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Tzuming Pan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the blood lipid regulation of monascus produced monascin and ankaflavin via the suppression of low density lipoprotein cholesterol assembly and stimulation of apolipoprotein a1 expression in the liver
Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection, 2016Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Yawen Hsu, Jayan Wen, Tzuming PanAbstract:Background/purposes Monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK) produced by Monascus purpureus NTU 568 were proven to show excellent hypolipidemic effects in our previous studies; however, the mechanism is still unclear. Methods This study used MS, AK, and monacolin K as test substances and performed tests on rats fed high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. The lipid levels and the related protein levels of the rats were assessed to understand the effects of MS, AK, and monacolin K on lipid metabolism. Results MS and AK lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and preserved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents. MS and AK inhibited acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 expression, thereby preventing LDL assembly. In addition, enhanced LDL-receptor expression increased the transport of LDL-C to the liver for metabolism. MS and AK also significantly increase apo A1 expression, which facilitates high-density lipoprotein cholesterol formation. Conclusion Monascus-fermented MS and AK can perform blood lipid regulation via the suppression of LDL-C assembly and stimulation of apo A1 expression in liver.
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synchronous high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector and mass spectrometry for the determination of citrinin monascin ankaflavin and the lactone and acid forms of monacolin k in red mold rice
Journal of AOAC International, 2011Co-Authors: Yaohaur Kuo, Chunlin Lee, Yawen Hsu, Tzuming PanAbstract:The Monascus fermentation product red mold rice (RMR) has been found to contain the cholesterol-lowering agent monacolin K (MK) in both its lactone (MKL) and acid (MKA) forms and the mycotoxin citrinin (CT). The yellow pigments in RMR, namely, monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK), have been reported to exhibit antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activities. Currently, MK and these yellow pigments are usually detected in RMR by different analytical methods that are inconvenient, expensive, and time-consuming. The goal of this study was to establish a rapid, synchronous analytical method for determination of the MKA, MKL, MS, AK, and CT levels in RMR. MKA, MKL, MS, AK, and CT were extracted by the same extraction method, then separated by RP-HPLC with a C18 column. The effluent from the column was passed through a photodiode array detector and then introduced directly into a fluorescence detector. The results showed that high recovery rates of MKA, MKL, MS, AK, and CT are possible if RMR powder is extracted with 75% ethanol (10 mL) at 80 degrees C for 30 min. With regard to the optimal conditions of the HPLC, the peaks of MKA, MKL, MS, AK, and CT can be clearly separated from any noise peaks by isocratic elution with a mobile phase comprising 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water (62.5 + 37.5, v/v).
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monascin and ankaflavin act as novel hypolipidemic and high density lipoprotein cholesterol raising agents in red mold dioscorea
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Yihsin Kung, Yawen Hsu, Tzuming PanAbstract:Monascus-fermented red mold dioscorea (RMD) has been proven to possess greater hypolipidemic effect than red mold rice (RMR) even though they include equal levels of cholesterol-lowering agent monacolin K. However, higher concentrations of yellow pigments (monascin and ankaflavin) were found in RMD than in RMR. In this study, purified monascin and ankaflavin were administered to hyperlipidemic hamsters for 8 weeks, respectively, to test whether these two compounds were novel hypolipidemic ingredients. In the statistical results, monascin and ankaflavin showed significant effect on lowering cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in serum, as well as aorta lipid plaque (p < 0.05). Importantly, monascin and ankaflavin, unlike monacolin K, were able to perform up-regulation rather than down-regulation on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in serum. This finding not only explained why RMD showed greater hypolipidemic and HDL-C-raising effect than RMR but also...
