The Experts below are selected from a list of 633 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Ron Zevenhoven - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Carbonation of serpentinite rock from Lithuania and Finland
    Energy Procedia, 2020
    Co-Authors: Inga Stasiulaitiene, Experience Nduagu, Johan Fagerlund, Gintaras Denafas, Ron Zevenhoven
    Abstract:

    Abstract CO 2 Mineral Sequestration, or Mineral carbonation, is presumably the most important CCS alternative when underground CO 2 Sequestration is not an option or considered unattractive. The following advantages must be emphasized: leakage-free CO 2 fixation that does not require post-storage monitoring; the overwhelmingly large capacity offered by Mineral resources available worldwide; and as recognized more recently, the possibility to operate with the CO 2 containing gas directly, removing the very expensive CO 2 separation step from the CCS process chain. Also, the solid products can be used in applications ranging from land reclamation to iron- and steelmaking. Here, a staged process for Mineral Sequestration that resulted from a decade of R&D work in Finland is applied to two serpentinite rocks from Lithuania and Finland, respectively. The process involves production of magnesium hydroxide from the Mineral, with ammonium sulphate as the extractant (which is recovered downstream), followed by carbonation in a pressurized fluidized bed at 20–40 bar, 450–550 °C. Benefits of this route are that (1) the carbonation reaction heat is taken benefit of, (2) only magnesium hydroxide is carbonated, (3) solid residue, magnesium carbonate and iron oxides are obtained as separate streams, (4) no expensive or non-recoverable chemical additives are used and (5) the pressure in the carbonation process is relatively low. The results show that magnesium hydroxide can be effectively extracted from the two serpentinites at somewhat different extraction process conditions, while the magnesium hydroxide particles produced (∼170 μm,∼340 μm) can be carbonated for 45–50% within 10 minutes at 20 bar, ∼500 °C. Process energy efficiency is similar, or slightly better than (direct, aqueous solution) carbonation processes that were suggested earlier.

  • Mechanisms of serpentine–ammonium sulfate reactions: towards higher efficiencies in flux recovery and Mg extraction for CO2 Mineral Sequestration
    RSC Advances, 2020
    Co-Authors: Experience Nduagu, James Highfield, Jingsheng Chen, Ron Zevenhoven
    Abstract:

    There is a growing research interest in CO2 Mineral Sequestration methods that follow an intermediate Mg extraction step (from Mg-silicates, especially serpentinite rock) by fluxing with ammonium sulfate (AS) or ammonium bisulfate (ABS). This study reports the use of thermogravimetry (TG) combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mass spectrometry (MS) and/or Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), to explore the serpentinite/flux [(S)/AS and S/ABS] reaction chemistry in more detail and identify conditions under which flux losses are restricted. TG-DSC-MS results show that AS decomposition proceeds through a series of reactions leading to the formation of ammonium pyrosulfate [(NH4)2S2O7, APS] via an ABS intermediate. That APS is the key intermediate is attested by the fact that the analogous potassium salt is a well-known flux for metal oxides. As expected the mechanisms for S/AS reaction are more complex than those of thermal decomposition of pure AS or ABS compounds. Two likely possibilities were identified with S/AS thermolysis: formation of APS or sulfamic acid (SA) precursors that extract Mg/Fe cations from serpentinite above 400 °C. A sulfur dioxide peak was detected on the ensemble spectra at 280 °C. This indicates a loss of ABS through sublimation rather than a complete degradation of AS or ABS reagents. At a fast heating rate of 40 K min−1, tests on S/AS resulted in a significantly lower weight loss (ΔW) than at 10 K min−1 (46% vs. 54%), implying better retention of flux and higher extraction efficiency. From TG-FTIR tests, the presence of humidity has a suppressive effect on SA volatilization, stabilizing the hydrated intermediate APS and/or ABS. It also inhibits Mineral transformation to the less reactive forsterite (Mg2SiO4). Extraction of magnesium is primarily dependent on serpentine particle size, but it can be increased significantly in the presence of humidity.

