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Alain Tissier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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qtl mapping of the shape of type vi glandular Trichomes in tomato
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018Co-Authors: Stefan Bennewitz, Nick Bergau, Alain TissierAbstract:Glandular Trichomes contribute to the high resistance of wild tomato species against insect pests not only thanks to the metabolites they produce but also because of morphological and developmental features which support the high production of these defense compounds. In Solanum habrochaites, type VI Trichomes have a distinct spherical shape and a large intercellular storage cavity where metabolites can accumulate and are released upon breaking off of the glandular cells. In contrast, the type VI Trichomes of S. lycopersicum have a four-leaf clover shape corresponding to the four glandular cells and a small internal cavity with limited capacity for storage of compounds. To better characterize the genetic factors underlying these trichome morphological differences we created a back-cross population of 116 individuals between S. habrochaites LA1777 and S. lycopersicum var. cerasiformae WVa106. A trichome score that reflects the shape of the type VI Trichomes allowing the quantification of this trait was designed. The scores were distributed normally across the population, which was mapped with a total of 192 markers. This resulted in the identification of 6 QTLs on chromosomes I, VII, VII and XI. The QTL on chromosome I with the highest LOD score was confirmed and narrowed down to a 500 gene interval in an advanced population derived from one of the back-cross lines. Our results provide the foundation for the genetic dissection of type VI trichome morphology and the introgression of these trichome traits into cultivated tomato lines for increased insect resistance.
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the development of type vi glandular Trichomes in the cultivated tomato solanum lycopersicum and a related wild species s habrochaites
BMC Plant Biology, 2015Co-Authors: Nick Bergau, Stefan Bennewitz, Frank Syrowatka, Gerd Hause, Alain TissierAbstract:Background Type VI glandular Trichomes represent the most abundant trichome type on leaves and stems of tomato plants and significantly contribute to herbivore resistance, particularly in the wild species. Despite this, their development has been poorly studied so far. The goal of this study is to fill this gap. Using a variety of cell imaging techniques, a detailed record of the anatomy and developmental stages of type VI Trichomes in the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and in a related wild species (S. habrochaites) is provided.
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Isoprenoid and Metabolite Profiling of Plant Trichomes
Methods of Molecular Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Gerd Ulrich Balcke, Stefan Bennewitz, Sebastian Zabel, Alain TissierAbstract:Plant glandular Trichomes are specialized secretory structures located on the surface of the aerial parts of plants with large biosynthetic capacity, often with terpenoids as output molecules. The collection of plant Trichomes requires a method to separate Trichomes from leaf epidermal tissues. For metabolite profiling, trichome tissue needs to be rapidly quenched in order to maintain the indigenous state of intracellular intermediates. Appropriate extraction and chromatographic separation methods must be available, which address the wide-ranging polarity of metabolites. In this chapter, a protocol for trichome harvest using a frozen paint brush is presented. A work flow for broad-range metabolite profiling using LC-MS(2) analysis is described, which is applicable to assess very hydrophilic isoprenoid precursors as well as more hydrophobic metabolites from Trichomes and other plant tissues.
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glandular Trichomes what comes after expressed sequence tags
Plant Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Alain TissierAbstract:Summary Glandular Trichomes cover the surface of many plant species. They exhibit tremendous diversity, be it in their shape or the compounds they secrete. This diversity is expressed between species but also within species or even individual plants. The industrial uses of some trichome secretions and their potential as a defense barrier, for example against arthropod pests, has spurred research into the biosynthesis pathways that lead to these specialized metabolites. Because complete biosynthesis pathways take place in the secretory cells, the establishment of trichome-specific expressed sequence tag libraries has greatly accelerated their elucidation. Glandular Trichomes also have an important metabolic capacity and may be considered as true cell factories. To fully exploit the potential of glandular Trichomes as breeding or engineering objects, several research areas will have to be further investigated, such as development, patterning, metabolic fluxes and transcription regulation. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the methods and technologies which have been used to investigate glandular Trichomes and to propose new avenues of research to deepen our understanding of these specialized structures.
