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Roy F. Baumeister - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the strength Model of Self regulation conclusions from the second decade of willpower research
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2018Co-Authors: Dianne M Tice, Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D VohsAbstract:The strength Model of Self-regulation uses a muscle analogy to explain patterns of ego depletion, conservation of willpower, and improved performance after frequent exercise. Our 2007 overview of the literature has been well cited, presumably because of the phenomenon's importance to theories of Selfhood and a wide assortment of applied contexts, including problem behaviors. Some researchers have put forward rival theoretical accounts, and others have questioned the existence of the phenomenon. The weight of evidence continues to support the usefulness of the strength Model, albeit amid continuing updates and revisions.
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strength Model of Self regulation as limited resource assessment controversies update
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D VohsAbstract:The strength Model of Self-regulation holds that Self-regulation operates by consuming a limited energy resource, thereby producing a state called ego depletion in which volition is curtailed because of low energy. We present our research program on ego depletion as well as much relevant work contributed by others. Challenges to the theory have emphasized allocation rather than depletion of resources, research participant expectations and obligations, changes in motivation and attention, beliefs and implicit theories, perceptions about depletion and vicarious depletion, glucose anomalies, and feelings of autonomy. We conclude that the theory needs revision and updating to accommodate the new findings, and we indicate the requisite changes. Furthermore, we conclude that the strength Model is much better able than the rival accounts to explain all available evidence. Most of the rival accounts are compatible with it and indeed work best by sustaining the assumption that Self-regulation relies on a limited resource.
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The strength Model of Self-control
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2007Co-Authors: Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D Vohs, Dianne M TiceAbstract:Self-control is a central function of the Self and an important key to success in life. The exertion of Self-control appears to depend on a limited resource. Just as a muscle gets tired from exertion, acts of Self-control cause short-termimpairments (ego depletion) in subsequent Self-control, even on unrelated tasks. Research has supported the strength Model in the domains of eating, drinking, spending, sexuality, intelligent thought, making choices, and interpersonal behavior. Motivational or framing factors can temporarily block the deleterious effects of being in a state of ego depletion. Blood glucose is an important component of the energy.
Kathleen D Vohs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the strength Model of Self regulation conclusions from the second decade of willpower research
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2018Co-Authors: Dianne M Tice, Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D VohsAbstract:The strength Model of Self-regulation uses a muscle analogy to explain patterns of ego depletion, conservation of willpower, and improved performance after frequent exercise. Our 2007 overview of the literature has been well cited, presumably because of the phenomenon's importance to theories of Selfhood and a wide assortment of applied contexts, including problem behaviors. Some researchers have put forward rival theoretical accounts, and others have questioned the existence of the phenomenon. The weight of evidence continues to support the usefulness of the strength Model, albeit amid continuing updates and revisions.
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strength Model of Self regulation as limited resource assessment controversies update
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D VohsAbstract:The strength Model of Self-regulation holds that Self-regulation operates by consuming a limited energy resource, thereby producing a state called ego depletion in which volition is curtailed because of low energy. We present our research program on ego depletion as well as much relevant work contributed by others. Challenges to the theory have emphasized allocation rather than depletion of resources, research participant expectations and obligations, changes in motivation and attention, beliefs and implicit theories, perceptions about depletion and vicarious depletion, glucose anomalies, and feelings of autonomy. We conclude that the theory needs revision and updating to accommodate the new findings, and we indicate the requisite changes. Furthermore, we conclude that the strength Model is much better able than the rival accounts to explain all available evidence. Most of the rival accounts are compatible with it and indeed work best by sustaining the assumption that Self-regulation relies on a limited resource.
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The strength Model of Self-control
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2007Co-Authors: Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D Vohs, Dianne M TiceAbstract:Self-control is a central function of the Self and an important key to success in life. The exertion of Self-control appears to depend on a limited resource. Just as a muscle gets tired from exertion, acts of Self-control cause short-termimpairments (ego depletion) in subsequent Self-control, even on unrelated tasks. Research has supported the strength Model in the domains of eating, drinking, spending, sexuality, intelligent thought, making choices, and interpersonal behavior. Motivational or framing factors can temporarily block the deleterious effects of being in a state of ego depletion. Blood glucose is an important component of the energy.
Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the common sense Model of Self regulation meta analysis and test of a process Model
Psychological Bulletin, 2017Co-Authors: Martin S. Hagger, Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis, Severine Koch, Sheina OrbellAbstract:According to the common-sense Model of Self-regulation, individuals form lay representations of illnesses that guide coping procedures to manage illness threat. We meta-analyzed studies adopting the Model to (a) examine the intercorrelations among illness representation dimensions, coping strategies, and illness outcomes; (b) test the sufficiency of a process Model in which relations between illness representations and outcomes were mediated by coping strategies; and (c) test effects of moderators on Model relations. Studies adopting the common-sense Model in chronic illness (k = 254) were subjected to random-effects meta-analysis. The pattern of zero-order corrected correlations among illness representation dimensions (identity, consequences, timeline, perceived control, illness coherence, emotional representations), coping strategies (avoidance, cognitive reappraisal, emotion venting, problem-focused generic, problem-focused specific, seeking social support), and illness outcomes (disease state, distress, well-being, physical, role, and social functioning) was consistent with previous analyses. Meta-analytic path analyses supported a process Model that included direct effects of illness representations on outcomes and indirect effects mediated by coping. Emotional representations and perceived control were consistently related to illness-related and functional outcomes via, respectively, lower and greater employment of coping strategies to deal with symptoms or manage treatment. Representations signaling threat (consequences, identity) had specific positive and negative indirect effects on outcomes through problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies. There was little evidence of moderation of Model effects by study design, illness type and context, and study quality. A revised process Model is proposed to guide future research which includes effects of moderators, individual differences, and beliefs about coping and treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record
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ego depletion and the strength Model of Self control a meta analysis
Psychological Bulletin, 2010Co-Authors: Martin S. Hagger, Chantelle Wood, Chris Stiff, Nikos L. D. ChatzisarantisAbstract:According to the strength Model, Self-control is a finite resource that determines capacity for effortful control over dominant responses and, once expended, leads to impaired Self-control task performance, known as ego depletion. A meta-analysis of 83 studies tested the effect of ego depletion on task performance and related outcomes, alternative explanations and moderators of the effect, and additional strength Model hypotheses. Results revealed a significant effect of ego depletion on Self-control task performance. Significant effect sizes were found for ego depletion on effort, perceived difficulty, negative affect, subjective fatigue, and blood glucose levels. Small, nonsignificant effects were found for positive affect and Self-efficacy. Moderator analyses indicated minimal variation in the effect across sphere of depleting and dependent task, frequently used depleting and dependent tasks, presentation of tasks as single or separate experiments, type of dependent measure and control condition task, and source laboratory. The effect size was moderated by depleting task duration, task presentation by the same or different experimenters, intertask interim period, dependent task complexity, and use of dependent tasks in the choice and volition and cognitive spheres. Motivational incentives, training on Self-control tasks, and glucose supplementation promoted better Self-control in ego-depleted samples. Expecting further acts of Self-control exacerbated the effect. Findings provide preliminary support for the ego-depletion effect and strength Model hypotheses. Support for motivation and fatigue as alternative explanations for ego depletion indicate a need to integrate the strength Model with other theories. Findings provide impetus for future investigation testing additional hypotheses and mechanisms of the ego-depletion effect.
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The strength Model of Self-regulation failure and health-related behaviour
Health Psychology Review, 2009Co-Authors: Martin S. Hagger, Chantelle Wood, Chris Stiff, Nikos L. D. ChatzisarantisAbstract:Abstract Successful Self-regulation is associated with adherence to health-related behaviour in many domains. In contrast, Self-regulatory failure is linked to poor adherence and drop-out. This review presents the strength Model of Self-control as a framework to explain Self-regulation in health-related behaviour contexts. In the Model, Self-regulation is conceptualised as a limited resource that once depleted results in reduced capacity to further regulate the Self. We provide an overview of the hypotheses of the strength Model and review research applying the Model to Self-regulation in four health-related behaviour domains: dietary restraint and eating behaviour, alcohol consumption, smoking cessation and physical activity. Based on our review, we recommend practitioners adopt strategies to minimise Self-regulatory failure in people engaging in health-related behaviours such as minimising demands on Self-control resources in the early stages of uptake and eating regularly to prevent hypoglycaemia. We a...