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the monascus metabolite monacolin k reduces tumor progression and metastasis of lewis lung carcinoma cells
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Tzuming PanAbstract:Monascus -fermented red mold rice extract (RMRE) offers valuable therapeutic benefits and has been extensively used for centuries in East Asia. Monascus secondary polyketide metabolites, including monacolin K (MK) and ankaflavin (AK), have been reported to have antitumor-initiating effects on cancer progression. This paper reports that the oral administration of RMRE dramatically inhibited the metastatic ability of murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice caused by the decline of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels compared with untreated metastatic groups. MK is a key antimetastatic and antiangiogenesis compound in RMRE, as shown by down-regulation of VEGF-stimulated invasive activity in LLC cells by Matrigel-coating transwell and tube-forming assays and reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Therefore, application of RMRE may serve as a nontoxic natural chemopreventive or antineoplastic agent in the development of cancer adjuvant chemotherapy.
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red mold rice extract represses amyloid beta peptide induced neurotoxicity via potent synergism of anti inflammatory and antioxidative effect
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2008Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Jyhjye Wang, Tzuming PanAbstract:Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), a risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), causes cell death by inflammation and oxidative stress. Red mold rice (RMR) fermented by Monascus species is regarded as cholesterol-lowering functional food in virtue of the metabolite monacolin K identified as lovastatin. In addition, RMR is also demonstrated to express antioxidation because of multiple antioxidants. Therefore, this study focuses on the synergism of RMR against Aβ neurotoxicity and compares the effect between lovastatin and RMR including monacolin K and other functional metabolites. In this study, RE 568, an ethanol extract of RMR produced by strain Monascus purpureus NTU 568, is used to protect PC12 cell against Aβ40 neurotoxicity. All tests contain the treatments with lovastatin or RE 568 including equal monacolin K levels in order to compare the effect and investigate whether other metabolites of RE 568 provide potent assistance against Aβ40 neurotoxicity. In the results, monacolin K represses Aβ40 neurotoxicity via repressing small G-protein-mediated inflammation, and other metabolites of RE 568 also exhibit potent antioxidative ability against Aβ-induced oxidative stress. Importantly, stronger effects on repressing the Aβ40-induced cell death, inflammation, and oxidative stress are performed by RE 568 than that by the equal levels of lovastatin, which results from a potent synergism made up of monacolin K, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. The present study is the first report to demonstrate the potent synergistic protection of RMR against Aβ40 neurotoxicity, which would cause RMR to be developed as potential and novel functional food for the prophylaxis of AD pathogenesis.
Jyhjye Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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red mold rice extract represses amyloid beta peptide induced neurotoxicity via potent synergism of anti inflammatory and antioxidative effect
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2008Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Jyhjye Wang, Tzuming PanAbstract:Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), a risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), causes cell death by inflammation and oxidative stress. Red mold rice (RMR) fermented by Monascus species is regarded as cholesterol-lowering functional food in virtue of the metabolite monacolin K identified as lovastatin. In addition, RMR is also demonstrated to express antioxidation because of multiple antioxidants. Therefore, this study focuses on the synergism of RMR against Aβ neurotoxicity and compares the effect between lovastatin and RMR including monacolin K and other functional metabolites. In this study, RE 568, an ethanol extract of RMR produced by strain Monascus purpureus NTU 568, is used to protect PC12 cell against Aβ40 neurotoxicity. All tests contain the treatments with lovastatin or RE 568 including equal monacolin K levels in order to compare the effect and investigate whether other metabolites of RE 568 provide potent assistance against Aβ40 neurotoxicity. In the results, monacolin K represses Aβ40 neurotoxicity via repressing small G-protein-mediated inflammation, and other metabolites of RE 568 also exhibit potent antioxidative ability against Aβ-induced oxidative stress. Importantly, stronger effects on repressing the Aβ40-induced cell death, inflammation, and oxidative stress are performed by RE 568 than that by the equal levels of lovastatin, which results from a potent synergism made up of monacolin K, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. The present study is the first report to demonstrate the potent synergistic protection of RMR against Aβ40 neurotoxicity, which would cause RMR to be developed as potential and novel functional food for the prophylaxis of AD pathogenesis.
