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Donald M Lloydjones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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abstract 05 longer duration of obesity beginning in young adulthood is associated with greater left ventricular mass and worse left ventricular function in Middle Age the cardia study
Circulation, 2014Co-Authors: Jared P Reis, Norrina B Allen, Bethany Baronegibbs, Joyce M Lee, Cora E Lewis, Joao A C Lima, Donald M Lloydjones, Catherine M Loria, Tiffany M Powellwiley, Gina S WeiAbstract:Background: As a result of the obesity epidemic, individuals are becoming obese at a younger Age than in previous generations. Yet, few studies have determined the consequences of a longer duration of obesity. The present study examined whether the duration of obesity beginning early in adulthood is associated with left ventricular (LV) structure and function in Middle-Age. Methods: We studied 2,545 white and black adults Aged 18-30 years without obesity [body mass index (BMI) <30 kg/m2] at baseline in 1985-86 or clinically apparent heart disease through year 25 (2010-11) in the multicenter, community-based CARDIA study. Duration of obesity (years with BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2) was calculated using repeat measurements of BMI performed 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years after baseline. Outcomes included LV mass and ejection fraction from an echocardiogram performed during the 25-year follow-up examination. Results: During follow-up, 994 participants became obese (39.1%); mean duration of obesity was 14.1 years. Afte...
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blood pressure trajectories in early adulthood and subclinical atherosclerosis in Middle Age
JAMA, 2014Co-Authors: Norrina B Allen, Cora E Lewis, David R Jacobs, Juned Siddique, John T Wilkins, Christina M Shay, David C Goff, Kiang Liu, Donald M LloydjonesAbstract:IMPORTANCE Single measures of blood pressure (BP) levels are associated with the development of atherosclerosis; however, long-term patterns in BP and their effect on cardiovascular disease risk are poorly characterized. OBJECTIVES To identify common BP trajectories throughout early adulthood and to determine their association with presence of coronary artery calcification (CAC) during Middle Age. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective cohort data from 4681 participants in the CARDIA study, who were black and white men and women Aged 18 to 30 years at baseline in 1985-1986 at 4 urban US sites, collected through 25 years of follow-up (2010-2011). We examined systolic BP, diastolic BP, and mid-BP (calculated as [SBP+DBP]/2, an important marker of coronary heart disease risk among younger populations) at baseline and years 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 25. Latent mixture modeling was used to identify trajectories in systolic, diastolic, and mid-BP over time. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Coronary artery calcification greater than or equal to Agatston score of 100 Hounsfield units (HU) at year 25. RESULTS We identified 5 distinct mid-BP trajectories: low-stable (21.8%; 95% CI, 19.9%-23.7%; n=987), moderate-stable (42.3%; 40.3%-44.3%; n=2085), moderateincreasing (12.2%; 10.4%-14.0%; n=489), elevated-stable (19.0%; 17.1%-20.0%; n=903), and elevated-increasing (4.8%; 4.0%-5.5%; n=217). Compared with the low-stable group, trajectories with elevated BP levels had greater odds of having a CAC score of 100 HU or greater. Adjusted odds ratios were 1.44 (95% CI, 0.83-2.49) for moderate-stable, 1.86 (95% CI, 0.91-3.82) for moderate-increasing, 2.28 (95% CI, 1.24-4.18), for elevated-stable, and 3.70 (95% CI, 1.66-8.20) for elevated-increasing groups. The adjusted prevalence of a CAC score of 100 HU or higher was 5.8% in the low-stable group. These odds ratios represent an absolute increase of 2.7%, 5%, 6.3%, and 12.9% for the prevalence of a CAC score of 100 HU or higher for the moderate-stable, moderate-increasing, elevated-stable and elevated-increasing groups, respectively, compared with the low-stable group. Associations were not altered after adjustment for baseline and year 25 BP. Findings were similar for trajectories of isolated systolic BP trajectories but were attenuated for diastolic BP trajectories. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Blood pressure trajectories throughout young adulthood vary, and higher BP trajectories were associated with an increased risk of CAC in Middle Age. Long-term trajectories in BP may assist in more accurate identification of individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis.