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Trichome Specific Expression: Promoters and Their Applications
Transgenic Plants - Advances and Limitations, 2012Co-Authors: Alain TissierAbstract:As often reminded to the readers in articles or reviews which deal with plant adaptation to their environment, higher plants are sessile organisms, a life habit which does not allow them to escape danger or to move to avoid adverse conditions. This environmental pressure has led to a myriad of adaptations, which are reflected in the vast diversity of plant habitats, morphologies, life cycles and physiological adaptations among others. The surface of the aerial parts of plants is a major interaction domain between the plant and its environment and as such is the site of many adaptations, be they chemical or anatomical. Among those adaptations, the leaf hairs or Trichomes, which cover the surface of a large number of plant species, play a prominent role. Plant Trichomes constitute a world of their own, so great is their diversity. In a review published in 1978 and entitled “A glossary of plant hair terminology”, Payne compiles a comprehensive list of more than 490 terms used to describe trichome morphology (Payne, 1978). Despite this extensive diversity, two major classes of trichome may be distinguished on the basis of their capacity to produce and secrete or store significant quantities of secondary metabolites, namely glandular or non-glandular. Nonglandular Trichomes, or leaf hairs, are poorly metabolically active and provide protection mainly through physical means, for example by restricting access to insects, but also by preventing water losses, or protecting against UV radiation. Arabidopsis thaliana has been a model for the study of non-glandular trichome development and many genes involved in non-glandular trichome initiation and development could be identified and characterized (Uhrig and Hulskamp, 2010). The metabolic activity of these non-glandular Trichomes is however fairly limited and offers little potential for metabolic engineering. A particular class of hairs is the fibers which are present in various species. Cotton seed Trichomes are the most economically important since they are the basis of the cotton fiber, but other species such as cottonwood also have fiber hairs. Glandular Trichomes are present in many different plant families and can also be divided in two main classes. The capitate Trichomes typically have 1 to 10 glandular cells located at the tip of the trichome stalk, and the secretion is directly exuded from the top cells. The secreted material is in general fairly viscous, and in many cases it makes the leaves sticky. Those Trichomes are encountered for example in the Solanaceae (tobacco, tomato, potato, etc.) and in some Lamiaceae species (e.g. Salvia). Peltate Trichomes have the capacity to synthesize and store volatile compounds (monoand sesquiterpenes, phenylpropenes) in a subcuticular cavity. Typical representative examples
Nick Bergau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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qtl mapping of the shape of type vi glandular Trichomes in tomato
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018Co-Authors: Stefan Bennewitz, Nick Bergau, Alain TissierAbstract:Glandular Trichomes contribute to the high resistance of wild tomato species against insect pests not only thanks to the metabolites they produce but also because of morphological and developmental features which support the high production of these defense compounds. In Solanum habrochaites, type VI Trichomes have a distinct spherical shape and a large intercellular storage cavity where metabolites can accumulate and are released upon breaking off of the glandular cells. In contrast, the type VI Trichomes of S. lycopersicum have a four-leaf clover shape corresponding to the four glandular cells and a small internal cavity with limited capacity for storage of compounds. To better characterize the genetic factors underlying these trichome morphological differences we created a back-cross population of 116 individuals between S. habrochaites LA1777 and S. lycopersicum var. cerasiformae WVa106. A trichome score that reflects the shape of the type VI Trichomes allowing the quantification of this trait was designed. The scores were distributed normally across the population, which was mapped with a total of 192 markers. This resulted in the identification of 6 QTLs on chromosomes I, VII, VII and XI. The QTL on chromosome I with the highest LOD score was confirmed and narrowed down to a 500 gene interval in an advanced population derived from one of the back-cross lines. Our results provide the foundation for the genetic dissection of type VI trichome morphology and the introgression of these trichome traits into cultivated tomato lines for increased insect resistance.
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the development of type vi glandular Trichomes in the cultivated tomato solanum lycopersicum and a related wild species s habrochaites
BMC Plant Biology, 2015Co-Authors: Nick Bergau, Stefan Bennewitz, Frank Syrowatka, Gerd Hause, Alain TissierAbstract:Background Type VI glandular Trichomes represent the most abundant trichome type on leaves and stems of tomato plants and significantly contribute to herbivore resistance, particularly in the wild species. Despite this, their development has been poorly studied so far. The goal of this study is to fill this gap. Using a variety of cell imaging techniques, a detailed record of the anatomy and developmental stages of type VI Trichomes in the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and in a related wild species (S. habrochaites) is provided.
