of microstructures a statistical method is introduced that permits differentiation of tills from other diamictons. The implications for this new understanding of tills, allied to statistical ‘typing’, is considerable in terms of till formation, glacial stratigraphy and understanding glacial environments in terms of stress histories, porewater transmission, subglacial deformation mechanics, till rheological phase changes, and the timeline of till formation.
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Micromorphology of Cave Sediments in the Humid Tropics: Niah Cave, Sarawak
Asian Perspectives, 2005Co-Authors: Mark Stephens, James Rose, David Gilbertson, Matthew G. CantiAbstract:This is the first detailed study of the Micromorphology of archaeologically important cave sediments in the Great Cave of Niah, in the humid tropics of Sarawak, Borneo. Micromorphology is used to describe the sediments and post-depositional alteration, reconstruct the palaeoenvironments, and refine the environmental history of late Pleistocene deposits associated with the human remains (the so-called Deep Skull dated to ca. 43,000-42,000 B.P.). Micromorphology provides details of the shape, roundedness, arrangement, and chemistry of grains, aggregates, precipitates, and sedimentary structures that make up the cave sediments. The dominant processes in the West Mouth of the Great Cave of Niah are guano sedimentation, fluvial and shallow pond deposition interrupted by desiccation, mass movement, and chemical weathering. Also important is post-depositional alteration by bioturbation, mineral translocation and reprecipitation, and diagenesis. Micromorphology also provides evidence for short periods of soil development, burnt surfaces, and deposition of small fragments of bone within the sediment. Together this information indicates the fine details of the environment occupied by humans, the scale and effects of the mass movement processes that deformed the beds in which the human remains are preserved, and the taphonomic processes that reworked and redistributed archaeological material within this part of the cave.
Jaap J M Van Der Meer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Micromorphology and microstructural analysis of polyphase deformation of tills, West Runton
2020Co-Authors: Amanda Ferguson, Jaap J M Van Der Meer, Emrys PhillipsAbstract:Glacially deformed sediments have been studied intensely since the 1970’s (van der Meer and Menzies, 2011), and with this, the use of Micromorphology as a component technique (Menzies and Maltman, 1992; van der Meer, 1993; Menzies, 2000; Phillips and Auton, 2000; van der Wateren, 2000; Carr, 2001; Khatwa and Tulaczyk, 2001; van der Meer et al., 2003; Larsen et al., 2004; Menzies et al., 2006; Hiemstra, 2007; van der Meer and Menzies, 2011). Initially Micromorphology was applied to differentiate between types of tills (van der Meer, 1987). However, it was realised that this was not possible and the majority of studies have since focused on subglacial conditions and its affect on glacier or ice sheet behaviour (van der Meer et al., 2003, Menzies et al., 2006). Until now Micromorphology has generally consisted of creating an inventory of what microstructures exist and trying to comprehend where they occur and in what sub‐environments of the glacial system they form (McCaroll and Rijsdijk, 2003; van der Meer and Menzies, 2011). This descriptive technique is dated and although it is not assumed that all microstructures are known, the next stage of scientific development is towards interpretation and quantification (van der Meer and Menzies, 2011; Phillips et al., 2011). The recent introduction of a new microstructural mapping method has aided this method by determining a chronology of events that have lead to the development of the microstructures seen in thin section (Phillips et al., 2011).
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the Micromorphology of unconsolidated sediments
Sedimentary Geology, 2011Co-Authors: Jaap J M Van Der Meer, John MenziesAbstract:This paper aims to describe the use of thin sections/Micromorphology in the sedimentology of unconsolidated sediments. It provides examples of the use of thin sections in a variety of sedimentary environments, from fault gouge, through caves and volcanics to aeolian, fluviatile, marine, periglacial and glacial. It demonstrates that in the latter three fields the use of Micromorphology is relatively widespread and that in glacial sedimentology it has revolutionised our way of thinking about subglacial sediments. Although Micromorphology has been mainly descriptive so far, methods of quantification observations are demonstrated. Some of the important aspects of Micromorphology are its use for microstratigraphy and the possibility of relating observations to documented processes thereby allowing a more robust sedimentological interpretation of modern and ancient sediments.