  • CO2 Mineral Sequestration integrated with water-gas shift reaction
    Energy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Ron Zevenhoven, Mikael Virtanen
    Abstract:

    Abstract Mineralisation of CO 2 using magnesium silicate rock offers a large carbon and storage (CCS) potential with documented advantages compared to underground storage of pure CO 2 . Work in Finland has resulted in what is referred to as “the AA route”, involving stepwise carbonation of serpentinite rock. Magnesium is extracted and converted into magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), which is carbonated in a pressurised fluidised bed (PFB) reactor at elevated pressure and temperature. The combined operation of a water-shift reaction and carbonation of Mg(OH) 2 is addressed in this paper for (coal) gasification syngas and, in more detail, blast furnace top gas. Water produced during the carbonation step can drive the water-gas shift reaction. HSC and Aspen Plus are used for thermodynamic equilibrium product gas and solid products composition analysis. Optimal process conditions appear to be 400–450 °C, at a pressure of 40 bar or higher, for acceptable degrees of conversion. This is partly the result of the water-gas shift reaction equilibrium moving to the CO side at higher temperatures, besides increased calcination of Mg(OH) 2 to much less reactive MgO. An energy requirement assessment for blast furnace top gas processing shows that power input requirements may be more than compensated for by waste heat.

  • a comparison of co2 Mineral Sequestration processes involving a dry or wet carbonation step
    Energy, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ron Zevenhoven, Martin Slotte, Jacob Abacka, James Highfield
    Abstract:

    CO2 Mineral Sequestration is one method of the CCUS (carbon capture, utilisation and storage) portfolio, and work on stepwise carbonation of serpentinites (serpentine-rich rock, 3MgO·2SiO2·2H2O) in Finland has resulted in what is known as “the AA (Abo Akademi) route”. This involves extraction of magnesium from rock using ammonium sulphate salt, precipitation of magnesium hydroxide and finally carbonation in a high temperature pressurised fluidised bed. Besides magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) significant amounts of iron (hydr)oxides are produced. Disadvantages are the complexity and exergy consumption associated with alternating (hot/cold/hot) treatment conditions. Therefore, an alternative AA route has been developed that, like the conventional route, can operate directly on flue gas. Here, the final carbonation step is accomplished in an aqueous solution. Products are magnesium (hydrocarbonates), hydromagnesite (4MgCO3·Mg(OH)2), besides iron (hydr)oxides. Early results obtained with this route method are reported, along with a comparison (using process simulation) of the both routes, operating on flue gas from: 1) a lime kiln and 2) a natural gas fired power, addressing the external heat and power input requirements. It was found that conversion levels and rates are similar for the two routes, although excess NH3 may be needed to establish the working pH for hydromagnesite precipitation.

  • CO2 Mineral Sequestration INTEGRATED WITH WATER-GAS SHIFT REACTION
    2016
    Co-Authors: Ron Zevenhoven
    Abstract:

    Mineralisation of CO 2 using the world’s abundant resources of suitable magnesium-silicate rock offers a large carbon and storage (CCS) potential with documented advantages compared to methods that employ underground CO 2 storage. Work in Finland has resulted in what is referred to as “the AA route” or “AAU process”, which is based on stepwise carbonation of serpentinite rock, containing mainly serpentine (3MgO·2SiO 2 ·2H 2 O) besides a significant fraction of iron oxides. Magnesium is extracted using ammonium sulphate and converted into magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), which is carbonated in a pressurised fluidised bed (PFB) reactor at elevated pressure and temperature (~500°C, ~20 bar CO 2 pressure). The combined operation of a water-shift reaction and carbonation of Mg(OH) 2 is addressed in this paper for (coal) gasification syngas and, in more detail, blast furnace top gas. Water produced during the carbonation step can drive the water-gas shift reaction. HSC (v 5.1.) and Aspen Plus (v.8.2) are used for thermodynamic equilibrium product gas and solid products composition analysis. Optimal process conditions appear to be 400 – 450°C, at a pressure of 40 bar or higher, for acceptable degrees of conversion. This optimum range partly the result of the water-gas shift reaction equilibrium moving to the CO side at higher temperatures, and the increasing intensity of Mg(OH) 2 calcination, giving much less reactive MgO instead of the carbonation of Mg(OH) 2 to MgCO 3 . Further work shall address reaction kinetics supported by experiments.