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a simple and rapid approach for removing citrinin while retaining monacolin k in red mold rice
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Jyhjye Wang, Wenpei Chen, Tzuming PanAbstract:Monascus species-fermented red mold rice (RMR) has been regarded as a popular hypolipidemic functional food because it contains monacolin K, an inhibitor of de novo cholesterol synthesis. However, the safety of RMR is always an issue because citrinin is present in RMR and is reported to be hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. The present study was therefore to develop a postprocess to remove citrinin yet retain monacoln K in the RMR preparation. We found that phosphate-ethanol extraction was effective for the removal citrinin, yet it could retain monacolin K, because the former was more hydrophilic than the latter in phosphate-ethanol solution. Ethanol, phosphate, and extraction time were optimized as factors of response surface methodology (RSM). It was found that the optimal RSM condition was 45% ethanol, 1.5% phosphate, and extraction for 70 min. Under this optimal condition, 91.6% citrinin was removed and 79.5% monacolin K was retained in the final RMR.
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red mold rice ameliorates impairment of memory and learning ability in intracerebroventricular amyloid beta infused rat by repressing amyloid beta accumulation
Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2007Co-Authors: Jyhjye WangAbstract:Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide related to the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) damaged neurons and further resulted in dementia. Monascus-fermented red mold rice (RMR), a traditional Chinese medicine as well as health food, includes Monacolins (with the same function as statins) and multifunctional metabolites. In this study, ethanol extract of RMR (RE) was used to evaluate neuroprotection against Abeta40 neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Furthermore, the effects of dietary administration of RMR on memory and learning abilities are confirmed in an animal model of AD rats infused with Abeta40 into the cerebral ventricle. During continuous Abeta40 infusion for 28 days, the rats of test groups were administered RMR or lovastatin. Memory and learning abilities were evaluated in the water maze and passive avoidance tasks. After sacrifice, cerebral cortex and hippocampus were collected for the examination of AD risk factors. The in vitro results clearly indicate that RE provides stronger neuroprotection in rescuing cell viability as well as repressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress. RMR administration potently reverses the memory deficit in the memory task. Abeta40 infusion increases acetylcholinesterase activity, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation and decreases total antioxidant status and superoxide dismutase activity in brain, but these damages were potently reversed by RMR administration, and the protection was more significant than that with lovastatin administration. The protection provided by RMR is able to prevent Abeta fibrils from being formed and deposited in hippocampus and further decrease Abeta40 accumulation, even though Abeta40 solution was infused into brain continuously. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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improving the ratio of monacolin k to citrinin production of monascus purpureus ntu 568 under dioscorea medium through the mediation of ph value and ethanol addition
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Hsikai Hung, Jyhjye Wang, Tzuming PanAbstract:Using dioscorea root as substrate of Monascus species was found to stimulate monacolin K (cholesterol-lowering agent) formation in our previous study, but the mycotoxin-citrinin has never been studied. This study used dioscorea root as the liquid medium to culture Monascus purpureus NTU 568 using a 6.6 L jar fermentor. Culture pH value, dioscorea concentration, and ethanol concentration were used as the factors of response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the optimal culture condition for high monacolin K production and low citrinin formation. Monacolin K and citrinin formation of M. purpureus NTU 568 under submerged dioscorea medium were respectively found to be significantly formed by 148% and 147%, as compared to that under submerged rice medium. The reason is due to the pH value (3.5) of dioscorea medium involved in the formation of Monascus cell amount and secondary metabolite. RSM results further indicated that lowering the pH value to 2.5 would result in high monacolin K and citrinin concentrations as well as high biomass in fixed dioscorea amount, implying that pH value may stimulate the formation of monacolin K and citrinin through increasing Monascus cell amount. Lowering dioscorea and ethanol concentration was able to increase the ratio of monacolin K level to citrinin level. The optimal culture condition (pH 5.7, 1% dioscorea concentration, and 0.5% ethanol concentration) would increase monacolin K levels to 27.9 mg/g (by 47%) and decrease citrinin level to 2.15 microg/g (by 54%), as compared to control conditions (pH 3.5, 5% dioscorea, and ethanol free).