Martin S. Hagger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the common sense Model of Self regulation meta analysis and test of a process Model
Psychological Bulletin, 2017Co-Authors: Martin S. Hagger, Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis, Severine Koch, Sheina OrbellAbstract:According to the common-sense Model of Self-regulation, individuals form lay representations of illnesses that guide coping procedures to manage illness threat. We meta-analyzed studies adopting the Model to (a) examine the intercorrelations among illness representation dimensions, coping strategies, and illness outcomes; (b) test the sufficiency of a process Model in which relations between illness representations and outcomes were mediated by coping strategies; and (c) test effects of moderators on Model relations. Studies adopting the common-sense Model in chronic illness (k = 254) were subjected to random-effects meta-analysis. The pattern of zero-order corrected correlations among illness representation dimensions (identity, consequences, timeline, perceived control, illness coherence, emotional representations), coping strategies (avoidance, cognitive reappraisal, emotion venting, problem-focused generic, problem-focused specific, seeking social support), and illness outcomes (disease state, distress, well-being, physical, role, and social functioning) was consistent with previous analyses. Meta-analytic path analyses supported a process Model that included direct effects of illness representations on outcomes and indirect effects mediated by coping. Emotional representations and perceived control were consistently related to illness-related and functional outcomes via, respectively, lower and greater employment of coping strategies to deal with symptoms or manage treatment. Representations signaling threat (consequences, identity) had specific positive and negative indirect effects on outcomes through problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies. There was little evidence of moderation of Model effects by study design, illness type and context, and study quality. A revised process Model is proposed to guide future research which includes effects of moderators, individual differences, and beliefs about coping and treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record
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ego depletion and the strength Model of Self control a meta analysis
Psychological Bulletin, 2010Co-Authors: Martin S. Hagger, Chantelle Wood, Chris Stiff, Nikos L. D. ChatzisarantisAbstract:According to the strength Model, Self-control is a finite resource that determines capacity for effortful control over dominant responses and, once expended, leads to impaired Self-control task performance, known as ego depletion. A meta-analysis of 83 studies tested the effect of ego depletion on task performance and related outcomes, alternative explanations and moderators of the effect, and additional strength Model hypotheses. Results revealed a significant effect of ego depletion on Self-control task performance. Significant effect sizes were found for ego depletion on effort, perceived difficulty, negative affect, subjective fatigue, and blood glucose levels. Small, nonsignificant effects were found for positive affect and Self-efficacy. Moderator analyses indicated minimal variation in the effect across sphere of depleting and dependent task, frequently used depleting and dependent tasks, presentation of tasks as single or separate experiments, type of dependent measure and control condition task, and source laboratory. The effect size was moderated by depleting task duration, task presentation by the same or different experimenters, intertask interim period, dependent task complexity, and use of dependent tasks in the choice and volition and cognitive spheres. Motivational incentives, training on Self-control tasks, and glucose supplementation promoted better Self-control in ego-depleted samples. Expecting further acts of Self-control exacerbated the effect. Findings provide preliminary support for the ego-depletion effect and strength Model hypotheses. Support for motivation and fatigue as alternative explanations for ego depletion indicate a need to integrate the strength Model with other theories. Findings provide impetus for future investigation testing additional hypotheses and mechanisms of the ego-depletion effect.
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The strength Model of Self-regulation failure and health-related behaviour
Health Psychology Review, 2009Co-Authors: Martin S. Hagger, Chantelle Wood, Chris Stiff, Nikos L. D. ChatzisarantisAbstract:Abstract Successful Self-regulation is associated with adherence to health-related behaviour in many domains. In contrast, Self-regulatory failure is linked to poor adherence and drop-out. This review presents the strength Model of Self-control as a framework to explain Self-regulation in health-related behaviour contexts. In the Model, Self-regulation is conceptualised as a limited resource that once depleted results in reduced capacity to further regulate the Self. We provide an overview of the hypotheses of the strength Model and review research applying the Model to Self-regulation in four health-related behaviour domains: dietary restraint and eating behaviour, alcohol consumption, smoking cessation and physical activity. Based on our review, we recommend practitioners adopt strategies to minimise Self-regulatory failure in people engaging in health-related behaviours such as minimising demands on Self-control resources in the early stages of uptake and eating regularly to prevent hypoglycaemia. We a...
Chris Englert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Strength Model of Self-Control in Sport and Exercise Psychology.
Frontiers in psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Chris EnglertAbstract:The strength Model of Self-control assumes that all acts of Self-control (e.g., emotion regulation, persistence) are empowered by a single global metaphorical strength that has limited capacity. This strength can become temporarily depleted after a primary Self-control act, which, in turn, can impair performance in subsequent acts of Self-control. Recently, the assumptions of the strength Model of Self-control also have been adopted and tested in the field of sport and exercise psychology. The present review paper aims to give an overview of recent developments in Self-control research based on the strength Model of Self-control. Furthermore, recent research on interventions on how to improve and revitalize Self-control strength will be presented. Finally, the strength Model of Self-control has been criticized lately, as well as expanded in scope, so the present paper will also discuss alternative explanations of why previous acts of Self-control can lead to impaired performance in sport and exercise.
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Neuroenhancement and the strength Model of Self-control
Frontiers in psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Chris Englert, Wanja WolffAbstract:Neuroenhancement (NE), the use of substances as a means to enhance performance, has garnered considerable scientific attention of late. While ethical and epidemiological publications on the topic accumulate, there is a lack of theory-driven psychological research that aims at understanding psychological drivers of NE. In this perspective article we argue that Self-control strength offers a promising theory-based approach to further understand and investigate NE behavior. Using the strength Model of Self-control, we derive two theory-driven perspectives on NE-Self-control research. First, we propose that individual differences in state/trait Self-control strength differentially affect NE behavior based on one's individual experience of NE use. Building upon this, we outline promising research questions that (will) further elucidate our understanding of NE based on the strength Model's propositions. Second, we discuss evidence indicating that popular NE substances (like Methylphenidate) may counteract imminent losses of Self-control strength. We outline how further research on NE's effects on the ego-depletion effect may further broaden our understanding of the strength Model of Self-control.