Experience Nduagu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Mechanisms of serpentine–ammonium sulfate reactions: towards higher efficiencies in flux recovery and Mg extraction for CO2 Mineral Sequestration
    RSC Advances, 2020
    Co-Authors: Experience Nduagu, James Highfield, Jingsheng Chen, Ron Zevenhoven
    Abstract:

    There is a growing research interest in CO2 Mineral Sequestration methods that follow an intermediate Mg extraction step (from Mg-silicates, especially serpentinite rock) by fluxing with ammonium sulfate (AS) or ammonium bisulfate (ABS). This study reports the use of thermogravimetry (TG) combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mass spectrometry (MS) and/or Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), to explore the serpentinite/flux [(S)/AS and S/ABS] reaction chemistry in more detail and identify conditions under which flux losses are restricted. TG-DSC-MS results show that AS decomposition proceeds through a series of reactions leading to the formation of ammonium pyrosulfate [(NH4)2S2O7, APS] via an ABS intermediate. That APS is the key intermediate is attested by the fact that the analogous potassium salt is a well-known flux for metal oxides. As expected the mechanisms for S/AS reaction are more complex than those of thermal decomposition of pure AS or ABS compounds. Two likely possibilities were identified with S/AS thermolysis: formation of APS or sulfamic acid (SA) precursors that extract Mg/Fe cations from serpentinite above 400 °C. A sulfur dioxide peak was detected on the ensemble spectra at 280 °C. This indicates a loss of ABS through sublimation rather than a complete degradation of AS or ABS reagents. At a fast heating rate of 40 K min−1, tests on S/AS resulted in a significantly lower weight loss (ΔW) than at 10 K min−1 (46% vs. 54%), implying better retention of flux and higher extraction efficiency. From TG-FTIR tests, the presence of humidity has a suppressive effect on SA volatilization, stabilizing the hydrated intermediate APS and/or ABS. It also inhibits Mineral transformation to the less reactive forsterite (Mg2SiO4). Extraction of magnesium is primarily dependent on serpentine particle size, but it can be increased significantly in the presence of humidity.

  • Carbonation of serpentinite rock from Lithuania and Finland
    Energy Procedia, 2020
    Co-Authors: Inga Stasiulaitiene, Experience Nduagu, Johan Fagerlund, Gintaras Denafas, Ron Zevenhoven
    Abstract:

    Abstract CO 2 Mineral Sequestration, or Mineral carbonation, is presumably the most important CCS alternative when underground CO 2 Sequestration is not an option or considered unattractive. The following advantages must be emphasized: leakage-free CO 2 fixation that does not require post-storage monitoring; the overwhelmingly large capacity offered by Mineral resources available worldwide; and as recognized more recently, the possibility to operate with the CO 2 containing gas directly, removing the very expensive CO 2 separation step from the CCS process chain. Also, the solid products can be used in applications ranging from land reclamation to iron- and steelmaking. Here, a staged process for Mineral Sequestration that resulted from a decade of R&D work in Finland is applied to two serpentinite rocks from Lithuania and Finland, respectively. The process involves production of magnesium hydroxide from the Mineral, with ammonium sulphate as the extractant (which is recovered downstream), followed by carbonation in a pressurized fluidized bed at 20–40 bar, 450–550 °C. Benefits of this route are that (1) the carbonation reaction heat is taken benefit of, (2) only magnesium hydroxide is carbonated, (3) solid residue, magnesium carbonate and iron oxides are obtained as separate streams, (4) no expensive or non-recoverable chemical additives are used and (5) the pressure in the carbonation process is relatively low. The results show that magnesium hydroxide can be effectively extracted from the two serpentinites at somewhat different extraction process conditions, while the magnesium hydroxide particles produced (∼170 μm,∼340 μm) can be carbonated for 45–50% within 10 minutes at 20 bar, ∼500 °C. Process energy efficiency is similar, or slightly better than (direct, aqueous solution) carbonation processes that were suggested earlier.