Stefan Bennewitz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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qtl mapping of the shape of type vi glandular Trichomes in tomato
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018Co-Authors: Stefan Bennewitz, Nick Bergau, Alain TissierAbstract:Glandular Trichomes contribute to the high resistance of wild tomato species against insect pests not only thanks to the metabolites they produce but also because of morphological and developmental features which support the high production of these defense compounds. In Solanum habrochaites, type VI Trichomes have a distinct spherical shape and a large intercellular storage cavity where metabolites can accumulate and are released upon breaking off of the glandular cells. In contrast, the type VI Trichomes of S. lycopersicum have a four-leaf clover shape corresponding to the four glandular cells and a small internal cavity with limited capacity for storage of compounds. To better characterize the genetic factors underlying these trichome morphological differences we created a back-cross population of 116 individuals between S. habrochaites LA1777 and S. lycopersicum var. cerasiformae WVa106. A trichome score that reflects the shape of the type VI Trichomes allowing the quantification of this trait was designed. The scores were distributed normally across the population, which was mapped with a total of 192 markers. This resulted in the identification of 6 QTLs on chromosomes I, VII, VII and XI. The QTL on chromosome I with the highest LOD score was confirmed and narrowed down to a 500 gene interval in an advanced population derived from one of the back-cross lines. Our results provide the foundation for the genetic dissection of type VI trichome morphology and the introgression of these trichome traits into cultivated tomato lines for increased insect resistance.
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the development of type vi glandular Trichomes in the cultivated tomato solanum lycopersicum and a related wild species s habrochaites
BMC Plant Biology, 2015Co-Authors: Nick Bergau, Stefan Bennewitz, Frank Syrowatka, Gerd Hause, Alain TissierAbstract:Background Type VI glandular Trichomes represent the most abundant trichome type on leaves and stems of tomato plants and significantly contribute to herbivore resistance, particularly in the wild species. Despite this, their development has been poorly studied so far. The goal of this study is to fill this gap. Using a variety of cell imaging techniques, a detailed record of the anatomy and developmental stages of type VI Trichomes in the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and in a related wild species (S. habrochaites) is provided.
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Isoprenoid and Metabolite Profiling of Plant Trichomes
Methods of Molecular Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Gerd Ulrich Balcke, Stefan Bennewitz, Sebastian Zabel, Alain TissierAbstract:Plant glandular Trichomes are specialized secretory structures located on the surface of the aerial parts of plants with large biosynthetic capacity, often with terpenoids as output molecules. The collection of plant Trichomes requires a method to separate Trichomes from leaf epidermal tissues. For metabolite profiling, trichome tissue needs to be rapidly quenched in order to maintain the indigenous state of intracellular intermediates. Appropriate extraction and chromatographic separation methods must be available, which address the wide-ranging polarity of metabolites. In this chapter, a protocol for trichome harvest using a frozen paint brush is presented. A work flow for broad-range metabolite profiling using LC-MS(2) analysis is described, which is applicable to assess very hydrophilic isoprenoid precursors as well as more hydrophobic metabolites from Trichomes and other plant tissues.
John C. Larkin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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BRANCHLESS Trichomes links cell shape and cell cycle control in Arabidopsis Trichomes
Development, 2011Co-Authors: Remmy Kasili, Martin Hülskamp, Jason D Walker, Cho Chun Huang, L. Alice Simmons, Jing Zhou, Christopher Faulk, John C. LarkinAbstract:Endoreplication, also called endoreduplication, is a modified cell cycle in which DNA is repeatedly replicated without subsequent cell division. Endoreplication is often associated with increased cell size and specialized cell shapes, but the mechanism coordinating DNA content with shape and size remains obscure. Here we identify the product of the BRANCHLESS Trichomes ( BLT ) gene, a protein of hitherto unknown function that has been conserved throughout angiosperm evolution, as a link in coordinating cell shape and nuclear DNA content in endoreplicated Arabidopsis Trichomes. Loss-of-function mutations in BLT were found to enhance the multicellular trichome phenotype of mutants in the SIAMESE ( SIM ) gene, which encodes a repressor of endoreplication. Epistasis and overexpression experiments revealed that BLT encodes a key regulator of trichome branching. Additional experiments showed that BLT interacts both genetically and physically with STICHEL , another key regulator of trichome branching. Although blt mutants have normal trichome DNA content, overexpression of BLT results in an additional round of endoreplication, and blt mutants uncouple DNA content from morphogenesis in mutants with increased trichome branching, further emphasizing its role in linking cell shape and endoreplication.