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healthy lifestyle through young adulthood and the presence of low cardiovascular disease risk profile in Middle Age the coronary artery risk development in young adults cardia study
Circulation, 2012Co-Authors: Martha L Daviglus, Catherine M Loria, Laura A Colangelo, Bonnie Spring, Arlen C Moller, Donald M LloydjonesAbstract:Background— A low cardiovascular disease risk profile (untreated cholesterol Methods and Results— The Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) study sample consisted of 3154 black and white participants 18 to 30 years of Age at year 0 (1985–1986) who attended the year 0, 7, and 20 examinations. Healthy lifestyle factors defined at years 0, 7, and 20 included averAge body mass index 2 , no or moderate alcohol intake, higher healthy diet score, higher physical activity score, and never smoking. Mean Age (25 years) and percentAge of women (56%) were comparable across groups defined by number of healthy lifestyle factors. The Age-, sex-, and race-adjusted prevalences of low cardiovascular disease risk profile at year 20 were 3.0%, 14.6%, 29.5%, 39.2%, and 60.7% for people with 0 or 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 healthy lifestyle factors, respectively ( P for trend P for trend Conclusions— Maintaining a healthy lifestyle throughout young adulthood is strongly associated with a low cardiovascular disease risk profile in Middle Age. Public health and individual efforts are needed to improve the adoption and maintenance of healthy lifestyles in young adults.
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impact of blood pressure and blood pressure change during Middle Age on the remaining lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease the cardiovascular lifetime risk pooling project
Circulation, 2012Co-Authors: Norrina B Allen, Alan R. Dyer, Donald M Lloydjones, Hongyan Ning, Jarett D Berry, Linda Van HornAbstract:Background Prior estimates of lifetime risk (LTR) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) examined the impact of blood pressure at the index Age and did not account for changes in blood pressure over time. We examined how changes in blood pressure during Middle-Age affect LTR for CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.
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risk factor burden in Middle Age and lifetime risks for cardiovascular and non cardiovascular death chicago heart association detection project in industry
American Journal of Cardiology, 2007Co-Authors: Donald M Lloydjones, Alan R. Dyer, Martha L Daviglus, Renwei Wang, Philip GreenlandAbstract:Few data exist regarding the association of risk factor burden in Middle Age with lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-CVD death. In this study, participants in the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Aged 40 to 59 years in 1967 to 1973 were stratified into 5 groups on the basis of risk factor burden: favorable risk factor profile (untreated blood pressure ≤120/≤80 mm Hg, total cholesterol 35 vs 26 years in men, >35 vs 28 years in women). In conclusion, having favorable risk factors in Middle Age is associated with a lower lifetime risk for CVD death and markedly longer survival. These results should encourAge efforts aimed at preventing the development of risk factors in younger subjects to decrease CVD mortality and promote longevity.
Ian J Deary - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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iq in early adulthood and mortality by Middle Age cohort study of 1 million swedish men
Epidemiology, 2009Co-Authors: David G Batty, Ian J Deary, Karin Modig Wennerstad, George Davey Smith, David Gunnell, Per Tynelius, Finn RasmussenAbstract:Background: High premorbid IQ test scores are related to a reduced rate of later total mortality, although little is known about the shape of this association (ie, dose-response versus threshold), or the role of mediating and confounding factors in explaining it. Additionally, the link between IQ and causespecific mortality has been little explored. Methods: A cohort of over 1 million Swedish men who underwent IQ testing at military service conscription at about 18 years of Age was followed for mortality experience until Middle Age. Results: An averAge of 20 years of follow-up gave rise to 14,498 deaths in an analytical sample of 994,262. In basic analyses adjusting for Age, year of birth, and conscription testing center, lower IQ scores were associated with an elevated risk of all-cause mortality (HR per 1-SD decrease in IQ ; 1.32; 95% confidence interval 1.30‐1.34). This relation was incremental across the full IQ range, and was robust to adjustment for indicators of childhood social circumstances. The association did not appear to be mediated by factors measured concurrent with IQ (blood pressure, body mass index, or cigarette smoking), nor was it attributable to reverse causality. However, controlling for education (a close correlate of IQ) led to marked attenuation. IQ was also associated with mortality from accidents, coronary heart disease, and suicides, but not cancer. Conclusions: In this large cohort we found a robust stepwise relation between early adult IQ and risk of total and accident mortality in men. (Epidemiology 2009;20: 100‐109)
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iq in late adolescence early adulthood risk factors in Middle Age and later all cause mortality in men the vietnam experience study