  • mechanisms of serpentine ammonium sulfate reactions towards higher efficiencies in flux recovery and mg extraction for co2 Mineral Sequestration
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Experience Nduagu, James Highfield, J S Chen, Ron Zevenhoven
    Abstract:

    There is a growing research interest in CO2 Mineral Sequestration methods that follow an intermediate Mg extraction step (from Mg-silicates, especially serpentinite rock) by fluxing with ammonium sulfate (AS) or ammonium bisulfate (ABS). This study reports the use of thermogravimetry (TG) combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mass spectrometry (MS) and/or Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), to explore the serpentinite/flux [(S)/AS and S/ABS] reaction chemistry in more detail and identify conditions under which flux losses are restricted. TG-DSC-MS results show that AS decomposition proceeds through a series of reactions leading to the formation of ammonium pyrosulfate [(NH4)2S2O7, APS] via an ABS intermediate. That APS is the key intermediate is attested by the fact that the analogous potassium salt is a well-known flux for metal oxides. As expected the mechanisms for S/AS reaction are more complex than those of thermal decomposition of pure AS or ABS compounds. Two likely possibilities were identified with S/AS thermolysis: formation of APS or sulfamic acid (SA) precursors that extract Mg/Fe cations from serpentinite above 400 °C. A sulfur dioxide peak was detected on the ensemble spectra at 280 °C. This indicates a loss of ABS through sublimation rather than a complete degradation of AS or ABS reagents. At a fast heating rate of 40 K min−1, tests on S/AS resulted in a significantly lower weight loss (ΔW) than at 10 K min−1 (46% vs. 54%), implying better retention of flux and higher extraction efficiency. From TG-FTIR tests, the presence of humidity has a suppressive effect on SA volatilization, stabilizing the hydrated intermediate APS and/or ABS. It also inhibits Mineral transformation to the less reactive forsterite (Mg2SiO4). Extraction of magnesium is primarily dependent on serpentine particle size, but it can be increased significantly in the presence of humidity.

  • performance assessment of producing mg oh 2 for co2 Mineral Sequestration
    Applied Energy, 2013
    Co-Authors: Experience Nduagu, Johan Fagerlund, Ines Romao, Ron Zevenhoven
    Abstract:

    This study presents the energy and environmental performance assessment of producing magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) from Mg–silicates for CO2 Mineral Sequestration applied to a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plant. Mg(OH)2 produced via a closed loop reaction of serpentinite and ammonium sulfate (AS), precipitation of Mg(OH)2 and AS looping/recovery binds CO2 into a thermodynamically stable, environmentally benign and leak-free magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). We used results from laboratory, modeling and life cycle assessment (LCA) studies to determine the extent to which magnesium (Mg) from serpentinite rock can be converted to Mg(OH)2, the effects of reaction parameters, scalability and the associated life cycle greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). We found that reaction temperature positively affects Mg extraction from serpentinite, reaching a maximum yield at different temperatures depending on the reaction time. Also, the reactor properties affect the extraction results as the optimal extraction yield and conditions reported for different reactors differ. While the process of producing Mg(OH)2 is promising, it also possesses a level of energy and environmental burden that cannot be ignored when considering large scale implementation. At 100% conversion and recovery of reagent, the CO2 Mineralization process has a life cycle global warming potential (GWP) of 433kg CO2 equivalents per ton CO2 (CO2e/t-CO2). This value increases by 82, 7 and 0.4kg CO2e/t-CO2 for every %-point efficiency loss of AS recovery, Mg(OH)2 production and Mg(OH)2 carbonation respectively. Mineral Sequestration applied to the 555MW NGCC plant reduces its net plant efficiency from 50.2% to 38.6%-points (an energy penalty of 30%) but avoids 51% of the GHG emissions to the atmosphere. The results from this study are timely, and could have significant implications on Mineral Sequestration methods that consider the exothermic nature of the overall Mineral carbonation chemistry beneficial.

  • carbonation of magnesium silicate Mineral using a pressurised gas solid process
    Energy Procedia, 2009
    Co-Authors: Johan Fagerlund, Experience Nduagu, Sebastian Teir, Ron Zevenhoven
    Abstract:

    Abstract Carbon dioxide Mineral Sequestration is not as widely advocated as CO2 Sequestration by other means such as underground storage alternatives, yet it possesses properties (capacity, permanency, energy economy) that can not be matched by other options. In this paper, our findings and results since GHGT-8 as well as current activities and near-future plans regarding CO2 Mineral carbonation are presented. The focus lies on the use of fluidised bed (FB) reactors for the carbonation of magnesium silicates via magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide intermediates, at temperatures and pressures up to 600 ∘C, 100 bar (allowing for both sub- and supercritical conditions for CO2), supported by earlier experiments using pressurised thermogravimetric analysis (PTGA). In addition, as the production of reactive magnesium from silicate Mineral is not straightforward, it receives special attention, and first results of magnesium hydroxide production from serpentine using different methods are presented.

