The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Olivier Therond - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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livestock system sustainability and resilience in intensive production zones which form of ecological Modernization
Regional Environmental Change, 2015Co-Authors: Michel Duru, Olivier TherondAbstract:Changes in agriculture during the twentieth century led to high levels of food production based on increasing inputs and specialization of farms and agricultural regions. To address negative externalities of these changes, two forms of ecological Modernization of agriculture are promoted: “weak” ecological Modernization, mainly based on increasing input efficiency through crop and animal monitoring and nutrient recycling, and “strong” ecological Modernization, based on increasing agrobiodiversity at different space and time scales and within or among farms to develop ecosystem services and in turn reduce industrial inputs even more. Because characterizing the sustainability of these two forms of ecological Modernization remains an issue, we review the literature on livestock systems to compare their advantages and drawbacks. After defining the livestock system as a local social–ecological system embedded in a complex multi-level and multi-domain system, we characterize the two forms of ecological Modernization (weak vs. strong). When sustainability is defined as a state that should be maintained at a certain level and assessed through a set of indicators (environmental, economic, and social), we highlight that one ecological Modernization form might have an advantage for certain sustainability criteria, but a disadvantage for others. When sustainability is viewed as a process (resilience), we find that these two forms of ecological Modernization are based on different properties: governance of the entire agri-food chain for weak ecological Modernization versus local governance of agriculture and its biophysical and social diversity and connectivity, and management of slow variables for strong ecological Modernization. The relevance of this sustainability-analysis approach is illustrated by considering different types of dairy livestock systems, organic agriculture and integrated crop–livestock systems.
Michel Duru - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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livestock system sustainability and resilience in intensive production zones which form of ecological Modernization
Regional Environmental Change, 2015Co-Authors: Michel Duru, Olivier TherondAbstract:Changes in agriculture during the twentieth century led to high levels of food production based on increasing inputs and specialization of farms and agricultural regions. To address negative externalities of these changes, two forms of ecological Modernization of agriculture are promoted: “weak” ecological Modernization, mainly based on increasing input efficiency through crop and animal monitoring and nutrient recycling, and “strong” ecological Modernization, based on increasing agrobiodiversity at different space and time scales and within or among farms to develop ecosystem services and in turn reduce industrial inputs even more. Because characterizing the sustainability of these two forms of ecological Modernization remains an issue, we review the literature on livestock systems to compare their advantages and drawbacks. After defining the livestock system as a local social–ecological system embedded in a complex multi-level and multi-domain system, we characterize the two forms of ecological Modernization (weak vs. strong). When sustainability is defined as a state that should be maintained at a certain level and assessed through a set of indicators (environmental, economic, and social), we highlight that one ecological Modernization form might have an advantage for certain sustainability criteria, but a disadvantage for others. When sustainability is viewed as a process (resilience), we find that these two forms of ecological Modernization are based on different properties: governance of the entire agri-food chain for weak ecological Modernization versus local governance of agriculture and its biophysical and social diversity and connectivity, and management of slow variables for strong ecological Modernization. The relevance of this sustainability-analysis approach is illustrated by considering different types of dairy livestock systems, organic agriculture and integrated crop–livestock systems.
Guy Harling - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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attitudes towards female genital cutting among adolescents in rural burkina faso a multilevel analysis
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2020Co-Authors: Alina Greis, Till Barnighausen, Mamadou Bountogo, Lucienne Ouermi, Ali Sie, Guy HarlingAbstract:OBJECTIVE Despite decades of abandonment efforts, female genital cutting (FGC) prevalence rates in Burkina Faso remain high. We present updated prevalence data from rural adolescents and examine factors associated with FGC receipt and attitudes, testing predictions of social convention and modernisation theory regarding the abandonment process. METHODS We interviewed 1644 adolescents aged 12-20 years from 10 villages and one sector of Nouna town in the Nouna Health and Demographic Surveillance site in late 2017. Response-weighted prevalence for self-reported FGC receipt, beliefs about religious requirements, and attitudes about abandonment were calculated. We used bivariate regression and two-level hierarchical models to test whether social convention or modernisation theory-related factors predicted current FGC attitudes. RESULTS 43% of women in our sample reported having undergone FGC; 74% of women and 76% of men believed FGC should be abandoned. The strongest predictors of FGC receipt were religion, ethnicity, the village's FGC rate and mother's education. The strongest predictors of FGC abandonment attitudes were religion, ethnicity, belief that FGC is religiously required, and own FGC status. Males' attitudes were less determined by community factors than females'; females' attitudes were more strongly influenced by factors linked to Modernization, such as maternal education and household wealth. CONCLUSIONS FGC continues to be common in rural and small-town Burkina Faso, and our analysis suggests that social conventions play an important role in its continuation. However, modernisation-related factors were stronger predictors of abandonment attitudes than of FGC status, particularly in adolescent women. The changes these relationships suggest may benefit the next generation of girls.