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2008Co-Authors: G D Batty, Martin J Shipley, Laust Hvas Mortensen, Stephen H Boyle, John C Barefoot, Morten Gronbaek, Catharine R Gale, Ian J DearyAbstract:Objective: To examine the role of potential mediating factors in explaining the IQ–mortality relation. Design, setting and participants: A total of 4316 male former Vietnam-era US army personnel with IQ test results at entry into the service in late adolescence/early adulthood in the 1960/1970s (mean Age at entry 20.4 years) participated in a telephone survey and medical examination in Middle Age (mean Age 38.3 years) in 1985–6. They were then followed up for mortality experience for 15 years. Main results: In Age-adjusted analyses, higher IQ scores were associated with reduced rates of total mortality (hazard ratio (HR) per SD increase in IQ 0.71; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.81). This relation did not appear to be heavily confounded by early socioeconomic position or ethnicity. The impact of adjusting for some potentially mediating risk indices measured in Middle Age on the IQ–mortality relation (marital status, alcohol consumption, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, blood glucose, body mass index, psychiatric and somatic illness at medical examination) was negligible ( Conclusions: In this cohort, socioeconomic position in Middle Age might lie on the pathway linking earlier IQ with later mortality risk but might also partly act as a surrogate for cognitive ability.
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iq in late adolescence early adulthood risk factors in Middle Age and later coronary heart disease mortality in men the vietnam experience study
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2008Co-Authors: David G Batty, Martin J Shipley, Laust Hvas Mortensen, Catharine R Gale, Ian J DearyAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Examine the relation between IQ in early adulthood and later coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, and assess the extent to which established risk factors measured in Middle-Age might explain this gradient. DESIGN: Cohort study of 4316 male former Vietnam-era US army personnel with IQ scores (mean Age 20.4 years), risk factor data (mean Age 38.3 years) and 15 years mortality surveillance. RESULTS: In Age-adjusted analyses, lower IQ scores were associated with an increased rate of CHD mortality (hazard ratio per SD decrease in IQ; 95% confidence interval: 1.34; 1.00, 1.79). Adjustment for later chronic disease (1.22; 0.91, 1.64), behavioural (1.29; 0.95, 1.74) and physiological risk factors (1.19; 0.88, 1.62) led to some attenuation of this gradient. This attenuation was particularly pronounced on adding socioeconomic indices to the multivariable model when the IQ-CHD relation was eliminated (1.05; 0.73, 1.52). A similar pattern of association was apparent when cardiovascular disease was the outcome of interest. CONCLUSION: High IQ may lead to educational success, well remunerated and higher prestige employment, and this pathway may confer cardio-protection.
David G Batty - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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blood pressure in early adulthood hypertension in Middle Age and future cardiovascular disease mortality hahs harvard alumni health study
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2011Co-Authors: Linsay Gray, Imin Lee, Howard D Sesso, David G BattyAbstract:Objectives We sought to examine the association of early adulthood blood pressure with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, while accounting for Middle-Age hypertension. Background Elevated blood pressure in Middle Age is an established CVD risk factor, but evidence for association with measurements earlier in life is sparse. Methods The HAHS (Harvard Alumni Health Study) is a cohort study of 18,881 male university students who had their blood pressure measured at university entry (1914 to 1952; mean Age 18.3 years) and who responded to a questionnaire mailed in either 1962 or 1966 (mean Age 45.8 years) in which physician-diagnosed hypertension status was reported. Study members were subsequently followed for mortality until the end of 1998. Results Following adjustment for Age, body mass index, smoking, and physical activity at college entry, compared with men who were normotensive according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure criteria (aamp;amp;amp;lt;120/aamp;amp;amp;lt;80 mm Hg), there was an elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (1,917 deaths) in those who were pre-hypertensive (120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 1.36), stAge 1 (140 to 159/90 to 99 mm Hg) (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.70), and stAge 2 hypertensive (≥160/≥100 mm Hg) (HR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.46 to 2.45), incremental across categories (ptrend aamp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). After additionally accounting for Middle-Age hypertension, estimates were somewhat attenuated, but the pattern remained. Similar associations were apparent for total and CVD mortality, but not stroke mortality. Conclusions Higher blood pressure in early adulthood was associated with elevated risk of all-cause mortality, CVD, and CHD, but not stroke, several decades later. Effects largely persisted after taking into account mediation by Middle-Age hypertension. Thus, the long-term benefits of blood pressure lowering in early adulthood are promising, but supporting trial data are required.