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Micromorphology: as a tool in the detection, analyses and interpretation of (glacial) sediments and man-made materials
Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 2010Co-Authors: John Menzies, Jaap J M Van Der Meer, Eugene W. Domack, Julia S. WellnerAbstract:Abstract Micromorphology can be used in studying a wide range of earth materials. Within the last decades, the technique has been applied across an ever-widening range of sediments and materials. Micromorphology provides insight into sediments from various geological environments. Microstructures and the relationship of matrix (plasma) to skeleton grains offer an understanding of deposition, deformation, and postdepositional diagenesis. Examples from Germany and Antarctica illustrate the value of Micromorphology providing a robust method for microstratigraphic interpretation. Micromorphology has proved invaluable in detecting toxic substances with sediments. Likewise, micromorphological examination of concrete has revealed new clues to processes of concrete ‘setting’ and diagenesis.
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till as a glacial tectomict its internal architecture and the development of a typing method for till differentiation
Geomorphology, 2006Co-Authors: John Menzies, Jaap J M Van Der Meer, James RoseAbstract:Abstract Till has been studied for over a century, yet still a clear understanding of the mechanics of deposition and/or emplacement of till eludes us. Tills, in the past, have been generally subdivided into sediments formed in various sub-environments of the glacial system. As such it has been generally agreed that tills can be separated in terms of these types based on various attributes, such as clast fabric. Increasingly, such separation into various sub-types of till has become, however, highly debatable and tenuous. Based upon the use of Micromorphology and a greater in-depth appreciation of the internal architecture of till, it has become apparent that previously established classifications of till are erroneous. Micromorphology reveals that deposition and/or emplacement of tills is a complex ‘tectonic’ process such that lodgement, melt-out and flow tills, as previously defined, do not appear to exist. Rather a new term better describes tills as glacial ‘tectomicts’. By using Micromorphology in establishing the presence of sets of microstructures a statistical method is introduced that permits differentiation of tills from other diamictons. The implications for this new understanding of tills, allied to statistical ‘typing’, is considerable in terms of till formation, glacial stratigraphy and understanding glacial environments in terms of stress histories, porewater transmission, subglacial deformation mechanics, till rheological phase changes, and the timeline of till formation.
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Till—as a glacial “tectomict”, its internal architecture, and the development of a “typing” method for till differentiation
Geomorphology, 2006Co-Authors: John Menzies, Jaap J M Van Der Meer, James RoseAbstract:Abstract Till has been studied for over a century, yet still a clear understanding of the mechanics of deposition and/or emplacement of till eludes us. Tills, in the past, have been generally subdivided into sediments formed in various sub-environments of the glacial system. As such it has been generally agreed that tills can be separated in terms of these types based on various attributes, such as clast fabric. Increasingly, such separation into various sub-types of till has become, however, highly debatable and tenuous. Based upon the use of Micromorphology and a greater in-depth appreciation of the internal architecture of till, it has become apparent that previously established classifications of till are erroneous. Micromorphology reveals that deposition and/or emplacement of tills is a complex ‘tectonic’ process such that lodgement, melt-out and flow tills, as previously defined, do not appear to exist. Rather a new term better describes tills as glacial ‘tectomicts’. By using Micromorphology in establishing the presence of sets of microstructures a statistical method is introduced that permits differentiation of tills from other diamictons. The implications for this new understanding of tills, allied to statistical ‘typing’, is considerable in terms of till formation, glacial stratigraphy and understanding glacial environments in terms of stress histories, porewater transmission, subglacial deformation mechanics, till rheological phase changes, and the timeline of till formation.
Paul Goldberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Why does (archaeological) Micromorphology have such little traction in (geo)archaeology?
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2018Co-Authors: Paul Goldberg, Vera AldeiasAbstract:Archaeological deposits are often complex and illustrative of an intricate interplay between geogenic and anthropogenic inputs and formation processes. Even for those archaeologists—particularly prehistorians—who consider the basic principles of natural stratigraphy to excavate their sites, they nonetheless typically underutilize the observations and data available at the microstratigraphic level. The technique of soil Micromorphology—or archaeological Micromorphology as referred to throughout this paper—has seen an astounding increase in its use to answer archaeological questions and archaeological sediments in the last decades. However, we consider that this tool is still quite underutilized and not as mainstream as other techniques. In this paper, we briefly reflect on what can be some of the causes underlying this situation and how we (that is, both producers and consumers of Micromorphology data) can go about to change it. The main idea is that we need to establish a better and more approachable way to present micromorphological results and be better at integrating them with the macroscopic archaeological data and research questions.