Huiquan Li - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Enhanced Steelmaking Slag Mineral Carbonation in Dilute Alkali Solution
    Advanced Materials Research, 2020
    Co-Authors: Huiquan Li, Chenye Wang, Ke Lin Huang, Dan Kui Liao
    Abstract:

    Steelmaking slag Mineral carbonation is a possible technology for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere, which has been studied both in aqueous and dilute alkali medium. A set of variables, the stirring speed, reaction time, alkali to slag ratio and reaction temperature, were systematically investigated. The results indicated that reaction time, alkali to slag ratio and reaction temperature were the major factors for CO2 Mineral Sequestration. Under the optimal conditions with the alkali to slag ratio of 4 % at 80 °C, 16.64 g CO2 can be sequestrated in per 100g steel slag and both calcite and aragonite were generated. This work would be of significance to understand the reaction mechanism deeply and provide valuable information for further study in this field.

  • Carbon Dioxide Sequestration via Steelmaking Slag Carbonation in Alkali Solutions: Experimental Investigation and Process Evaluation
    Acta Metallurgica Sinica (english Letters), 2018
    Co-Authors: Chenye Wang, Huiquan Li
    Abstract:

    Carbon dioxide Mineral Sequestration with steelmaking slag is a promising method for reducing carbon dioxide in a large-scale setting. Existing calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide in steelmaking slag can be easily leached by water, and the formed calcium carbonate can be easily wrapped on the surface of unreacted steelmaking slag particles. Thus, further increase in the carbonation reaction rate can be prevented. Enhanced carbon dioxide Mineral Sequestration with steelmaking slag in dilute alkali solution was analysed in this study through experiments and process evaluation. Operating conditions, namely alkali concentration, reaction temperature and time, and liquid-to-solid ratio, were initially investigated. Then, the material and energy balance of the entire process was calculated, and the net carbon dioxide Sequestration efficiency at different reaction times was evaluated. Results showed that dilute alkali solution participated in slowing down the leaching of active calcium in the steelmaking slag and in significantly improving carbonation conversion rate. The highest carbonation conversion rate of approximately 50% can be obtained at the optimal conditions of 20 g/L alkali concentration, 2 mL/L liquid-to-solid ratio, and 70 °C reaction temperature. Carbonation reaction time significantly influences the net carbon dioxide Sequestration efficiency. According to calculation, carbon dioxide emission of 52.6 kg/t-slag was avoided at a relatively long time of 120 min.

  • experimental investigation of enhanced carbonation by solvent extraction for indirect co2 Mineral Sequestration
    Greenhouse Gases-Science and Technology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Huiquan Li, Yi Zhang
    Abstract:

    An indirect CO 2 Mineral Sequestration involving two separated steps with acetic acid as a recycling medium provides a promising method for CO 2 Sequestration as well as the minimum CO 2 emission for calcium carbonate production. In such an indirect route, the calcium carbonate production in the second gas‐liquid reactive crystallization step has been challenged by low carbonation efficiency. This paper describes significant enhancement of the second step by coupling reactive crystallization and solvent extraction with the introduction of the organic solvent, tributyl phosphate (TBP), to the process. Based on the reaction mechanism of this enhanced carbonation process, many influencing factors including stirring speed, phase ratio, reaction time, reaction temperature, CO 2 partial pressure, and the composition of the initial aqueous solution, were studied. Given the operating conditions of 60 min reaction time, 500 rpm stirring speed, organic‐to‐aqueous phase volume ratio of 1, 80 °C reaction temperature, 4.0 MPa CO 2 partial pressure, and initial pH of 7, the obtained crystallization conversion in the second step was found to increase from 20% to above 50%, with the incorporation of TBP and the addition of magnesium acetate.