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synchronous analysis method for detection of citrinin and the lactone and acid forms of monacolin k in red mold rice
Journal of AOAC International, 2006Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Jyhjye Wang, Tzuming PanAbstract:The Monascus product known as red mold rice (RMR) has been found to contain the cholesterol-lowering agent monacolin K (MK), including the lactone form (MKL) and the acid form (MKA) and mycotoxin citrinin (CT). In current studies, CT and MK are usually detected by different analysis methods, which have a high level of error, and are inconvenient, expensive, and time-consuming. The goal of this study is to establish a rapid synchronous analysis method for the detection of CT, MKL, and MKA levels in RMR. In this study, CT, MKL, and MKA are extracted by the same extraction method and are then separated in a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) C18 column. The elution from the C18 column is then passed through an ultraviolet detector and introduced directly into the fluorescence detector. The results show that higher recovery rates of CT, MKL, and MLK are yielded from RMR powder by extracting with 95% ethanol (10 mL) at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Regarding the optimal conditions of HPLC, the peaks of CT, MKL, and MKA can be clearly separated from any noise peaks by isocratic elution with optimum mobile phase, acetonitrile-water-trifluoroacetate (55 + 45 + 0.05, v/v).
Chunlin Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the blood lipid regulation of monascus produced monascin and ankaflavin via the suppression of low density lipoprotein cholesterol assembly and stimulation of apolipoprotein a1 expression in the liver
Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection, 2016Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Yawen Hsu, Jayan Wen, Tzuming PanAbstract:Background/purposes Monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK) produced by Monascus purpureus NTU 568 were proven to show excellent hypolipidemic effects in our previous studies; however, the mechanism is still unclear. Methods This study used MS, AK, and monacolin K as test substances and performed tests on rats fed high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. The lipid levels and the related protein levels of the rats were assessed to understand the effects of MS, AK, and monacolin K on lipid metabolism. Results MS and AK lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and preserved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents. MS and AK inhibited acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 expression, thereby preventing LDL assembly. In addition, enhanced LDL-receptor expression increased the transport of LDL-C to the liver for metabolism. MS and AK also significantly increase apo A1 expression, which facilitates high-density lipoprotein cholesterol formation. Conclusion Monascus-fermented MS and AK can perform blood lipid regulation via the suppression of LDL-C assembly and stimulation of apo A1 expression in liver.
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synchronous high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector and mass spectrometry for the determination of citrinin monascin ankaflavin and the lactone and acid forms of monacolin k in red mold rice
Journal of AOAC International, 2011Co-Authors: Yaohaur Kuo, Chunlin Lee, Yawen Hsu, Tzuming PanAbstract:The Monascus fermentation product red mold rice (RMR) has been found to contain the cholesterol-lowering agent monacolin K (MK) in both its lactone (MKL) and acid (MKA) forms and the mycotoxin citrinin (CT). The yellow pigments in RMR, namely, monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK), have been reported to exhibit antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activities. Currently, MK and these yellow pigments are usually detected in RMR by different analytical methods that are inconvenient, expensive, and time-consuming. The goal of this study was to establish a rapid, synchronous analytical method for determination of the MKA, MKL, MS, AK, and CT levels in RMR. MKA, MKL, MS, AK, and CT were extracted by the same extraction method, then separated by RP-HPLC with a C18 column. The effluent from the column was passed through a photodiode array detector and then introduced directly into a fluorescence detector. The results showed that high recovery rates of MKA, MKL, MS, AK, and CT are possible if RMR powder is extracted with 75% ethanol (10 mL) at 80 degrees C for 30 min. With regard to the optimal conditions of the HPLC, the peaks of MKA, MKL, MS, AK, and CT can be clearly separated from any noise peaks by isocratic elution with a mobile phase comprising 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water (62.5 + 37.5, v/v).