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iq in early adulthood and mortality by Middle Age cohort study of 1 million swedish men
Epidemiology, 2009Co-Authors: David G Batty, Ian J Deary, Karin Modig Wennerstad, George Davey Smith, David Gunnell, Per Tynelius, Finn RasmussenAbstract:Background: High premorbid IQ test scores are related to a reduced rate of later total mortality, although little is known about the shape of this association (ie, dose-response versus threshold), or the role of mediating and confounding factors in explaining it. Additionally, the link between IQ and causespecific mortality has been little explored. Methods: A cohort of over 1 million Swedish men who underwent IQ testing at military service conscription at about 18 years of Age was followed for mortality experience until Middle Age. Results: An averAge of 20 years of follow-up gave rise to 14,498 deaths in an analytical sample of 994,262. In basic analyses adjusting for Age, year of birth, and conscription testing center, lower IQ scores were associated with an elevated risk of all-cause mortality (HR per 1-SD decrease in IQ ; 1.32; 95% confidence interval 1.30‐1.34). This relation was incremental across the full IQ range, and was robust to adjustment for indicators of childhood social circumstances. The association did not appear to be mediated by factors measured concurrent with IQ (blood pressure, body mass index, or cigarette smoking), nor was it attributable to reverse causality. However, controlling for education (a close correlate of IQ) led to marked attenuation. IQ was also associated with mortality from accidents, coronary heart disease, and suicides, but not cancer. Conclusions: In this large cohort we found a robust stepwise relation between early adult IQ and risk of total and accident mortality in men. (Epidemiology 2009;20: 100‐109)
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iq in late adolescence early adulthood risk factors in Middle Age and later coronary heart disease mortality in men the vietnam experience study
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2008Co-Authors: David G Batty, Martin J Shipley, Laust Hvas Mortensen, Catharine R Gale, Ian J DearyAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Examine the relation between IQ in early adulthood and later coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, and assess the extent to which established risk factors measured in Middle-Age might explain this gradient. DESIGN: Cohort study of 4316 male former Vietnam-era US army personnel with IQ scores (mean Age 20.4 years), risk factor data (mean Age 38.3 years) and 15 years mortality surveillance. RESULTS: In Age-adjusted analyses, lower IQ scores were associated with an increased rate of CHD mortality (hazard ratio per SD decrease in IQ; 95% confidence interval: 1.34; 1.00, 1.79). Adjustment for later chronic disease (1.22; 0.91, 1.64), behavioural (1.29; 0.95, 1.74) and physiological risk factors (1.19; 0.88, 1.62) led to some attenuation of this gradient. This attenuation was particularly pronounced on adding socioeconomic indices to the multivariable model when the IQ-CHD relation was eliminated (1.05; 0.73, 1.52). A similar pattern of association was apparent when cardiovascular disease was the outcome of interest. CONCLUSION: High IQ may lead to educational success, well remunerated and higher prestige employment, and this pathway may confer cardio-protection.
Martha L Daviglus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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healthy lifestyle through young adulthood and the presence of low cardiovascular disease risk profile in Middle Age the coronary artery risk development in young adults cardia study
Circulation, 2012Co-Authors: Martha L Daviglus, Catherine M Loria, Laura A Colangelo, Bonnie Spring, Arlen C Moller, Donald M LloydjonesAbstract:Background— A low cardiovascular disease risk profile (untreated cholesterol Methods and Results— The Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) study sample consisted of 3154 black and white participants 18 to 30 years of Age at year 0 (1985–1986) who attended the year 0, 7, and 20 examinations. Healthy lifestyle factors defined at years 0, 7, and 20 included averAge body mass index 2 , no or moderate alcohol intake, higher healthy diet score, higher physical activity score, and never smoking. Mean Age (25 years) and percentAge of women (56%) were comparable across groups defined by number of healthy lifestyle factors. The Age-, sex-, and race-adjusted prevalences of low cardiovascular disease risk profile at year 20 were 3.0%, 14.6%, 29.5%, 39.2%, and 60.7% for people with 0 or 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 healthy lifestyle factors, respectively ( P for trend P for trend Conclusions— Maintaining a healthy lifestyle throughout young adulthood is strongly associated with a low cardiovascular disease risk profile in Middle Age. Public health and individual efforts are needed to improve the adoption and maintenance of healthy lifestyles in young adults.