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siamese cooperates with the cdh1 like protein ccs52a1 to establish endoreplication in arabidopsis thaliana Trichomes
Genetics, 2010Co-Authors: Remmy Kasili, Jason D Walker, Jing Zhou, Alice L Simmons, Lieven De Veylder, John C. LarkinAbstract:Endoreplication, also known as endoreduplication, is a phyogenetically widespread modified version of the cell cycle in which DNA replication is not followed by cell division. The SIAMESE (SIM) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes the founding member of a novel class of plant-specific cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors and is a key regulator of endoreplication during the development of Trichomes (shoot epidermal hairs). Here, we have identified mutations in the CCS52A1 gene as genetic modifiers of the multicellular trichome phenotype of sim mutants. Loss-of-function ccs52A1 mutations dramatically enhance the multicellularity of sim mutants Trichomes in double mutants, whereas overexpression of CCS52A1 completely suppresses the sim mutant phenotype. CCS52A1 encodes a CDH1/FZR-like protein, a class of proteins that function as activators of the anaphase-promoting complex. Unicellular ccs52A1 Trichomes become multicellular upon overexpression of B-type cyclin, consistent with repression of the accumulation of mitotic cyclins in the developing trichome by CCS52A1. As these M-phase-specific cyclins are known to accumulate in sim mutant Trichomes, our data suggest that CCS52A1 and SIM cooperate in repressing accumulation of mitotic cyclins to establish the trichome endocycle. Comparison with endoreplication pathways in Drosophila and mammals indicates that while these organisms all use similar components to initiate endoreplication, the components are deployed differently in each organism.
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siamese a gene controlling the endoreduplication cell cycle in arabidopsis thaliana Trichomes
Development, 2000Co-Authors: Jason D Walker, David G Oppenheimer, Joshua Concienne, John C. LarkinAbstract:Cell differentiation is generally tightly coordinated with the cell cycle, typically resulting in a nondividing cell with a unique differentiated morphology. The unicellular Trichomes of Arabidopsis are a well-established model for the study of plant cell differentiation. Here, we describe a new genetic locus, SIAMESE (SIM), required for coordinating cell division and cell differentiation during the development of Arabidopsis Trichomes (epidermal hairs). A recessive mutation in the sim locus on chromosome 5 results in clusters of adjacent Trichomes that appeared to be morphologically identical ‘twins’. Upon closer inspection, the sim mutant was found to produce multicellular Trichomes in contrast to the unicellular Trichomes produced by wild-type (WT) plants. Mutant Trichomes consisting of up to 15 cells have been observed. Scanning electron microscopy of developing sim Trichomes suggests that the cell divisions occur very early in the development of mutant Trichomes. WT trichome nuclei continue to replicate their DNA after mitosis and cytokinesis have ceased, and as a consequence have a DNA content much greater than 2C. This phenomenon is known as endoreduplication. Individual nuclei of sim Trichomes have a reduced level of endoreduplication relative to WT trichome nuclei. Endoreduplication is also reduced in dark-grown sim hypocotyls relative to WT, but not in light-grown hypocotyls. Double mutants of sim with either of two other mutants affecting endoreduplication, triptychon (try) and glabra3 (gl3) are consistent with a function for SIM in endoreduplication. SIM may function as a repressor of mitosis in the endoreduplication cell cycle. Additionally, the relatively normal morphology of multicellular sim Trichomes indicates that trichome morphogenesis can occur relatively normally even when the trichome precursor cell continues to divide. The sim mutant phenotype also has implications for the evolution of multicellular Trichomes.
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cot1: a regulator of Arabidopsis trichome initiation.
Genetics, 1998Co-Authors: Daniel B. Szymanski, John C. Larkin, Daniel A. Klis, M. David MarksAbstract:In Arabidopsis, the timing and spatial arrangement of trichome initiation is tightly regulated and requires the activity of the GLABROUS1 (GL1) gene. The COTYLEDON TRICHOME 1 (COT1) gene affects trichome initiation during late stages of leaf development and is described in this article. In the wild-type background, cot1 has no observable effect on trichome initiation. GL1 overexpression in wild-type plants leads to a modest number of ectopic Trichomes and to a decrease in trichome number on the adaxial leaf surface. The cot1 mutation enhances GL1-overexpression-dependent ectopic trichome formation and also induces increased leaf trichome initiation. The expressivity of the cot1 phenotype is sensitive to cot1 and 35S::GL1 gene dosage, and the most severe phenotypes are observed when cot1 and 35S::GL1 are homozygous. The COT1 locus is located on chromosome 2 15.3 cM north of er. Analysis of the interaction between cot1, try, and 35S::GL1 suggests that COT1 is part of a complex signal transduction pathway that regulates GL1-dependent adoption of the trichome cell fate.
