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T J Devries - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effect of feed type and method of presentation on feeding behavior intake and growth of dairy calves fed a high Level of Milk
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: M A Overvest, R Bergeron, D B Haley, T J Devries
    Abstract:

    The objective of this study was to assess the effect of different feed types and method of feed presentation in the first 12 wk of life on the feeding behavior, intake, and growth of calves fed a high Milk Level. Forty-eight neonatal Holstein calves were individually housed and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments and fed solid feed ad libitum: silage-based total mixed ration (TMR), concentrate (CON), and chopped hay and concentrate presented in 2 manners: mixed (MIX) or separate (SEP). All calves were offered 12 L/d of acidified Milk replacer (1.8 kg of dry matter) until d 38 at which time step-down weaning by 1 L/d began. At d 50 calves no longer received Milk, and all calves on SEP and CON treatments were offered the MIX diet until the end of the trial, whereas TMR and MIX calves did not change feeds. Feed intakes were recorded daily, and calves were weighed twice per week. Rumination time was observed on the last 3 d of alternate weeks (wk 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) for 1h beginning at 1500 h. Time spent feeding was determined for the last 2 d of alternate weeks. In the preweaning stage (d 1-37) average daily gain was similar for all calves (1.1 kg/d). The TMR calves had lower average daily gain than calves on the other 3 treatments during both the weaning (d 38-49; 0.2 vs. 0.7 kg/d) and postweaning (d 50-84; 0.5 vs. 1.2 kg/d) stages. This result is related to the lower dry matter intake of calves fed TMR in comparison with MIX, SEP, and CON calves in the weaning (0.2 vs. 0.5 kg/d) and postweaning (1.8 vs. 2.8 kg/d) stages. Given dry matter content of the feeds (TMR=52%, other diets=89%), the as-fed intake of the calves was similar across treatments in all 3 stages. Calves offered hay in addition to concentrate showed no difference in concentrate intake in the first 7 wk of life. Interestingly, TMR calves spent more time feeding during the postweaning stage than MIX, SEP, and CON calves (308 vs. 194 min/d) and exhibited a slower feeding rate postweaning (5.9 vs. 14.4 g of dry matter per minute). It appears that during weaning, and postweaning, calves fed TMR were attempting to maximize their nutrient intake but were unable to match that of calves in other treatments because of the high moisture content of their feed, and thus were unable to achieve similar average daily gain. Additionally, growth and total intake throughout the preweaning and weaning stages were similar for calves fed chopped hay along with concentrate and those not offered hay, suggesting no detrimental effect of feeding forage.

  • effect of Milk feeding Level on development of feeding behavior in dairy calves
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2013
    Co-Authors: E K Millercushon, R Bergeron, K E Leslie, T J Devries
    Abstract:

    Evidence exists that early life experiences may influence development of characteristic feeding patterns in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Milk feeding Level on performance and development of feeding patterns in dairy calves. Twenty Holstein bull calves were assigned at birth to a Milk replacer feeding Level, fed via a teat: (1) ad libitum (ADL) or (2) restricted feeding at 5 L/d (0.75 kg of Milk replacer) in 2 feedings/d (RES). All calves were offered concentrate ad libitum during the Milk feeding stage. Calves were weaned gradually during wk 7 and then fed a pelleted diet ad libitum for 7 wk. Calves were weighed 2 times/wk. Feed and Milk intakes were recorded daily. Feeding behavior was recorded from video for 5 d in each of wk 3, 6, 8, 11, and 14. Calves fed ADL consumed 2.6 times more Milk, had greater weight gain (1.2 vs. 0.6 kg/d), and consumed less solid feed (45.2 vs. 98.0 g/d) during the Milk feeding period than did calves fed RES. As expected, providing Milk ADL resulted in more frequent meals (in wk 6, 7.1 vs. 2.0) and more evenly distributed diurnal patterns of feeding activity compared with the RES Milk Level. When considering all sucking bouts (Milk feeding and nonnutritive sucking), no difference was observed between treatments in daily bout frequency or sucking time/bout. Postweaning, calves fed RES had initially greater rate of intake (24.9 vs. 17.8 g/min) and meal size (160.8 vs. 117.2 g/meal). Diurnal feeding patterns also differed in the first week after weaning, with ADL calves feeding less continuously at the time of feed delivery. Meal characteristics and diurnal patterns of feeding activity were similar between calves by the end of the trial. However, Milk feeding Level had a longer-term effect on variability in feeding behavior, with calves fed RES having greater day-to-day variability in feeding time and meal size. Variability of meal characteristics also decreased over time across treatments. These results suggest that Milk feeding Level may have a short-term influence on postweaning feeding behavior. However, differences in early feeding patterns due to Milk feeding Level do not appear to affect longer-term development of feeding patterns.