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monascin and ankaflavin act as novel hypolipidemic and high density lipoprotein cholesterol raising agents in red mold dioscorea
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Yihsin Kung, Yawen Hsu, Tzuming PanAbstract:Monascus-fermented red mold dioscorea (RMD) has been proven to possess greater hypolipidemic effect than red mold rice (RMR) even though they include equal levels of cholesterol-lowering agent monacolin K. However, higher concentrations of yellow pigments (monascin and ankaflavin) were found in RMD than in RMR. In this study, purified monascin and ankaflavin were administered to hyperlipidemic hamsters for 8 weeks, respectively, to test whether these two compounds were novel hypolipidemic ingredients. In the statistical results, monascin and ankaflavin showed significant effect on lowering cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in serum, as well as aorta lipid plaque (p < 0.05). Importantly, monascin and ankaflavin, unlike monacolin K, were able to perform up-regulation rather than down-regulation on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in serum. This finding not only explained why RMD showed greater hypolipidemic and HDL-C-raising effect than RMR but also...
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red mold rice extract represses amyloid beta peptide induced neurotoxicity via potent synergism of anti inflammatory and antioxidative effect
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2008Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Jyhjye Wang, Tzuming PanAbstract:Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), a risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), causes cell death by inflammation and oxidative stress. Red mold rice (RMR) fermented by Monascus species is regarded as cholesterol-lowering functional food in virtue of the metabolite monacolin K identified as lovastatin. In addition, RMR is also demonstrated to express antioxidation because of multiple antioxidants. Therefore, this study focuses on the synergism of RMR against Aβ neurotoxicity and compares the effect between lovastatin and RMR including monacolin K and other functional metabolites. In this study, RE 568, an ethanol extract of RMR produced by strain Monascus purpureus NTU 568, is used to protect PC12 cell against Aβ40 neurotoxicity. All tests contain the treatments with lovastatin or RE 568 including equal monacolin K levels in order to compare the effect and investigate whether other metabolites of RE 568 provide potent assistance against Aβ40 neurotoxicity. In the results, monacolin K represses Aβ40 neurotoxicity via repressing small G-protein-mediated inflammation, and other metabolites of RE 568 also exhibit potent antioxidative ability against Aβ-induced oxidative stress. Importantly, stronger effects on repressing the Aβ40-induced cell death, inflammation, and oxidative stress are performed by RE 568 than that by the equal levels of lovastatin, which results from a potent synergism made up of monacolin K, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. The present study is the first report to demonstrate the potent synergistic protection of RMR against Aβ40 neurotoxicity, which would cause RMR to be developed as potential and novel functional food for the prophylaxis of AD pathogenesis.
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a simple and rapid approach for removing citrinin while retaining monacolin k in red mold rice
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Chunlin Lee, Jyhjye Wang, Wenpei Chen, Tzuming PanAbstract:Monascus species-fermented red mold rice (RMR) has been regarded as a popular hypolipidemic functional food because it contains monacolin K, an inhibitor of de novo cholesterol synthesis. However, the safety of RMR is always an issue because citrinin is present in RMR and is reported to be hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. The present study was therefore to develop a postprocess to remove citrinin yet retain monacoln K in the RMR preparation. We found that phosphate-ethanol extraction was effective for the removal citrinin, yet it could retain monacolin K, because the former was more hydrophilic than the latter in phosphate-ethanol solution. Ethanol, phosphate, and extraction time were optimized as factors of response surface methodology (RSM). It was found that the optimal RSM condition was 45% ethanol, 1.5% phosphate, and extraction for 70 min. Under this optimal condition, 91.6% citrinin was removed and 79.5% monacolin K was retained in the final RMR.