Nick Kirk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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institutional reforms in new zealand fisheries as an ecological Modernization project
Society & Natural Resources, 2011Co-Authors: P A Memon, Nick KirkAbstract:Ecological Modernization theory precepts have increasingly come to inform natural resource management policies in Western capitalist societies. Our objective is to analyze recent fisheries reforms in New Zealand informed by the theory of ecological Modernization. Ecological Modernization theory asserts that sustainability and economic growth can be achieved together through the introduction of new technologies, “economization” of the environment through introducing market-based instruments to internalize environmental externalities, and the devolution of responsibilities to relevant stakeholders. We argue, however, that ecological Modernization theory, strongly implicit in the language of recent New Zealand fisheries reforms, has produced uneven outcomes as a potential pathway toward sustainability.
Darwin L. Thomas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Modernization theory revisited a cross cultural study of adolescent conformity to significant others in mainland china taiwan and the usa
Adolescence, 1994Co-Authors: Jie Zhang, Darwin L. ThomasAbstract:Modernization theory can be traced to the writings of Emile Durkheim (1987) and Max Weber (1992). Modernization is a broad concept that refers to major social changes which occur when a preindustrial society develops economically and the workplace shifts from the home to the factory (industrialization), people move from farms into cities where jobs are available (urbanization), and large-scale formal organizations emerge (bureaucratization). These three components of Modernization accompany changes in such major asocial institutions as the family, religion, and education. These changes in turn affect power relations among people in a society. Modernization theorists in social psychology have established a relationship between economic advancement and the power structure. Many previous studies, including those of Inkeles (1972) and Thomas and his associates (1971, 1972, 1974), have found a decrease in traditional face-to-face social relations and an increase in secondary social relations as industrialization and urbanization increase. These studies established that as the Modernization level increases, traditional authoritative others such as leaders in the family, religion, and community have less power because they control fewer resources, while those in education, employment, and media control more resources and have greater power. However, much of the previous modernity research has treated culture in a problematic fashion, failing to measure it adequately or to systematically analyze for cultural differences. Thus the effect of culture in a society on power and conformity has not yet been fully specified. Although Thomas and his associates dealt with multiple cultures, culture in their studies was confounded with Modernization level. As a result, cultural effects could not be easily identified. Since culture to a society is as personality to an individual, cultural differences are very important in studies of power and conformity. For instance, if a society values education highly such as in the tradition of Chinese culture, Modernization will hardly result in much increase in the youths' conformity to educators. Therefore, the study of the effect of Modernization on power relations needs to include the cultural variable. THEORETICAL FORMULATION The dependent variable of this study is adolescent conformity to significant others. From Modernization theory we begin with the assumption that the higher a society ranks on the industrialization-urbanization continuum, the lower the tendency of its youths to conform to the expectations of traditional significant others (such as parents and religion leaders), and the higher the tendency to conform to rational/legal significant others (such as professors). It is further hypothesized that culture will modify adolescent conformity patterns predicted by Modernization theory. The first purpose of this research was to test for hypothesized differences in adolescent conformity behavior in three different societies varying in their level of Modernization and culture: the United States, Taiwan, and mainland China. Since these three societies are on the urbanization-industrialization continuum from high to low,(1) and the culture of the U.S. is different from that of the two oriental societies,(2) a comparison of conformity patterns among different levels of Modernization across cultures is possible. Hypotheses of this research are illustrated in Table 1. Taking the first significant others, parents, as an example, Modernization theory predicts that the more modernized the society, the less power parents have, since they control fewer resources in such a society. But when we consider the cultural tradition of Confucianism in Taiwan and mainland China, we expect no significant difference between these Chinese societies on adolescent conformity to parents. Modernization theory posits that religion will lose its influence in society as a result of secularization, but the cultural values that emerged in mainland China after the communist takeover will result in less influence for religion. …