L. G. Hansen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Characterization of cow Milk proteins in human Milk: kinetics, size distribution, and possible relation to atopy.
    Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1991
    Co-Authors: Steffen Husby, Arne Høst, L. G. Hansen
    Abstract:

    Human Milk contains a number of substances immunologically important to the infant1, such as leukocytes, antibodies, and complement factors. In addition, it has been known for many years that dietary antigens may pass from the mother into the breast Milk and cause allergic reactions in the infant2. Dietary antigens have been directly demonstrated in breast Milk by sensitive immunoassays3,4. The Level of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) in breast Milk after maternal intake of cow Milk was related to the presence of cow Milk allergy (CMA) as colic in the infant5. The Milk Level of ovalbumin after the intake of hen eggs, however, did not correlate with the worsening of atopic eczema in the infants studied6.

R Bergeron - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effect of feed type and method of presentation on feeding behavior intake and growth of dairy calves fed a high Level of Milk
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: M A Overvest, R Bergeron, D B Haley, T J Devries
    Abstract:

    The objective of this study was to assess the effect of different feed types and method of feed presentation in the first 12 wk of life on the feeding behavior, intake, and growth of calves fed a high Milk Level. Forty-eight neonatal Holstein calves were individually housed and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments and fed solid feed ad libitum: silage-based total mixed ration (TMR), concentrate (CON), and chopped hay and concentrate presented in 2 manners: mixed (MIX) or separate (SEP). All calves were offered 12 L/d of acidified Milk replacer (1.8 kg of dry matter) until d 38 at which time step-down weaning by 1 L/d began. At d 50 calves no longer received Milk, and all calves on SEP and CON treatments were offered the MIX diet until the end of the trial, whereas TMR and MIX calves did not change feeds. Feed intakes were recorded daily, and calves were weighed twice per week. Rumination time was observed on the last 3 d of alternate weeks (wk 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) for 1h beginning at 1500 h. Time spent feeding was determined for the last 2 d of alternate weeks. In the preweaning stage (d 1-37) average daily gain was similar for all calves (1.1 kg/d). The TMR calves had lower average daily gain than calves on the other 3 treatments during both the weaning (d 38-49; 0.2 vs. 0.7 kg/d) and postweaning (d 50-84; 0.5 vs. 1.2 kg/d) stages. This result is related to the lower dry matter intake of calves fed TMR in comparison with MIX, SEP, and CON calves in the weaning (0.2 vs. 0.5 kg/d) and postweaning (1.8 vs. 2.8 kg/d) stages. Given dry matter content of the feeds (TMR=52%, other diets=89%), the as-fed intake of the calves was similar across treatments in all 3 stages. Calves offered hay in addition to concentrate showed no difference in concentrate intake in the first 7 wk of life. Interestingly, TMR calves spent more time feeding during the postweaning stage than MIX, SEP, and CON calves (308 vs. 194 min/d) and exhibited a slower feeding rate postweaning (5.9 vs. 14.4 g of dry matter per minute). It appears that during weaning, and postweaning, calves fed TMR were attempting to maximize their nutrient intake but were unable to match that of calves in other treatments because of the high moisture content of their feed, and thus were unable to achieve similar average daily gain. Additionally, growth and total intake throughout the preweaning and weaning stages were similar for calves fed chopped hay along with concentrate and those not offered hay, suggesting no detrimental effect of feeding forage.

  • effect of Milk feeding Level on development of feeding behavior in dairy calves
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2013
    Co-Authors: E K Millercushon, R Bergeron, K E Leslie, T J Devries
    Abstract:

    Evidence exists that early life experiences may influence development of characteristic feeding patterns in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Milk feeding Level on performance and development of feeding patterns in dairy calves. Twenty Holstein bull calves were assigned at birth to a Milk replacer feeding Level, fed via a teat: (1) ad libitum (ADL) or (2) restricted feeding at 5 L/d (0.75 kg of Milk replacer) in 2 feedings/d (RES). All calves were offered concentrate ad libitum during the Milk feeding stage. Calves were weaned gradually during wk 7 and then fed a pelleted diet ad libitum for 7 wk. Calves were weighed 2 times/wk. Feed and Milk intakes were recorded daily. Feeding behavior was recorded from video for 5 d in each of wk 3, 6, 8, 11, and 14. Calves fed ADL consumed 2.6 times more Milk, had greater weight gain (1.2 vs. 0.6 kg/d), and consumed less solid feed (45.2 vs. 98.0 g/d) during the Milk feeding period than did calves fed RES. As expected, providing Milk ADL resulted in more frequent meals (in wk 6, 7.1 vs. 2.0) and more evenly distributed diurnal patterns of feeding activity compared with the RES Milk Level. When considering all sucking bouts (Milk feeding and nonnutritive sucking), no difference was observed between treatments in daily bout frequency or sucking time/bout. Postweaning, calves fed RES had initially greater rate of intake (24.9 vs. 17.8 g/min) and meal size (160.8 vs. 117.2 g/meal). Diurnal feeding patterns also differed in the first week after weaning, with ADL calves feeding less continuously at the time of feed delivery. Meal characteristics and diurnal patterns of feeding activity were similar between calves by the end of the trial. However, Milk feeding Level had a longer-term effect on variability in feeding behavior, with calves fed RES having greater day-to-day variability in feeding time and meal size. Variability of meal characteristics also decreased over time across treatments. These results suggest that Milk feeding Level may have a short-term influence on postweaning feeding behavior. However, differences in early feeding patterns due to Milk feeding Level do not appear to affect longer-term development of feeding patterns.

Takao Ueda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Studies on the Metabolic Fate of Neticonazole (II):Transfer into the Fetus and Milk, and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion in Rats after Repeated Administration
    Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 1991
    Co-Authors: Kenichi Yano, Yoshio Esumi, Hajime Kozano, Hiroshi Numata, Kouichi Mitsugi, Toshihiro Ooyama, Isao Watanabe, Reiko Wada, Naomi Yatabe, Takao Ueda
    Abstract:

    Transfer of 14C-neticonazole (14C-SS717) into the fetus and Milk were studied in pregnant or lactating rats after subcutaneous administration, while the absorption, distribution, meta-bolism and excretion of 14C-SS717 were studied in male rats after repeated administration. 1. On day 13 and 18 of gestation, the radioactivity in the fetus was lower than that in the maternal blood as revealed by autoradigraphy. The distribution of radioactivity into the fetus was nearly uniform and any significant distribution to any tissue of fetus was not observed. The maximum Level of radioactivity in the fetus was reached at 4hr after dosing and was lower than the maternal plasma Level.2. Milk Levels of the radioactivity in lactating rats were 1.5 ?? 1.7 times higher than that found in the plasma until 8hr after dosing. However, the Milk Level of radioactivity at 24hr after dosing was same as plasma Level, and was not detected at 48hr after dosing.3. During the multiple dosing, the blood radioactivity Level at 24hr after each dosing in-creased constantly with number of dosing and after the 21st dosing it was 3.8 times higher than that after the first dosing.4. The cumulative excretion of radioactivity within 120hr after the 21st dosing accounted for 64.0 and 32.6% of administered dose in the urine and feces, respectively.5. In the most of tissues examined, the concentrations of radioactivity reached the steady state within the 21st dosing. However, the accumulation of radioactivity was observed in aorta and skin. The disappearance of radioactivity from tissues after the 21st dosing was relatively slow.6. In the plasma after the 21st dosing, the unchanged drug and U-2 metabolite, while in the urine U-2, U-5 and U-6 metabolites were detected as a major components.

Steffen Husby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Characterization of cow Milk proteins in human Milk: kinetics, size distribution, and possible relation to atopy.
    Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1991
    Co-Authors: Steffen Husby, Arne Høst, L. G. Hansen
    Abstract:

    Human Milk contains a number of substances immunologically important to the infant1, such as leukocytes, antibodies, and complement factors. In addition, it has been known for many years that dietary antigens may pass from the mother into the breast Milk and cause allergic reactions in the infant2. Dietary antigens have been directly demonstrated in breast Milk by sensitive immunoassays3,4. The Level of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) in breast Milk after maternal intake of cow Milk was related to the presence of cow Milk allergy (CMA) as colic in the infant5. The Milk Level of ovalbumin after the intake of hen eggs, however, did not correlate with the worsening of atopic eczema in the infants studied6.