N Villanova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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retrospective analysis of the effects of a highly standardized mixture of berberis aristata silybum marianum and Monacolins k and ka in diabetic patients with dyslipidemia
Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis, 2018Co-Authors: Francesco Di Pierro, P Putignano, N VillanovaAbstract:Background: Berberine, an alkaloid with both glucose- and cholesterol-lowering action, is also characterized by an anti-diarrheal effect. Consequently, berberine-based therapies are recommended for diabetic patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or gut discomfort caused by metformin. Aim: As the anti-glycemic and cholesterol-lowering action of berberine is improved by co-administration with P-glycoprotein inhibitors and naturally derived statins, we have analyzed the effect of the food supplement Berberol®K (hereafter referred to as BSM) containing, berberine, silymarin, and a highly standardized red yeast rice containing Monacolins K and KA in the ratio 1:1 but no secondary Monacolins, dehydroMonacolins, or citrinin (Monakopure™-K20). Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the effects of BSM in 59 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia and compared the results to those obtained in patients without treatment. Enrolled subjects had a diagnosis of IBS (and diarrhea), had diarrhea caused by metformin, or were statin intolerant. Results: After 6 months of BSM treatment, significant reductions of approximately 5%, 23%, 31%, and 20% were observed in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels, respectively, and only five of the 31 treated subjects reported diarrhea compared with 22 of the 28 untreated patients. Regarding safety, treatment with BSM did not significant modify creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Conclusion: BSM is a safe and effective food supplement likely useful as add-on therapy in diabetic subjects with dyslipidemia, especially if they are statin intolerant or with diarrhea caused by IBS or metformin.
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retrospective analysis of the effects of a highly standardized mixture of berberis aristata silybum marianum and Monacolins k and ka in patients with dyslipidemia
Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications, 2016Co-Authors: Di Pierro F, P Putignano, T Ferrara, C Raiola, G Rapacioli, N VillanovaAbstract:BACKGROUND Berberis aristata, because of its berberine content, and Monascus purpureus fermented rice, because of the presence of Monacolins (naturally derived statins), are widely investigated food-grade ingredients used to formulate cholesterol-lowering supplements. Although they are extensively used, berberine is poorly absorbed and Monacolins are poorly chemically characterized, not standardized, and possibly contaminated with toxic compounds. Silymarin is reported to enhance berberine absorption, while Monakopure™-K20 (MK-20) is a highly standardized red yeast rice containing Monacolins K and KA in the ratio of 1:1 but not secondary Monacolins, dehydroMonacolins, or citrinin. AIM The effects of a cholesterol-lowering supplement (Berberol®K) containing berberine, silymarin, and MK-20 (BSM) in patients with dyslipidemia were clinically analyzed. METHODS The clinical role of BSM in naive and in statin-intolerant patients was retrospectively evaluated and the effects observed were compared with those obtained in patients without treatment or treated with lovastatin. RESULTS Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels were approximately 4%, 6%, and 11% lower, respectively, and the creatine phosphokinase increase was reduced in patients treated with BSM compared to those treated with lovastatin. Similar results were also obtained in statin-intolerant subjects where BSM was administered as add-on therapy to ezetimibe or fenofibrate. CONCLUSION BSM is a food supplement potentially useful 1) as a primary intervention in low-cardiovascular-risk subjects with dyslipidemia; 2) as add-on therapy in mildly statin-intolerant patients; and 3) in dyslipidemic patients with a negative perception of statins who prefer a treatment seen as natural.
Biljana Nigovic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of a rapid lc dad fld msn method for the simultaneous determination of Monacolins and citrinin in red fermented rice products
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Ana Mornar, Miranda Sertic, Biljana NigovicAbstract:Red fermented rice is used worldwide by many patients as an alternative therapy for hyperlipidemia; however, the discovery of a toxic fermentation byproduct, citrinin, causes much controversy about the safety of red mold rice products. A new and fast high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of cholesterol-lowering compounds monacolin K (lovastatin), monacolin K hydroxy acid, and other Monacolins present in red fermented rice as well as nephrotoxic mycotoxin citrinin in a single run using connected diode array and fluorescence and mass spectrometric detectors. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of red fermented rice food samples and various dietary supplements also containing other natural lipid-lowering agents. The deviations between label content and levels of active compounds found in investigated samples as well as high batch-to-batch variation found in one product indicate that the regular quality control of red...