The Experts below are selected from a list of 315 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Hugh Gusterson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cultures of Militarism: An Introduction to Supplement 19
Current Anthropology, 2019Co-Authors: Hugh Gusterson, Catherine BestemanAbstract:This volume contributes to a new anthropology of Militarism that has crystallized since the end of the cold war. Unlike scholars in mainstream security studies and political science, anthropologists treat Militarism as a process rather than a reified, measurable quantum acting as an independent variable. Anthropological analysis of Militarism focuses on the social construction of security threats; the decentering of the state’s monopoly over legitimate violence in an era where guerillas, paramilitaries, and military contractors hold unprecedented sway; the increasing hybridization of war and peace in the context of a permanent war economy; the capillary colonization of social and imaginative life by military processes thanks to militarized media institutions; and the suffering, both bodily and psychological, of those who are killed, injured, bereaved, or dislocated by military processes. In the context of a global militarized capitalist system, this suffering is transmuted into profit in various centers o...
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Anthropology and Militarism
Annual Review of Anthropology, 2007Co-Authors: Hugh GustersonAbstract:Anthropologists' selections of topics and field sites have often been shaped by Militarism, but they have been slow to make Militarism, especially American Militarism, an object of study. In the high Cold War years concerns about human survival were refracted into debates about innate human proclivities for violence or peace. As "new wars" with high civilian casualty rates emerged in Africa, Central America, the former Eastern bloc, and South Asia, beginning in the 1980s anthropologists increasingly wrote about terror, torture, death squads, ethnic cleansing, guerilla movements, and the memory work inherent in making war and peace. Anthropologists have also begun to write about nuclear weapons and American Militarism. The "war on terror" has disturbed settled norms that anthropologists should not assist counterinsurgency campaigns, and for the first time since Vietnam, anthropologists are debating the merits of military anthropology versus critical ethnography of the military.
Rachel Woodward - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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from military geography to Militarism s geographies disciplinary engagements with the geographies of Militarism and military activities
Progress in Human Geography, 2005Co-Authors: Rachel WoodwardAbstract:This paper reviews contemporary approaches in Anglophone human geography to the geographical constitution and expression of Militarism and military activities. Three main approaches are identified, and the merits, limitations and insights of each are discussed. These are: traditional Military Geography, intimately associated with state military discourses of military power; a broad political geography, focused on the spatiality of armed conflict; and research from across the social sciences on the political economies and sociocultural geographies of Militarism, particularly in nonconflict situations. The paper concludes with some suggestions for further empirical and theoretical inquiry, and argues on moral grounds for a human geography explicitly concerned with military geographies in all their forms.
Robert L Williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sociopolitical and Personality Correlates of Militarism in Democratic Societies
Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: Daniel F. Mccleary, Robert L WilliamsAbstract:This article synthesizes research on the sociopolitical and personality constructs that most frequently correlated with Militarism in the published social science research literature between 1931 and 2007. The reviewed research includes diverse definitions and assessment measures for each highlighted construct featured in studies conducted with various types of participants in several different democratic societies. The principal sociopolitical correlates of Militarism included conservatism, nationalism, religiosity, patriotism–blind patriotism, and internationalism–worldmindedness. The major personality correlates of Militarism were authoritarianism, dominance–power, ethnocentrism, masculinity, and punitiveness. All of these variables, except internationalism–worldmindedness, positively correlated with Militarism. Meta-analysis reveals that the correlations between Militarism and each set of comparison variables typically yielded an average effect size in the small to medium range.
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Militarism and sociopolitical perspectives among college students in the u s and south korea
Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Stacy L Bliss, Eun Jung Oh, Robert L WilliamsAbstract:Students in a U.S. university (n = 187) and a South Korean university (n = 201) responded to a sociopolitical questionnaire that included measures of Militarism, nationalism, internationalism, patriotism, respect for civil liberties, and tolerance of dissent. Most correlations between Militarism and the comparison sociopolitical variables proved significant in both samples but tended to be stronger in the U.S. sample. Militarism correlated positively with nationalism and patriotism but negatively with internationalism, respect for civil liberties, and tolerance of dissent. The strongest relationships were between Militarism and both respect for civil liberties and tolerance of dissent. In the U.S. sample, relationships between Militarism and the sociopolitical variables were stronger for males than females.