  • selective leaching of steelmaking slag for indirect co2 Mineral Sequestration
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010
    Co-Authors: Huiquan Li, Yi Zhang
    Abstract:

    Indirect CO2 Mineral Sequestration, which could make CO2 fixate into precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of value-added products, is an important technology that is used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions economically. It can be conducted in two steps, one of which has been investigated in the previous paper. In this work, extraction of calcium ions from steelmaking slag using a novel leaching medium, which involves organic solvent tributyl phosphate (TBP), acetic acid, and ultrapure water, was studied. Several operating variables, including stirring speed, phase-volume ratio, organic solvent-to-solid ratio, initial acetic acid concentration, acid-to-slag ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time were investigated. It was found that the leaching process could be divided into three regions according to the acid-to-slag ratio. The first region below 0.5 g/g was characterized by the acid-to-solid ratio; the second region above 0.5 g/g but below 1.0 g/g was characterized by the acid-to-solid ratio; and ...

Johan Fagerlund - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Carbonation of serpentinite rock from Lithuania and Finland
    Energy Procedia, 2020
    Co-Authors: Inga Stasiulaitiene, Experience Nduagu, Johan Fagerlund, Gintaras Denafas, Ron Zevenhoven
    Abstract:

    Abstract CO 2 Mineral Sequestration, or Mineral carbonation, is presumably the most important CCS alternative when underground CO 2 Sequestration is not an option or considered unattractive. The following advantages must be emphasized: leakage-free CO 2 fixation that does not require post-storage monitoring; the overwhelmingly large capacity offered by Mineral resources available worldwide; and as recognized more recently, the possibility to operate with the CO 2 containing gas directly, removing the very expensive CO 2 separation step from the CCS process chain. Also, the solid products can be used in applications ranging from land reclamation to iron- and steelmaking. Here, a staged process for Mineral Sequestration that resulted from a decade of R&D work in Finland is applied to two serpentinite rocks from Lithuania and Finland, respectively. The process involves production of magnesium hydroxide from the Mineral, with ammonium sulphate as the extractant (which is recovered downstream), followed by carbonation in a pressurized fluidized bed at 20–40 bar, 450–550 °C. Benefits of this route are that (1) the carbonation reaction heat is taken benefit of, (2) only magnesium hydroxide is carbonated, (3) solid residue, magnesium carbonate and iron oxides are obtained as separate streams, (4) no expensive or non-recoverable chemical additives are used and (5) the pressure in the carbonation process is relatively low. The results show that magnesium hydroxide can be effectively extracted from the two serpentinites at somewhat different extraction process conditions, while the magnesium hydroxide particles produced (∼170 μm,∼340 μm) can be carbonated for 45–50% within 10 minutes at 20 bar, ∼500 °C. Process energy efficiency is similar, or slightly better than (direct, aqueous solution) carbonation processes that were suggested earlier.

  • performance assessment of producing mg oh 2 for co2 Mineral Sequestration
    Applied Energy, 2013
    Co-Authors: Experience Nduagu, Johan Fagerlund, Ines Romao, Ron Zevenhoven
    Abstract:

    This study presents the energy and environmental performance assessment of producing magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) from Mg–silicates for CO2 Mineral Sequestration applied to a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plant. Mg(OH)2 produced via a closed loop reaction of serpentinite and ammonium sulfate (AS), precipitation of Mg(OH)2 and AS looping/recovery binds CO2 into a thermodynamically stable, environmentally benign and leak-free magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). We used results from laboratory, modeling and life cycle assessment (LCA) studies to determine the extent to which magnesium (Mg) from serpentinite rock can be converted to Mg(OH)2, the effects of reaction parameters, scalability and the associated life cycle greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). We found that reaction temperature positively affects Mg extraction from serpentinite, reaching a maximum yield at different temperatures depending on the reaction time. Also, the reactor properties affect the extraction results as the optimal extraction yield and conditions reported for different reactors differ. While the process of producing Mg(OH)2 is promising, it also possesses a level of energy and environmental burden that cannot be ignored when considering large scale implementation. At 100% conversion and recovery of reagent, the CO2 Mineralization process has a life cycle global warming potential (GWP) of 433kg CO2 equivalents per ton CO2 (CO2e/t-CO2). This value increases by 82, 7 and 0.4kg CO2e/t-CO2 for every %-point efficiency loss of AS recovery, Mg(OH)2 production and Mg(OH)2 carbonation respectively. Mineral Sequestration applied to the 555MW NGCC plant reduces its net plant efficiency from 50.2% to 38.6%-points (an energy penalty of 30%) but avoids 51% of the GHG emissions to the atmosphere. The results from this study are timely, and could have significant implications on Mineral Sequestration methods that consider the exothermic nature of the overall Mineral carbonation chemistry beneficial.

