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  • the collapse of interwar vienna oskar Morgenstern s community 1925 50
    History of Political Economy, 2011
    Co-Authors: Robert Leonard
    Abstract:

    From the perspective of science, art and intellectual life in general, Interwar Vienna was one of the most vibrant communities in modern European history. Within the field of economics, it was home to, amongst others, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich von Hayek, Hans Mayer, Gottfried Haberler, Fritz Machlup, Oskar Morgenstern, Karl Menger and Abraham Wald. The community flourished after the end of World War I, and then began to suffer in the early 1930’s as a result of growing political instability and rising anti-semitism. With the Anschluss of Austria by the Third Reich in March 1938, it collapsed completely, never to recover. Drawing on the personal papers of two key participants, Oskar Morgenstern and Karl Menger, and also on the archives of the Rockefeller Foundation, this paper provides a portrait of that community, chronicling its evolution and dramatic collapse. Particular attention is paid to the milieu surrounding Morgenstern, both as director of the Rockefeller-funded Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research and as philosophical “dissident”. In collaborating with mathematicians Menger, Wald and, later, John von Neumann, he gradually forsook his Austrian theoretical legacy. The account detailed here shows conflict and tension to have been central to both the life and death of this fabled community.

  • The Collapse of Interwar Vienna: Oskar Morgenstern's Community, 1925–50
    History of Political Economy, 2011
    Co-Authors: Robert Leonard
    Abstract:

    From the perspective of science, art and intellectual life in general, Interwar Vienna was one of the most vibrant communities in modern European history. Within the field of economics, it was home to, amongst others, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich von Hayek, Hans Mayer, Gottfried Haberler, Fritz Machlup, Oskar Morgenstern, Karl Menger and Abraham Wald. The community flourished after the end of World War I, and then began to suffer in the early 1930’s as a result of growing political instability and rising anti-semitism. With the Anschluss of Austria by the Third Reich in March 1938, it collapsed completely, never to recover. Drawing on the personal papers of two key participants, Oskar Morgenstern and Karl Menger, and also on the archives of the Rockefeller Foundation, this paper provides a portrait of that community, chronicling its evolution and dramatic collapse. Particular attention is paid to the milieu surrounding Morgenstern, both as director of the Rockefeller-funded Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research and as philosophical “dissident”. In collaborating with mathematicians Menger, Wald and, later, John von Neumann, he gradually forsook his Austrian theoretical legacy. The account detailed here shows conflict and tension to have been central to both the life and death of this fabled community.

  • Von Neumann, Morgenstern, and the Creation of Game Theory: From Chess to Social Science, 1900-1960
    2010
    Co-Authors: Robert Leonard
    Abstract:

    Introduction Part I. Struggle and Equilibrium: From Lasker to von Neumann: 1. 'The strangest states of mind': chess, psychology and Emanuel Lasker's Kampf 2. 'Deeply rooted yet alien': Hungarian Jews and mathematicians 3. From Budapest to Gottingen: an apprenticeship in modern mathematics 4. 'The futile search for the perfect formula': von Neumann's minimax theorem Part II. Oskar Morgenstern and Interwar Vienna: 5. Equilibrium on trial: the young Morgenstern and the Austrian school 6. Wrestling with complexity: Wirtschaftsprognose and beyond 7. Ethics and the excluded middle: Karl Menger and social science 8. From Austroliberalism to Anschluss: the Viennese economists in the 1930s Part III. From War to Cold War: 9. Mathematics and the social order: von Neumann's return to game theory 10. Ars combinatoria: writing the theory of games 11. Morgenstern's catharsis 12. Von Neumann's war 13. Social science and the 'present danger': game theory and psychology at the RAND Corporation, 1946-60 Conclusion.

  • Von Neumann, Morgenstern, and the Creation of Game Theory
    Von Neumann Morgenstern and the Creation of Game Theory, 1
    Co-Authors: Robert Leonard
    Abstract:

    Drawing on a wealth of archival material, including personal correspondence and diaries, Robert Leonard tells the fascinating story of the creation of game theory by Hungarian Jewish mathematician John von Neumann and Austrian economist Oskar Morgenstern. Game theory first emerged amid discussions of the psychology and mathematics of chess in Germany and fin-de-siA¨cle Austro-Hungary. In the 1930s, on the cusp of anti-Semitism and political upheaval, it was developed by von Neumann into an ambitious theory of social organization. It was shaped still further by its use in combat analysis in World War II and during the Cold War. Interweaving accounts of the period's economics, science, and mathematics, and drawing sensitively on the private lives of von Neumann and Morgenstern, Robert Leonard provides a detailed reconstruction of a complex historical drama.

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