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Christian conservatism and Militarism among teacher education students
Review of Religious Research, 2006Co-Authors: Robert L Williams, Stacy L Bliss, R. Steve MccallumAbstract:The study empirically examined the extent to which endorsement of conservative theological teachings of Christianity and advocacy for Christian influence in American politics were related to a militaristic perspective of the U.S. role in the world. A sample of teacher-education students (N = 215) in a Southeastern state university during the U.S. military involvement in Iraq responded to three sets of items thematically selected to represent the target constructs. All three measures had acceptable internal consistency (Theological Christian Conservatism = .95, Political Christian Conservatism = .92, and Militarism = .90). Correlational, regression, and group analyses showed that both Christian conservatism measures were significantly linked to Militarism (p
Stratis Andreas Efthymiou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Militarism After the Opening of the Border
Nationalism Militarism and Masculinity in Post-Conflict Cyprus, 2019Co-Authors: Stratis Andreas EfthymiouAbstract:In this chapter, we come to understand Militarism in relation to the border crossing and EU membership. The version of Militarism that appeared in post-1974 Cyprus—the ideology of defence—has been undermined since then. The governmental, public and male disinvestment in the army have all come in opposition to the post-1974 structures, pointing to changing civil–military relations. The undermined militarist framing of the national struggle, an undermined image of the defence sector, cultural individualism and draft-dodging military service characterize Militarism in modern Cyprus, which is moving away from the commitment of the community as a ‘nation-in-arms’. The support of a professional force is gaining hegemony in public and state spheres, with poor policy design on the matter.
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Conclusion: A Journey Through the Juncture of Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity
Nationalism Militarism and Masculinity in Post-Conflict Cyprus, 2019Co-Authors: Stratis Andreas EfthymiouAbstract:Nationalism, Militarism and masculinity are co-constitutive and re-adapt through their relationship, protracting the conflict culture in post-conflict societies. This can hinder peace negotiations or political intercessions in terms of bringing peace and reconciliation. The masculinity co-constituting Militarism and nationalism in post-conflict settings comprises two components: post-conflict masculinity, which refers to the stance of the community in the conflict situation; and hegemonic masculinity, which refers to the identity of men. Radical far-right agendas play a particular role in post-conflict societies, aiming to preserve traditional versions of nationalism, Militarism and masculinity. The re-adaptation between nationalism, Militarism and masculinity in European Cyprus is constructing new ideological borders, replacing the closed uncrossable ones, providing resistance to cross and the support for a professional army. The conclusions further point to how energy-related development (e.g. finding gas and petrol) can have an impact on conflict culture in post-conflict societies. The conclusion outlines how the work can be applied to policy on conflict resolution, civil–military relations, and comparative and internal defence policy.
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Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity After the Construction of the Border
Nationalism Militarism and Masculinity in Post-Conflict Cyprus, 2019Co-Authors: Stratis Andreas EfthymiouAbstract:This chapter shows nationalism, Militarism and masculinity as constructed in Cyprus after the partition of the island in 1974. The community, civil society and state constructed the post-1974 idea of the country as gendered and victimized. Tied in with it is Militarism—the creation of an ideology of ‘defence’, expressed with a ‘fighting spirit’ in a national struggle aiming to ‘liberate’ the ‘occupied’. The national ‘struggle’ and ‘fighting spirit’ are embodied by men and linked to notions of post-conflict masculinity.
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Nationalism, Militarism and masculinity in post-conflict Cyprus
2019Co-Authors: Stratis Andreas EfthymiouAbstract:This book uses empirical research to introduce the relationship between nationalism, Militarism and masculinity. The co-constitution between these three factors is susceptible to change and hinders reconciliation, according to the author. Drawing on the case of Cyprus, a country in conflict with Turkey, Efthymiou reveals how nationalism, Militarism and masculinity were constructed after the war, and re-adapted following the opening of internal borders and European Union accession. Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-Conflict Cyprus draws on rich field-research, with soldiers and officers in army barracks, politicians such as former President of Republic of Cyprus Glafkos Clerides, leaders of radical far-right movements and the Greek Cypriot public. The book offers invaluable insight into the application of nationalism, Militarism and masculinity in governmental policy including by the Cyprus Defence Ministry, and will be of interest to students and scholars in sociology, gender studies, peace studies, security studies, politics and international relations, as well as governments and NGOs.
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Militarism in post war cyprus the development of the ideology of defence
Defence Studies, 2016Co-Authors: Stratis Andreas EfthymiouAbstract:AbstractThis article provides a theorisation of Militarism in post-war Cyprus. Based on qualitative empirical research conducted in Cyprus in 2011, the article explores the manifestation and steadfastness of Greek-Cypriot Militarism, and the development of this Militarism, which appeared after the partition of the island in 1974. In particular, it proposes the ideology of defence as a way to understand post-war Greek-Cypriot Militarism. It shows the embedded nature of defence in the idea of the national struggle. It aims at mapping the character of this Militarism in order to provide the grounds for future discussion. Only by understanding the interconnecting discourses that made Greek-Cypriot Militarism possible in post-war Cyprus, can we understand its past, present, and future.
Jim Orford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Community psychology against Militarism
2019Co-Authors: Jim OrfordAbstract:The full costs of armed conflict are enormous and total world military expenditure is huge. Psychological theories and concepts to explain support for war and Militarism at individual and group levels include: warfare as a masculine institution; social identity theory; nationalist versus internationalist attitudes; and the contact hypothesis. At a collective level Militarism is legitimised. War and deadly weapons are portrayed in positive and unrealistic ways. Support for Militarism permeates civic society and citizens are ‘cognitively disarmed’ about it and the role they play in supporting it. Psychologists have promoting Militarism by working for the military and the changing nature of war and armaments, such as the use of drones, is providing further temptations to do so. Psychology has at best been ambivalent about Militarism. Peace psychology has not taken an unambiguous position on it, often speaking of the absence of war in the absence of social justice as ‘negative peace’. The British Psychological Society is failing to recognise and oppose Militarism. Community psychology should take a lead in arguing for a more clearly identified Psychology Against Militarism (PAM).
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turning psychology against Militarism
Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Jim OrfordAbstract:This paper draws on material, mostly from outside psychology, which illustrates the deep rootedness of militarisation in modern culture and the numerous ways in which it permeates civic society. Children, boys especially, learn to value armed conflict. War games are now more realistic, and the distinction between gaming and military training has become blurred. War and deadly weapons are portrayed in unrealistic ways that hide their actual effects. Just war theory, widely subscribed to, justifies armed conflict by proposing that under certain conditions, war can be just with moral rules that apply to the fighting. Many psychologists have worked for the military in one way or another, implicitly or explicitly promoting Militarism, and the changing nature of war and armaments is providing further temptations for psychologists to do so. Psychology has been ambivalent about Militarism. Peace psychology has not taken an unambiguous position on it, often speaking disparagingly of the absence of war in the absence of social justice, referring to it as “negative peace.” Feminists, often very clear in their opposition to Militarism, have sometimes advocated for women to have greater acceptance in the armed forces. The paper concludes by arguing for a more clearly identified Psychology Against Militarism. Community psychology should take a lead in advocating for Psychology Against Militarism because Militarism is a good example of how the exercise of power, wreaking widespread harm on us all but especially on those who are already relatively powerless, is collectively legitimised, and hence how we become complicit in supporting it.