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The control of trichome spacing and number in Arabidopsis
Development, 1996Co-Authors: John C. Larkin, Nevin D. Young, Michael J. Prigge, M. D. MarksAbstract:Arabidopsis Trichomes are single-celled epidermal hairs that serve as a useful model for the study of plant cell differentiation. An examination of the distribution of Trichomes early in their development revealed that developing Trichomes occur adjacent to another trichome much less frequently than would be expected by chance. Clonal analysis of epidermal cell lineages ruled out a role for cell lineage in generating the observed minimum-distance spacing pattern. Taken together, these results are consistent with a role for lateral inhibition in the control of trichome development. We also report the identification of a new locus, Reduced Trichome Number (RTN), which affects the initiation of Trichomes. This locus was initially detected by the reduced number of leaf Trichomes on Landsberg erecta plants compared to that on Columbia plants. Quantitative Trait Locus mapping revealed that more than 73% of the variation in trichome number was due to a major locus near erecta on chromosome 2. The reduced number of Trichomes conditioned by the Landsberg erecta allele of this locus appeared to be due to an early cessation of trichome initiation. The implications of these observations are discussed with regard to previously published models of trichome development.
Gary W Felton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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role of Trichomes in defense against herbivores comparison of herbivore response to woolly and hairless trichome mutants in tomato solanum lycopersicum
Planta, 2012Co-Authors: Donglan Tian, John F Tooker, Michelle Peiffer, Seung Ho Chung, Gary W FeltonAbstract:Trichomes contribute to plant resistance against herbivory by physical and chemical deterrents. To better understand their role in plant defense, we systemically studied trichome morphology, chemical composition and the response of the insect herbivores Helicoverpa zea and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle = CPB) on the tomato hairless (hl), hairy (woolly) mutants and wild-type Rutgers (RU) and Alisa Craig (AC) plants. Hairless mutants showed reduced number of twisted glandular Trichomes (types I, IV, VI and VII) on leaf and stem compared to wild-type Rutgers (RU), while woolly mutants showed high density of non-glandular Trichomes (types II, III and V) but only on the leaf. In both mutants, trichome numbers were increased by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), but the types of Trichomes present were not affected by MeJA treatment. Glandular Trichomes contained high levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. A similar pattern of transcript accumulation was observed for monoterpene MTS1 (=TPS5) and sesquiterpene synthase SST1 (=TPS9) genes in Trichomes. While high density of non-glandular trichome on leaves negatively influenced CPB feeding behavior and growth, it stimulated H. zea growth. High glandular trichome density impaired H. zea growth, but had no effect on CPB. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that glandular Trichomes highly express protein inhibitors (PIN2), polyphenol oxidase (PPOF) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) when compared to non-glandular Trichomes. The SlCycB2 gene, which participates in woolly trichome formation, was highly expressed in the woolly mutant Trichomes. PIN2 in Trichomes was highly induced by insect feeding in both mutant and wild-type plants. Thus, both the densities of Trichomes and the chemical defenses residing in the Trichomes are inducible.
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methyl jasmonate application induces increased densities of glandular Trichomes on tomato lycopersicon esculentum
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2005Co-Authors: Anthony J Boughton, Kelli Hoover, Gary W FeltonAbstract:This study was designed to address whether applications of methyl jasmonate (MJ) or Benzothiadiazole (BTH) to cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, induced elevated densities of defense-related glandular Trichomes on new leaves. Four-leaf tomato plants were sprayed with MJ, BTH, or control solutions, and the density of type VI glandular Trichomes on new leaves was subsequently determined at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. At 7, 14, and 21 d, the density of type VI glandular Trichomes on new leaves was significantly higher on MJ-treated plants than on BTH- or control-treated plants. At 7 and 14 d after treatment, the mean density of glandular Trichomes on new leaves of MJ-treated plants was ninefold higher than on leaves of control-treated plants. We observed entrapment of immature western flower thrips in Trichomes on MJ-treated plants at higher rates than on BTH or control plants. Studies to evaluate potential trade-offs between reductions in pest populations by increased trichome density and possible negative impacts of trichome induction on biological control agents are needed.