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resting heart rate in Middle Age and diabetes development in older Age
Diabetes Care, 2008Co-Authors: Mercedes R Carnethon, Daniel B Garside, Philip Greenland, Alan R. Dyer, Lijing L Yan, Boyd E Metzger, Martha L DaviglusAbstract:Abstract Objective: Based on prior research showing inverse associations between heart rate (HR) and life expectancy, we tested the hypothesis that adults with higher resting HR in Middle Age were more likely to have diagnosed diabetes or experience diabetes mortality in older Age (>65 years). Research Design and Methods: Resting HR was measured at baseline (1967–73) in the Chicago Heart Association (CHA) Detection Project in Industry Study. We used Medicare billing records to identify diabetes-related hospital claims and non-hospital based diabetes expenses from 1992–2002 in 14,992 participants Aged 35–64 years who were free from diabetes at baseline. Diabetes-related mortality was determined from 1984–2002 using National Death Index codes 250.XX (ICD-8 and -9) and E10–E14 (ICD-10). Results: After Age 65, 1877 participants had diabetes-related hospital claims and 410 participants had any mention of diabetes on their death certificate. The adjusted (demographic characteristics, cigarette smoking, and years of Medicare eligibility) odds of having a diabetes related claim was approximately 10% higher (odds ratio [OR] = 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–1.16) per 12 bpm higher baseline heart rate. Following adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and post-load glucose at baseline, the association attenuated to non-significance. Higher heart rate was associated with diabetes mortality in adults Aged 35-49 at baseline following adjustment for post-load glucose and BMI (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.03–1.41). Conclusions: Higher resting HR is associated with diabetes claims and mortality in older Age, and is only due in part to BMI and concurrently-measured glucose.
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risk factor burden in Middle Age and lifetime risks for cardiovascular and non cardiovascular death chicago heart association detection project in industry
American Journal of Cardiology, 2007Co-Authors: Donald M Lloydjones, Alan R. Dyer, Martha L Daviglus, Renwei Wang, Philip GreenlandAbstract:Few data exist regarding the association of risk factor burden in Middle Age with lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-CVD death. In this study, participants in the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Aged 40 to 59 years in 1967 to 1973 were stratified into 5 groups on the basis of risk factor burden: favorable risk factor profile (untreated blood pressure ≤120/≤80 mm Hg, total cholesterol 35 vs 26 years in men, >35 vs 28 years in women). In conclusion, having favorable risk factors in Middle Age is associated with a lower lifetime risk for CVD death and markedly longer survival. These results should encourAge efforts aimed at preventing the development of risk factors in younger subjects to decrease CVD mortality and promote longevity.