  • Mineral Sequestration for CCS in Finland and Abroad
    Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress – Sweden 8–13 May 2011 Linköping Sweden, 2011
    Co-Authors: Ron Zevenhoven, Johan Fagerlund
    Abstract:

    The long-term storage of CO2 using Mineral Sequestration is becoming increasingly interesting in many regions, especially where CO2 underground Sequestration is considered impossible or unfeasible. Despite the recognised and documented advantages of CO2 Mineral Sequestration, twenty years of R&D work did not yet result in mature, economically viable technology that can be applied on a large scale. Lacking other CCS options while having access to large resources of suitable rock material, a route for carbonation of magnesium silicate Mineral is currently being optimised in Finland. It involves the production of magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 from the Mineral followed by carbonation of this in a pressurised fluidised bed reactor. Although the Mg(OH)2 production requires energy the consequent carbonation step is exothermic and the overall process could still be rendered energy neutral. Significant amounts of iron oxides are obtained as by-products. Carbonation levels of ~50% of several 100 μm diameter Mg(OH)2 particles were obtained within 10 minutes at pressures > 20 bar and temperatures up to 500oC. This paper reports on the latest developments of the work, addressing also process energy efficiency. Also, the large-scale application of this in Finland and at the locations of project partners abroad is briefly addressed.

  • CO2 Mineral Sequestration: developments toward large‐scale application
    Greenhouse Gases-Science and Technology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Ron Zevenhoven, Johan Fagerlund, Joel Songok
    Abstract:

    The years ahead will show whether CO 2 Mineral Sequestration can be developed to a unit scale of the order of 1 Mt/a CO 2 storage around the year 2020, offering additional large‐scale carbon capture and Sequestration (CCS) capacity besides underground CO 2 Sequestration. Motivated by the slow deployment of large‐scale underground storage of CO 2 or simply the availability of large amounts of suitable Minerals, progress on Mineral Sequestration is being steadily made and reported by an increasing number of research teams and projects worldwide. Other well‐documented advantages of the method are that it offers leakage‐free CO 2 fixation that does not require post‐storage monitoring and an overwhelmingly large capacity is offered by Mineral resources available worldwide, besides the feature that the chemical conversion releases significant amounts of heat. As recognized more recently, it also offers the possibility to operate with a CO 2 ‐containing gas directly, removing the expensive CO 2 separation step from the CCS process chain. Moreover, the solid products can be used in applications ranging from land reclamation to iron‐ and steelmaking. With the technology overview given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on CCS (2005) as a reference point, the method is reviewed and its capacity, weaknesses, and strengths are re‐assessed. The state‐of‐the‐art after twenty years of R&D work as reflected by ongoing development work inside and outside laboratories is summarized, illustrating the future prospects of CO 2 Mineralization within a portfolio of CCS technologies under development worldwide. Current developments include an increasing number of patents and patent applications and a trend toward scale‐up and demonstration. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

  • co2 Mineral Sequestration developments toward large scale application
    Greenhouse Gases-Science and Technology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Ron Zevenhoven, Johan Fagerlund, Joel Songok
    Abstract:

    The years ahead will show whether CO 2 Mineral Sequestration can be developed to a unit scale of the order of 1 Mt/a CO 2 storage around the year 2020, offering additional large‐scale carbon capture and Sequestration (CCS) capacity besides underground CO 2 Sequestration. Motivated by the slow deployment of large‐scale underground storage of CO 2 or simply the availability of large amounts of suitable Minerals, progress on Mineral Sequestration is being steadily made and reported by an increasing number of research teams and projects worldwide. Other well‐documented advantages of the method are that it offers leakage‐free CO 2 fixation that does not require post‐storage monitoring and an overwhelmingly large capacity is offered by Mineral resources available worldwide, besides the feature that the chemical conversion releases significant amounts of heat. As recognized more recently, it also offers the possibility to operate with a CO 2 ‐containing gas directly, removing the expensive CO 2 separation step from the CCS process chain. Moreover, the solid products can be used in applications ranging from land reclamation to iron‐ and steelmaking. With the technology overview given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on CCS (2005) as a reference point, the method is reviewed and its capacity, weaknesses, and strengths are re‐assessed. The state‐of‐the‐art after twenty years of R&D work as reflected by ongoing development work inside and outside laboratories is summarized, illustrating the future prospects of CO 2 Mineralization within a portfolio of CCS technologies under development worldwide. Current developments include an increasing number of patents and patent applications and a trend toward scale‐up and demonstration. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Joel Songok - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • CO2 Mineral Sequestration: developments toward large‐scale application
    Greenhouse Gases-Science and Technology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Ron Zevenhoven, Johan Fagerlund, Joel Songok
    Abstract:

    The years ahead will show whether CO 2 Mineral Sequestration can be developed to a unit scale of the order of 1 Mt/a CO 2 storage around the year 2020, offering additional large‐scale carbon capture and Sequestration (CCS) capacity besides underground CO 2 Sequestration. Motivated by the slow deployment of large‐scale underground storage of CO 2 or simply the availability of large amounts of suitable Minerals, progress on Mineral Sequestration is being steadily made and reported by an increasing number of research teams and projects worldwide. Other well‐documented advantages of the method are that it offers leakage‐free CO 2 fixation that does not require post‐storage monitoring and an overwhelmingly large capacity is offered by Mineral resources available worldwide, besides the feature that the chemical conversion releases significant amounts of heat. As recognized more recently, it also offers the possibility to operate with a CO 2 ‐containing gas directly, removing the expensive CO 2 separation step from the CCS process chain. Moreover, the solid products can be used in applications ranging from land reclamation to iron‐ and steelmaking. With the technology overview given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on CCS (2005) as a reference point, the method is reviewed and its capacity, weaknesses, and strengths are re‐assessed. The state‐of‐the‐art after twenty years of R&D work as reflected by ongoing development work inside and outside laboratories is summarized, illustrating the future prospects of CO 2 Mineralization within a portfolio of CCS technologies under development worldwide. Current developments include an increasing number of patents and patent applications and a trend toward scale‐up and demonstration. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

  • co2 Mineral Sequestration developments toward large scale application
    Greenhouse Gases-Science and Technology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Ron Zevenhoven, Johan Fagerlund, Joel Songok
    Abstract:

    The years ahead will show whether CO 2 Mineral Sequestration can be developed to a unit scale of the order of 1 Mt/a CO 2 storage around the year 2020, offering additional large‐scale carbon capture and Sequestration (CCS) capacity besides underground CO 2 Sequestration. Motivated by the slow deployment of large‐scale underground storage of CO 2 or simply the availability of large amounts of suitable Minerals, progress on Mineral Sequestration is being steadily made and reported by an increasing number of research teams and projects worldwide. Other well‐documented advantages of the method are that it offers leakage‐free CO 2 fixation that does not require post‐storage monitoring and an overwhelmingly large capacity is offered by Mineral resources available worldwide, besides the feature that the chemical conversion releases significant amounts of heat. As recognized more recently, it also offers the possibility to operate with a CO 2 ‐containing gas directly, removing the expensive CO 2 separation step from the CCS process chain. Moreover, the solid products can be used in applications ranging from land reclamation to iron‐ and steelmaking. With the technology overview given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on CCS (2005) as a reference point, the method is reviewed and its capacity, weaknesses, and strengths are re‐assessed. The state‐of‐the‐art after twenty years of R&D work as reflected by ongoing development work inside and outside laboratories is summarized, illustrating the future prospects of CO 2 Mineralization within a portfolio of CCS technologies under development worldwide. Current developments include an increasing number of patents and patent applications and a trend toward scale‐up and demonstration. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd