The Experts below are selected from a list of 1899 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Alessandra Coscia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Donor Human Milk: Effects of Storage and Heat Treatment on Oxidative Stress Markers
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Enrico Bertino, Sertac Arslanoglu, Chiara Peila, Francesco Cresi, Elena Maggiora, Stefano Sottemano, Diego Gazzolo, Alessandra CosciaAbstract:Mother's own Milk is the first choice for the feeding and nutrition of preterm and term newborns. When mother's own Milk is unavailable or in short supply donor human Milk (DM) could represent a solution. Heat treatment and cold storage are common practices in Human Milk Banks (HMBs). Currently, Holder pasteurization process is the recommended heat treatment in all international guidelines. This method is thought to lead to a good compromise between the microbiological safety and nutritional/biological quality of DM. Moreover, storage of refrigerated Milk is a common practice in HMBs and in NICUs. Depending on the length and on the type of storage, human Milk may lose some important nutritional and functional properties. The available data on oxidative stress markers confirm that pasteurization and refrigeration affected this important elements to variable degrees, even though it is rather difficult to quantify the level of deterioration. Nonetheless, clinical practice demonstrates that many beneficial properties of human Milk are preserved, even after cold storage and heat treatment. Future studies should be focused on the evaluation of new pasteurization techniques, in order to achieve a better compromise between biological quality and safety of DM
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human Milk processing a systematic review of innovative techniques to ensure the safety and quality of donor Milk
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2017Co-Authors: Chiara Peila, Marzia Giribaldi, Guido E Moro, Alessandra Coscia, Nikki E Emmerik, Ernd Stahl, Joos E Ruitenberg, Ruurd M Van Elburg, Enrico Ertino, Laura CavallariAbstract:Pasteurization, performed at 62.5°C for 30 minutes (holder pasteurization), is currently recommended in all international human Milk Banks guidelines, but it affects some human Milk bioactive and nutritive components. The present systematic review is aimed at critically reviewing evidence on the suitability of human Milk processing techniques other than holder pasteurization, both thermal and nonthermal, to ensure microbiological safety, and on the effects of these techniques on biologically active donor Milk components. A systematic review of English and non-English articles using Medline, PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and CAB Abstracts, with no restriction in publication date was performed. Search terms included: human, breast, donor, or banked Milk, breastMilk, breast fed, breastfed, breastfeed; HTST, Flash, High Pressure, UV, ultrasonic or nonthermal; process, pasteuris, pasteuriz. Only primary research articles published in peer-reviewed journals were included, providing or not a comparison with holder pasteurized human Milk, provided that the pasteurization technique was clearly described, and not intended for domestic use. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies of relevant articles. Twenty-six studies were identified as being relevant. Two examined both High Pressure Processing and High-Temperature-Short-Time pasteurization; 10 only examined High Pressure Processing; 10 only examined High-Temperature-Short-Time; 2 articles examined ultraviolet irradiation; 2 articles examined (thermo-)ultrasonic processing. The results indicate that data about safety for microbiological control are still scarce for most of the novel technologies, and that consensus on processing conditions is necessary for nonthermal technologies, before any conclusions on the qualitative and nutritional advantages of these techniques can be drawn.
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the effect of holder pasteurization on nutrients and biologically active components in donor human Milk a review
Nutrients, 2016Co-Authors: Chiara Peila, Marzia Giribaldi, Guido E Moro, Enrico Ertino, Laura Cavallari, Francesca Giuliani, F Cresi, Alessandra CosciaAbstract:When a mother’s Milk is unavailable, the best alternative is donor Milk (DM). Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks should be pasteurized in order to inactivate the microbial agents that may be present. Currently, pasteurization, performed at 62.5 °C for 30 min (Holder Pasteurization, HoP), is recommended for this purpose in international guidelines. Several studies have been performed to investigate the effects of HoP on the properties of DM. The present paper has the aim of reviewing the published papers on this topic, and to provide a comparison of the reported variations of biologically-active DM components before and after HoP. This review was performed by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and Cochrane Library databases. Studies that clearly identified the HoP parameters and compared the same DM samples, before and after pasteurization, were focused on. A total of 44 articles satisfied the above criteria, and were therefore selected. The findings from the literature report variable results. A possible explanation for this may be the heterogeneity of the test protocols that were applied. Moreover, the present review spans more than five decades, and modern pasteurizers may be able to modify the degradation kinetics for heat-sensitive substances, compared to older ones. Overall, the data indicate that HoP affects several Milk components, although it is difficult to quantify the degradation degree. However, clinical practices demonstrate that many beneficial properties of DM still persist after HoP.
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effect of two pasteurization methods on the protein content of human Milk
Frontiers in Bioscience, 2009Co-Authors: Cristina Aro, Marzia Giribaldi, Paola Tonetto, Alessandra Coscia, Sertac Arslanoglu, Giuseppina Dellavalle, Augusto Iasini, Amedeo Conti, Maria Gabriella Giuffrida, Carlo FabrisAbstract:: The Holder method is the recommended pasteurization method for human Milk Banks, as it ensures the microbiological safety of human Milk (HM). The loss of some biologically active Milk components, due to the heat treatment, is a main limit to the diffusion of donor HM. High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization may be an alternative to maintain the nutritional and immunological quality of HM. The aim of the present study was to compare the impact of Holder and HTST pasteurization on the HM protein profile. The protein patterns of HTST-treated Milk and raw Milk were similar. The Holder method modified bile salt-stimulated lipase, lactoferrin and components of the immune system. The HTST method preserved the integrity of bile salt-stimulated lipase, lactoferrin and, to some extent, of IgAs. Holder pasteurization decreased the amount of bile salt-stimulated lipase and inactivated the remaining molecules, while the HTST method did not alter its activity. Pasteurization increased the bioavailable lysine quantity. HTST pasteurization seems to better retain the protein profile and some of the key active components of donor HM.
Antoni Gaya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Analysis of Thermal Sensitivity of Human Cytomegalovirus Assayed in the Conventional Conditions of a Human Milk Bank
'Frontiers Media SA', 2021Co-Authors: Paola Tonetto, Guido E Moro, Enrico Bertino, Antoni Gaya, Francesco Cresi, Stefano Sottemano, Massimo Rittà, David Lembo, Javier CalvoAbstract:One of the main concerns in human Milk Banks (HMB) is the transmission of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) that could be present in the Milk of infected women. There are consistent data showing that this virus is destroyed by Holder pasteurization (62.5°C for 30 min), but there is a lack of information about the response of the virus to the treatment at lower temperatures in strict HMB conditions. In order to analyze the effectiveness of different temperatures of pasteurization to eliminate HCMV in human Milk, a preliminary assay was performed incubating HCMV-spiked raw Milk samples from donor mothers at tested temperatures in a PCR thermocycler and the viral infectivity was assayed on cell cultures. No signs of viral replication were observed after treatments at temperatures equal or >53°C for 30, 20, and 10 min, 58°C for 5 min, 59°C for 2 min, and 60°C for 1 min. These data were confirmed in a pasteurizer-like model introducing HCMV-spiked Milk in disposable baby bottles. No viral infectivity was detected on cell cultures after heating treatment of Milk for 30 min at temperatures from 56 to 60°C. Thus, our results show that by using conventional pasteurization conditions, temperatures in the range of 56–60°C are enough to inactivate HCMV. Consequently, we consider that, in order to provide a higher quality product, the current recommendation to pasteurize both mother's own Milk and donated Milk at 62.5°C must be re-evaluated
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Recommendations for the Establishment and Operation of Human Milk Banks in Europe: A Consensus Statement From the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA)
Frontiers Media S.A., 2019Co-Authors: Gillian Weaver, Sertac Arslanoglu, Enrico Bertino, Clair Boquien, Debbie Barnett, Corinna Gebauer, Anne Grovslien, Radmila Mileusnic-milenovic, Rachel Buffin, Antoni GayaAbstract:Objectives: To develop recommendations from the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) for the establishment and operation of human Milk Banks (HMB) in Europe.Method: A working group comprising members of the EMBA was convened in 2015 to develop Europe-wide recommendations for Milk Banks. Each member had experience of guideline development and/or Milk banking operations. An initial survey was agreed using collated published global recommendations. A total of 108 potential recommendations were included in the survey; responders noted which were included in their national guidelines. The responses were collated, compared, and discussed and the group determined where there was consensus and where substantial or minor differences were identified. Where there was consensus or robust published evidence on which to base recommendations these were included. When there was no consensus and no clear evidence base, a statement of explanation based on collective expert opinion was agreed.Results: Published, internationally available guidelines with recommendations for human Milk Banks from France, Italy, and the UK, together with guidelines from Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland were included as source materials. These covered: General recommendations; Donor recruitment and screening; Expression, handling, and storage of donor human Milk (DHM); Pooling of DHM; Milk screening; Milk treatment (pasteurization); Delivery of DHM to recipients.Conclusions: Evidence based recommendations and consensus statements from the EMBA will now be published on the EMBA website to assist in the safe establishment and operation of HMBs throughout Europe. These have also been used to inform the chapter on human Milk to be included in the 2019 edition of the Guide to the quality and safety of tissues and cells for human application, published by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM)
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Recommendations for the establishment and operation of human Milk Banks in europe: A consensus statement from the european Milk bank association (EMBA)
Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2019Co-Authors: Gillian Weaver, Sertac Arslanoglu, Enrico Bertino, Clair Boquien, Debbie Barnett, Corinna Gebauer, Anne Grovslien, Radmila Mileusnic-milenovic, Rachel Buffin, Antoni GayaAbstract:Objectives: To develop recommendations from the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) for the establishment and operation of human Milk Banks (HMB) in Europe. Method: A working group comprising members of the EMBA was convened in 2015 to develop Europe-wide recommendations for Milk Banks. Each member had experience of guideline development and/or Milk banking operations. An initial survey was agreed using collated published global recommendations. A total of 108 potential recommendations were included in the survey; responders noted which were included in their national guidelines. The responses were collated, compared, and discussed and the group determined where there was consensus and where substantial or minor differences were identified. Where there was consensus or robust published evidence on which to base recommendations these were included. When there was no consensus and no clear evidence base, a statement of explanation based on collective expert opinion was agreed. Published, internationally available guidelines with recommendations for human Milk Banks from France, Italy, and the UK, together with guidelines from Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland were included as source materials. These covered: General recommendations; Donor recruitment and screening; Expression, handling, and storage of donor human Milk (DHM); Pooling of DHM; Milk screening; Milk treatment (pasteurization); Delivery of DHM to recipients. Conclusions: Evidence based recommendations and consensus statements from the EMBA will now be published on the EMBA website to assist in the safe establishment and operation of HMBs throughout Europe. These have also been used to inform the chapter on human Milk to be included in the 2019 edition of the Guide to the quality and safety of tissues and cells for human application, published by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM).
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Data_Sheet_1_Recommendations for the Establishment and Operation of Human Milk Banks in Europe: A Consensus Statement From the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA).docx
2019Co-Authors: Gillian Weaver, Sertac Arslanoglu, Enrico Bertino, Clair Boquien, Debbie Barnett, Corinna Gebauer, Anne Grovslien, Radmila Mileusnic-milenovic, Rachel Buffin, Antoni GayaAbstract:Objectives: To develop recommendations from the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) for the establishment and operation of human Milk Banks (HMB) in Europe.Method: A working group comprising members of the EMBA was convened in 2015 to develop Europe-wide recommendations for Milk Banks. Each member had experience of guideline development and/or Milk banking operations. An initial survey was agreed using collated published global recommendations. A total of 108 potential recommendations were included in the survey; responders noted which were included in their national guidelines. The responses were collated, compared, and discussed and the group determined where there was consensus and where substantial or minor differences were identified. Where there was consensus or robust published evidence on which to base recommendations these were included. When there was no consensus and no clear evidence base, a statement of explanation based on collective expert opinion was agreed.Results: Published, internationally available guidelines with recommendations for human Milk Banks from France, Italy, and the UK, together with guidelines from Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland were included as source materials. These covered: General recommendations; Donor recruitment and screening; Expression, handling, and storage of donor human Milk (DHM); Pooling of DHM; Milk screening; Milk treatment (pasteurization); Delivery of DHM to recipients.Conclusions: Evidence based recommendations and consensus statements from the EMBA will now be published on the EMBA website to assist in the safe establishment and operation of HMBs throughout Europe. These have also been used to inform the chapter on human Milk to be included in the 2019 edition of the Guide to the quality and safety of tissues and cells for human application, published by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM).
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Processing of donor human Milk: update and recommendations from the european Milk bank association (EMBA)
Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2019Co-Authors: Guido E Moro, Antoni Gaya, Buffin Rachel, Diana Escuder-vieco, David Lembo, Javier Calvo, Claude Billeaud, Laura Cavallarin, Lukas Christen, Aleksandra WesolowskaAbstract:Background: A mother's own Milk (MOM) is the gold standard for the feeding and nutrition of preterrn and full term infants. When MOM is not available or there is not enough, donor human Milk (DHM) should be used. Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks (HMBs) should be pasteurized to inactivate viral and bacterial agents. Currently, a pasteurization process at 62.5 degrees C for 30 min (Holder pasteurization, HoP) is recommended in all international HMBs guidelines. State of the art: It is known that HoP affects some of the nutritional and biological components of human Milk. Studies have demonstrated that temperature cycle in HoP is not always controlled or calibrated. A better check of these parameters in the pasteurizers on the market today may contribute to an improvement of the quality of HM, still maintaining some of the negative effects of the heat treatment of human Milk. So, food industry, and dairy industry in particular, are evaluating innovative methodologies alternative to HoP to better preserve the nutritional and biological properties of fresh human Milk, while assuring at least the same microbiological safety of HoP. The most studied processing techniques include High-Temperature-Short-Time (HTST) pasteurization, High Pressure Processing (HPP), and Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation. HTST is a thermal process in which Milk is forced between plates or pipes that are heated on the outside by hot water at a temperature of 72 degrees C for 5-15 s. HPP is a non-thermal processing method that can be applied to solid and liquid foods. This technology inactivates pathogenic microorganisms by applying a high hydrostatic pressure (usually 300-800 MPa) during short-term treatments (
Guido E Moro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Analysis of Thermal Sensitivity of Human Cytomegalovirus Assayed in the Conventional Conditions of a Human Milk Bank
'Frontiers Media SA', 2021Co-Authors: Paola Tonetto, Guido E Moro, Enrico Bertino, Antoni Gaya, Francesco Cresi, Stefano Sottemano, Massimo Rittà, David Lembo, Javier CalvoAbstract:One of the main concerns in human Milk Banks (HMB) is the transmission of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) that could be present in the Milk of infected women. There are consistent data showing that this virus is destroyed by Holder pasteurization (62.5°C for 30 min), but there is a lack of information about the response of the virus to the treatment at lower temperatures in strict HMB conditions. In order to analyze the effectiveness of different temperatures of pasteurization to eliminate HCMV in human Milk, a preliminary assay was performed incubating HCMV-spiked raw Milk samples from donor mothers at tested temperatures in a PCR thermocycler and the viral infectivity was assayed on cell cultures. No signs of viral replication were observed after treatments at temperatures equal or >53°C for 30, 20, and 10 min, 58°C for 5 min, 59°C for 2 min, and 60°C for 1 min. These data were confirmed in a pasteurizer-like model introducing HCMV-spiked Milk in disposable baby bottles. No viral infectivity was detected on cell cultures after heating treatment of Milk for 30 min at temperatures from 56 to 60°C. Thus, our results show that by using conventional pasteurization conditions, temperatures in the range of 56–60°C are enough to inactivate HCMV. Consequently, we consider that, in order to provide a higher quality product, the current recommendation to pasteurize both mother's own Milk and donated Milk at 62.5°C must be re-evaluated
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Processing of donor human Milk: update and recommendations from the european Milk bank association (EMBA)
Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2019Co-Authors: Guido E Moro, Antoni Gaya, Buffin Rachel, Diana Escuder-vieco, David Lembo, Javier Calvo, Claude Billeaud, Laura Cavallarin, Lukas Christen, Aleksandra WesolowskaAbstract:Background: A mother's own Milk (MOM) is the gold standard for the feeding and nutrition of preterrn and full term infants. When MOM is not available or there is not enough, donor human Milk (DHM) should be used. Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks (HMBs) should be pasteurized to inactivate viral and bacterial agents. Currently, a pasteurization process at 62.5 degrees C for 30 min (Holder pasteurization, HoP) is recommended in all international HMBs guidelines. State of the art: It is known that HoP affects some of the nutritional and biological components of human Milk. Studies have demonstrated that temperature cycle in HoP is not always controlled or calibrated. A better check of these parameters in the pasteurizers on the market today may contribute to an improvement of the quality of HM, still maintaining some of the negative effects of the heat treatment of human Milk. So, food industry, and dairy industry in particular, are evaluating innovative methodologies alternative to HoP to better preserve the nutritional and biological properties of fresh human Milk, while assuring at least the same microbiological safety of HoP. The most studied processing techniques include High-Temperature-Short-Time (HTST) pasteurization, High Pressure Processing (HPP), and Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation. HTST is a thermal process in which Milk is forced between plates or pipes that are heated on the outside by hot water at a temperature of 72 degrees C for 5-15 s. HPP is a non-thermal processing method that can be applied to solid and liquid foods. This technology inactivates pathogenic microorganisms by applying a high hydrostatic pressure (usually 300-800 MPa) during short-term treatments (
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human Milk processing a systematic review of innovative techniques to ensure the safety and quality of donor Milk
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2017Co-Authors: Chiara Peila, Marzia Giribaldi, Guido E Moro, Alessandra Coscia, Nikki E Emmerik, Ernd Stahl, Joos E Ruitenberg, Ruurd M Van Elburg, Enrico Ertino, Laura CavallariAbstract:Pasteurization, performed at 62.5°C for 30 minutes (holder pasteurization), is currently recommended in all international human Milk Banks guidelines, but it affects some human Milk bioactive and nutritive components. The present systematic review is aimed at critically reviewing evidence on the suitability of human Milk processing techniques other than holder pasteurization, both thermal and nonthermal, to ensure microbiological safety, and on the effects of these techniques on biologically active donor Milk components. A systematic review of English and non-English articles using Medline, PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and CAB Abstracts, with no restriction in publication date was performed. Search terms included: human, breast, donor, or banked Milk, breastMilk, breast fed, breastfed, breastfeed; HTST, Flash, High Pressure, UV, ultrasonic or nonthermal; process, pasteuris, pasteuriz. Only primary research articles published in peer-reviewed journals were included, providing or not a comparison with holder pasteurized human Milk, provided that the pasteurization technique was clearly described, and not intended for domestic use. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies of relevant articles. Twenty-six studies were identified as being relevant. Two examined both High Pressure Processing and High-Temperature-Short-Time pasteurization; 10 only examined High Pressure Processing; 10 only examined High-Temperature-Short-Time; 2 articles examined ultraviolet irradiation; 2 articles examined (thermo-)ultrasonic processing. The results indicate that data about safety for microbiological control are still scarce for most of the novel technologies, and that consensus on processing conditions is necessary for nonthermal technologies, before any conclusions on the qualitative and nutritional advantages of these techniques can be drawn.
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the effect of holder pasteurization on nutrients and biologically active components in donor human Milk a review
Nutrients, 2016Co-Authors: Chiara Peila, Marzia Giribaldi, Guido E Moro, Enrico Ertino, Laura Cavallari, Francesca Giuliani, F Cresi, Alessandra CosciaAbstract:When a mother’s Milk is unavailable, the best alternative is donor Milk (DM). Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks should be pasteurized in order to inactivate the microbial agents that may be present. Currently, pasteurization, performed at 62.5 °C for 30 min (Holder Pasteurization, HoP), is recommended for this purpose in international guidelines. Several studies have been performed to investigate the effects of HoP on the properties of DM. The present paper has the aim of reviewing the published papers on this topic, and to provide a comparison of the reported variations of biologically-active DM components before and after HoP. This review was performed by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and Cochrane Library databases. Studies that clearly identified the HoP parameters and compared the same DM samples, before and after pasteurization, were focused on. A total of 44 articles satisfied the above criteria, and were therefore selected. The findings from the literature report variable results. A possible explanation for this may be the heterogeneity of the test protocols that were applied. Moreover, the present review spans more than five decades, and modern pasteurizers may be able to modify the degradation kinetics for heat-sensitive substances, compared to older ones. Overall, the data indicate that HoP affects several Milk components, although it is difficult to quantify the degradation degree. However, clinical practices demonstrate that many beneficial properties of DM still persist after HoP.
Daniela Barile - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a one year study of human Milk oligosaccharide profiles in the Milk of healthy uk mothers and their relationship to maternal fut2 genotype
Glycobiology, 2021Co-Authors: Sierra D Durham, Randall C Robinson, Laurentya Olga, Ken K Ong, Maciej Chichlowski, David B Dunger, Daniela BarileAbstract:Human Milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are indigestible carbohydrates with prebiotic, pathogen decoy, and immunomodulatory activities that are theorized to substantially impact infant health. The objective of this study was to monitor HMO concentrations over one year to develop a long-term longitudinal dataset. HMO concentrations in the breast Milk of healthy lactating mothers of the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF) were measured at birth, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months postpartum. HMO quantification was conducted by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection using a newly validated "dilute-and-shoot" method. This technique minimizes sample losses and expedites throughput, making it particularly suitable for the analysis of large sample sets. Varying patterns of individual HMO concentrations were observed with changes in lactation timepoint and maternal secretor status, with the most prominent temporal changes occurring during the first 3 months. This data provides valuable information for the development of human Milk Banks in view of targeted distribution of donor Milk based on infant age. Maternal FUT2 genotype was determined based on identification at single-nucleotide polymorphism rs516246 and compared with the genotype expected based on phenotypic markers in the HMO profile. Surprisingly, two mothers genotyped as secretors produced Milk that displayed very low levels of 2'-fucosylated moieties. This unexpected discrepancy between genotype and phenotype suggests that differential enzyme expression may cause substantial variation in HMO profiles between genotypically similar mothers, and current genotypic methods of secretor status determination may require validation with HMO markers from Milk analysis.
Laura Cavallari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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human Milk processing a systematic review of innovative techniques to ensure the safety and quality of donor Milk
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2017Co-Authors: Chiara Peila, Marzia Giribaldi, Guido E Moro, Alessandra Coscia, Nikki E Emmerik, Ernd Stahl, Joos E Ruitenberg, Ruurd M Van Elburg, Enrico Ertino, Laura CavallariAbstract:Pasteurization, performed at 62.5°C for 30 minutes (holder pasteurization), is currently recommended in all international human Milk Banks guidelines, but it affects some human Milk bioactive and nutritive components. The present systematic review is aimed at critically reviewing evidence on the suitability of human Milk processing techniques other than holder pasteurization, both thermal and nonthermal, to ensure microbiological safety, and on the effects of these techniques on biologically active donor Milk components. A systematic review of English and non-English articles using Medline, PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and CAB Abstracts, with no restriction in publication date was performed. Search terms included: human, breast, donor, or banked Milk, breastMilk, breast fed, breastfed, breastfeed; HTST, Flash, High Pressure, UV, ultrasonic or nonthermal; process, pasteuris, pasteuriz. Only primary research articles published in peer-reviewed journals were included, providing or not a comparison with holder pasteurized human Milk, provided that the pasteurization technique was clearly described, and not intended for domestic use. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies of relevant articles. Twenty-six studies were identified as being relevant. Two examined both High Pressure Processing and High-Temperature-Short-Time pasteurization; 10 only examined High Pressure Processing; 10 only examined High-Temperature-Short-Time; 2 articles examined ultraviolet irradiation; 2 articles examined (thermo-)ultrasonic processing. The results indicate that data about safety for microbiological control are still scarce for most of the novel technologies, and that consensus on processing conditions is necessary for nonthermal technologies, before any conclusions on the qualitative and nutritional advantages of these techniques can be drawn.
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the effect of holder pasteurization on nutrients and biologically active components in donor human Milk a review
Nutrients, 2016Co-Authors: Chiara Peila, Marzia Giribaldi, Guido E Moro, Enrico Ertino, Laura Cavallari, Francesca Giuliani, F Cresi, Alessandra CosciaAbstract:When a mother’s Milk is unavailable, the best alternative is donor Milk (DM). Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks should be pasteurized in order to inactivate the microbial agents that may be present. Currently, pasteurization, performed at 62.5 °C for 30 min (Holder Pasteurization, HoP), is recommended for this purpose in international guidelines. Several studies have been performed to investigate the effects of HoP on the properties of DM. The present paper has the aim of reviewing the published papers on this topic, and to provide a comparison of the reported variations of biologically-active DM components before and after HoP. This review was performed by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and Cochrane Library databases. Studies that clearly identified the HoP parameters and compared the same DM samples, before and after pasteurization, were focused on. A total of 44 articles satisfied the above criteria, and were therefore selected. The findings from the literature report variable results. A possible explanation for this may be the heterogeneity of the test protocols that were applied. Moreover, the present review spans more than five decades, and modern pasteurizers may be able to modify the degradation kinetics for heat-sensitive substances, compared to older ones. Overall, the data indicate that HoP affects several Milk components, although it is difficult to quantify the degradation degree. However, clinical practices demonstrate that many beneficial properties of DM still persist after HoP.