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relation of body mass index in young adulthood and Middle Age to medicare expenditures in older Age
JAMA, 2004Co-Authors: Martha L Daviglus, Daniel B Garside, Larry M Manheim, Alan R. Dyer, Renwei Wang, Kiang Liu, Lijing L Yan, Amber Pirzada, Willard G Manning, Philip GreenlandAbstract:ContextIncreasing prevalence of overweight/obesity and rapid aging of the US population have raised concerns of increasing health care costs, with important implications for Medicare. However, little is known about the impact of body mass index (BMI) earlier in life on Medicare expenditures (cardiovascular disease [CVD]–related, diabetes-related, and total) in older Age.ObjectiveTo examine relationships of BMI in young adulthood and Middle Age to subsequent health care expenditures at Ages 65 years and older.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsMedicare data (1984-2002) were linked with baseline data from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA) (1967-1973) for 9978 men (mean Age, 46.0 years) and 7623 women (mean Age, 48.4 years) (baseline overall Age range, 33 to 64 years) who were free of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and major electrocardiographic abnormalities, were not underweight (BMI <18.5), and were Medicare-eligible (≥65 years) for at least 2 years during 1984-2002. Participants were classified by their baseline BMI as nonoverweight (BMI, 18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), obese (30.0-34.9), and severely obese (≥35.0).Main Outcome MeasuresCardiovascular disease–related, diabetes-related, and total averAge annual Medicare charges, and cumulative Medicare charges from Age 65 years to death or to Age 83 years.ResultsIn multivariate analyses, averAge annual and cumulative Medicare charges (CVD-related, diabetes-related, and total) were significantly higher by higher baseline BMI for both men and women. Thus, with adjustment for baseline Age, race, education, and smoking, total averAge annual charges for nonoverweight, overweight, obese, and severely obese women were, respectively, $6224, $7653, $9612, and $12 342 (P<.001 for trend); corresponding total cumulative charges were $76 866, $100 959, $125 470, and $174 752 (P<.001 for trend). For nonoverweight, overweight, obese, and severely obese men, total averAge annual charges were, respectively, $7205, $8390, $10 128, and $13 674 (P<.001 for trend). Corresponding total cumulative charges were $100 431, $109 098, $119 318, and $176 947 (P<.001 for trend).ConclusionOverweight/obesity in young adulthood and Middle Age has long-term adverse consequences for health care costs in older Age.
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favorable cardiovascular risk profile in Middle Age and health related quality of life in older Age
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Martha L Daviglus, Daniel B Garside, Philip Greenland, Kiang Liu, Lijing L Yan, Amber Pirzada, Joe Feinglass, Jack M Guralnik, Jeremiah StamlerAbstract:Background Life expectancy is greater for people with favorable midlife cardiovascular risk profiles (ie, low risk). However, some speculate that increased longevity may lead to large numbers of ill, disabled, older persons with lower quality of life. Few data exist on this important issue. This study evaluates the relationship of midlife low-risk status to quality of life and illness in older Age. Methods Cohort of Middle-Aged adults from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (2692 women and 3650 men; baseline Ages, 36-64 years [averAge Age, 73.2 years in 1996]) without baseline (1967-1973) major electrocardiographic abnormalities or history of diabetes or myocardial infarction. Quality of life (12-item Health Status Questionnaire [HSQ-12] on physical, mental, and social well-being) and self-reported diseases were assessed after 26 years of follow-up. Baseline risk strata included low risk (favorable blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels, no smoking, and no minor electrocardiographic abnormalities); 0 risk factors (ie, no high risk factors but ≥1 risk factors not at favorable levels); or any 1, any 2, or 3 or more of the following 4 risk factors: high blood pressure, high serum cholesterol level, smoking, and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities. The HSQ-12 scores and disease outcomes for low risk were compared with other strata. Results Adjusted scores for physical, mental, social functioning, and disease-free outcomes were highest for low-risk individuals and decreased significantly with number of risk factors (eg, 58% of low-risk women had excellent/very good health compared with 28% of women with ≥3 risk factors). Conclusions Favorable cardiovascular risk profile in Middle Age is associated with better quality of life and lower risk of diseases in older Age. Moreover, the fewer the risk factors, the higher the quality of life.
Paul E Gilbert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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spatial memory ability during Middle Age may depend on level of spatial similarity
Learning & Memory, 2019Co-Authors: Mckenna E Williams, Lisa V Graves, Shannon Yandall Dejesus, Heather M Holden, Nicole E Deford, Paul E GilbertAbstract:: Spatial memory impairment is well documented in old Age; however, less is known about spatial memory during Middle Age. We examined the performance of healthy young, Middle-Aged, and older adults on a spatial memory task with varying levels of spatial similarity (distance). On low similarity trials, young adults significantly outperformed Middle-Aged adults, who significantly outperformed older adults (Ps < 0.05). On high similarity trials, young adults significantly outperformed Middle-Aged and older adults (Ps < 0.05); however, Middle-Aged and older adults did not differ. Subtle Age-related changes in spatial memory may emerge during Middle Age, particularly when spatial similarity is high.