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applied soils and Micromorphology in archaeology
2017Co-Authors: Richard I Macphail, Paul GoldbergAbstract:© Richard I. Macphail and Paul Goldberg 2018. Applied Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology provides the most up-to-date information on soil science and its applications in archaeology. Based on more than three decades of investigations and experiments, the volume demonstrates how description protocols and complementary methods (SEM/EDS, microprobe, micro-FTIR, bulk soil chemistry, micro-, and macrofossils) are used in interpretations. It also focuses on key topics, such as palaeosols, cultivation, and occupation surfaces, and introduces a range of current issues, such as site inundation, climate change, settlement morphology, herding, trackways, industrial processes, funerary features, and site transformation. Structured around important case studies, Applied Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology is thoroughly illustrated, with color plates and additional fi gures available at www.cambridge.org/9781107648685. Chapter appendices can be accessed separately by visiting www.geoarchaeology.info/asma. Th is book will serve as an essential volume for all archaeological inquiry about soil.
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Gorham's Cave sediment Micromorphology
2015Co-Authors: Paul Goldberg, Richard I MacphailAbstract:extract] Introduction Fieldwork, sampling and sediment Micromorphology together with X-Ray EDAX and bulk sample analyses were carried out at Gorham's Cave. Disciplines Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details Goldberg, P. & Macphail, R. I. (2012). Gorham's Cave sediment Micromorphology. In R. N. E. Barton, C. B. Stringer & J. C. Finlayson (Eds.), Neanderthals in Context: a report of the 1995-1998 excavations at Gorham's and Vanguard Caves, Gibraltar (pp. 50-61). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University School of Archaeology. © Copyright 2012. Oxford University School of Archaeology and Individual authors reproduced with permission. This book chapter is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/3082
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Micromorphology and context
Quaternary International, 2010Co-Authors: Paul Goldberg, Francesco BernaAbstract:Abstract Context is an important concept in archaeology, although the term tends to have a variety of meanings to different people. In this brief note we illustrate how context can be considered at a microstratigraphic scale using the technique of soil Micromorphology. Examples are given from the sites of Geisenklosterle (Germany), Sibudu (South Africa), and Pech de l'Aze IV (France) to show that Micromorphology is an indispensible and robust tool for not only documenting the contextual position of archaeological objects and features within the matrix of the site but also for making accurate interpretations of the archaeological record.
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Micromorphology of sediments: Deciphering archaeological context
Israel Journal of Earth Sciences, 2007Co-Authors: Panagiotis Karkanas, Paul GoldbergAbstract:Karkanas, P. and Goldberg, P. 2007. Micromorphology of sediments: Decipher ing archaeological context. Isr. J. Earth sci. 56: 63–71. The study of the sediments in an archaeological site is a fundamental issue for understanding how the site was built. However, a sedimentary contextual analysis based on the microscopic study of undisturbed sediments, known as soil Micromorphology, is needed for interpreting correctly the archaeological record. The analysis of microstratigraphy and microstructure of the archaeological sequences and examination of the relationship among construction features, sediments, and their archaeological findings is essential for interpreting natural depositional processes and palaeoenviron mental changes, human-induced soil formations and disturbances, land management, and the use of space and structure of sites. Micromorphological studies of archaeological sediments in Israel have provided information on the relationship between environmental changes and the cultural history of the sites. In several cases, Micromorphology, in combination with other instrumental techniques, has revealed details of the cultural nature of the sites and improved our knowledge of the behavior of their habitants. Questions related to occupational intensity, domestic and stabling activities, post-depositional changes and cultural modification of the sediments, constructions, and stratigraphic correlation have been satisfactorily addressed along with the analysis of the microstructure of the sediments. Future directions of Micromorphology should concentrate on deciphering the full spectrum of formation processes in historical complex urban sites. This might be accomplished by using experiments and data from modern analogues, but also by expanding case studies both spatially and temporally.
Matias Morales - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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leaflet trichome Micromorphology in the dolentes brevipedes taxonomic complex mimosa l mimosoideae
Turkish Journal of Botany, 2016Co-Authors: Mariana Cecilia Grohar, Sonia Rosenfeldt, Matias MoralesAbstract:We studied leaflets of 18 taxa of the genus Mimosa, specifically the Dolentes-Brevipedes taxonomic complex, focusing on Micromorphology, type, shape, and density of trichomes. Within the nonglandular trichomes we described 3 types of nonbranched and 2 types of branched trichomes. We also described 2 types of stalked glandular trichomes, extending the recent classifications of trichomes in Mimosa. Multiseriate trichomes with lateral projections, which resemble incipient branching, are described here for many taxa. Most studied taxa have pubescent leaflets and show great variability in trichome density values. We also found 3 different types of blade margins with variation in type, alignment, and orientation of trichomes. Results show that the Micromorphology of blade trichomes allows distinguishing groups of taxa in this complex, which could be a new tool for performing taxonomic treatment of both subseries.