The Experts below are selected from a list of 243 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

J A Kilner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • vapour liquid equilibrium of ethers hydrocarbons or methanol or water for Motor Gasoline modelling
    Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1997
    Co-Authors: Alisdair Q Clark, Susan E Mcbain, J A Kilner
    Abstract:

    Modern environmentally beneficial methods of formulating Motor Gasoline often use alcohols and/or ethers as octane improvers. Thus, the thermophysical properties of these substances have become important in process engineering design, the simulation of Gasoline blending operations, and engine operability. In all of these applications, phase equilibrium properties are represented by thermodynamic models, which are derived from a combination of theory and experimental data. This work seeks to quantify these models from careful measurement of key thermodynamic properties. Vapour-liquid equilibrium measurements on 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane (ETBE), 2-methoxy-2-methylbutane (TAME) and 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane (MTBE) with various alkanes, aromatics and oxygenates have been made over a temperature range of 293 to 323 K using a static experimental method. These data are utilised in the development of a flexible model for the thermodynamic properties of Motor Gasolines. The data are well correlated by the UNIQUAC excess Gibbs model for the liquid phase and with the Hayden-O'Connell correlation for the virial equation for the gas phase. Prediction of the vapour phase composition above a Gasoline containing MTBE and methanol show maximum differences of 0.0353 in mass fraction.

  • Vapour-liquid equilibrium of (ethers + hydrocarbons or methanol or water) for Motor Gasoline modelling
    Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1997
    Co-Authors: Alisdair Q Clark, Susan E Mcbain, J A Kilner
    Abstract:

    Modern environmentally beneficial methods of formulating Motor Gasoline often use alcohols and/or ethers as octane improvers. Thus, the thermophysical properties of these substances have become important in process engineering design, the simulation of Gasoline blending operations, and engine operability. In all of these applications, phase equilibrium properties are represented by thermodynamic models, which are derived from a combination of theory and experimental data. This work seeks to quantify these models from careful measurement of key thermodynamic properties. Vapour-liquid equilibrium measurements on 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane (ETBE), 2-methoxy-2-methylbutane (TAME) and 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane (MTBE) with various alkanes, aromatics and oxygenates have been made over a temperature range of 293 to 323 K using a static experimental method. These data are utilised in the development of a flexible model for the thermodynamic properties of Motor Gasolines. The data are well correlated by the UNIQUAC excess Gibbs model for the liquid phase and with the Hayden-O'Connell correlation for the virial equation for the gas phase. Prediction of the vapour phase composition above a Gasoline containing MTBE and methanol show maximum differences of 0.0353 in mass fraction.

F. G. Schwartz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Motor Gasoline stability. Technical Report No. 2
    2020
    Co-Authors: C.c. Ward, F. G. Schwartz
    Abstract:

    Three Gasoline samples were stored at 43.3/sup 0/ C (100/sup 0/ F) in both the unleaded and leaded condition. The samples were analyzed for gum and other properties before and after storage.

  • Motor Gasoline stability. Technical Report No. 4
    2020
    Co-Authors: C.c. Ward, F. G. Schwartz
    Abstract:

    Several analytical methods were developed for studying Gasolines before and after storage, including a polarographic method for measuring the hydroperoxide content, a spectrophotometric method for comparing the light transmittance of fresh and aged fuel, and a micro air-jet gum apparatus for determining gum in small volumes of Gasoline. Induction system deposits were determined before and after storage as another measure of storage stability.

  • Motor Gasoline stability. Technical Report No. 1
    2020
    Co-Authors: C.c. Ward, F. G. Schwartz
    Abstract:

    This is the first of a series of reports covering research on Gasoline storage stability which the Bureau of Mines conducted for the Army. Several Gasoline samples were procured, analytical methods were developed, and a storage procedure was selected.

  • Motor Gasoline stability. Technical Report No. 3
    2020
    Co-Authors: C.c. Ward, F. G. Schwartz
    Abstract:

    The original three test Gasolines were separated into hydrocarbon-type fractions by column chromatography on silica gel, then these hydrocarbon-type fractions were further separated into boiling ranges by low-pressure distillation. Three groups of samples were placed in 43.3/sup 0/ C (110/sup 0/ F) storage; the initial three test Gasolines in both the unleaded and leaded state, 16 supplemental samples as both the whole fuel and silica gel depolarized fuel, and fractions from the chromatographic separation and distillation of the initial three test samples. It was found that removal of polar compounds decreased the stability of the fuel. The depolarized fuels had much more gum initially than the whole fuels, and after 20 weeks storage at 43.3/sup 0/ C the amount of gum was greatly increased. Rapid aging with X-ray irradiation and UV irradiation was investigated. It was concluded that the effect was similar for both methods; since UV irradiation was simpler, work with X-ray irradiation was discontinued.

  • Motor Gasoline stability. Technical Report No. 5
    2020
    Co-Authors: C.c. Ward, F. G. Schwartz
    Abstract:

    Storage tests of three unleaded Gasolines indicated that platformate Gasoline was very stable, catalytically-cracked Gasoline was very unstable, and hydrogenated catalytically-cracked Gasoline was moderately stable. Addition of tetraethyllead to these three Gasolines reduced their storage stability and resulted in lead precipitation during storage. Several additional Gasoline samples were also tested for stability. A study of UV irradiation as a means of accelerating gum formation showed that if the irradiation was continued for a relatively long period of time as much as eight percent of the Gasoline could be converted to gum. Aromatic, olefinic, and paraffin-naphthene portions were separated by silica gel chromatography from each of the fuels and distilled to produce several distillation fractions of each silica gel portion. The gum content before and after storage of each fraction was determined. The fractions were much more unstable than the whole fuel and the most unstable fractions were included in the olefinic and aromatic portions.

Thomas D Foust - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of blending c3 c4 alcohols on Motor Gasoline properties and performance of spark ignition engines a review
    Fuel Processing Technology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Saeid Aghahossein Shirazi, Bahareh Abdollahipoor, Bret Windom, Kenneth F Reardon, Thomas D Foust
    Abstract:

    Abstract Supplementing petroleum fuels with sustainable and renewable alternatives is a good option for increasing the sustainability of transportation fuels. Alcohols are particularly attractive blendstocks for spark ignition engines, mainly due to their desirable fuel properties including high octane, evaporative cooling, and reduced sooting propensity. Although the use of SI engines is widespread around the world, predominately for light duty vehicles, concerns about CO2 emissions and other sustainability issues necessitate increased engine efficiencies, reduced tailpipe pollutants, and lower lifecycle carbon emissions. The intelligent blending of C2-C4 alcohols into Motor Gasoline is a viable method for achieving these goals. There are a multitude of ways to produce renewable alcohols such as through fermentation from first-generation feedstocks (sugar and corn) and second-generation feedstocks (lignocellulosic biomass), or by gasification and mixed alcohol fuel synthesis routes from lignocellulosic biomass. Currently ethanol is extensively used in Motor Gasoline fuels worldwide and although many have proposed the use of C3 and C4 alcohols in Motor Gasoline as an improvement over ethanol, the higher cost of production and lack of clear definition as to their benefit over ethanol when blended into Motor Gasoline have led to slow acceptance into the market. In this review, special emphasis is placed on the effects of blending C3 and C4 alcohols into Motor Gasoline in terms of physicochemical properties, volatility behavior, and engine performance when compared to ethanol blends. Furthermore, the impact of blending C3 and C4 alcohols with Gasoline on emission (particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and unregulated oxygenates) and combustion (volumetric efficiency, thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, and cold performance) characteristics is discussed. Although there are some disagreements in the literature over the effect of alcohols predominately around the type of SI engine, i.e., port fuel injected versus direct fuel injected and engine operating mode, generally it is stated that alcohols can potentially reduce soot, unburned hydrocarbons and CO emissions while increasing thermal efficiency when proper engine configuration/calibration is used. Finally, research that must be conducted to find the optimum combination of alcohol blends and engine configurations is highlighted and discussed.

Herman Boikanyo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Oligomerization of Fischer−Tropsch Olefins: Effect of Feed and Operating Conditions on Hydrogenated Motor-Gasoline Quality
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2004
    Co-Authors: Arno De Klerk, And Dan J. Engelbrecht, Herman Boikanyo
    Abstract:

    Oligomerization of Fischer−Tropsch-derived olefins over a solid phosphoric acid catalyst was studied to improve the quality of the hydrogenated Motor-Gasoline. It was shown that, with a narrow-cut Fischer−Tropsch butene mixture, rich in 1-butene and low in isobutene, a hydrogenated Motor-Gasoline with an RON and an MON of 86−88 could be produced at 80% olefin conversion. The influence of propene and pentenes was investigated, and a reactivity sequence for C3−C5 mixtures could be established:  isobutene > methylbutenes > n-butenes = propene > n-pentenes. It was noted that 1-butene was closer in behavior to isobutene than to 2-butene and had to be treated as such to yield the highest-quality product. It was advantageous to oligomerize 1-butene-rich feed at 160 °C or less and to exclude propene and n-pentenes from the reaction mixture. These effects could be explained.

  • Oligomerization of fischer-tropsch olefins: Effect of feed and operating conditions on hydrogenated Motor-Gasoline quality
    Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2004
    Co-Authors: Arno De Klerk, Dan J. Engelbrecht, Herman Boikanyo
    Abstract:

    Oligomerization of Fischer-Tropsch-derived olefins over a solid phosphoric acid catalyst was studied to improve the quality of the hydrogenated Motor-Gasoline. It was shown that, with a narrow-cut Fischer-Tropsch butene mixture, rich in 1-butene and low in isobutene, a hydrogenated Motor-Gasoline with an RON and an MON of 86-88 could be produced at 80% olefin conversion. The influence of propene and pentenes was investigated, and a reactivity sequence for C3-C5 mixtures could be established: isobutene > methylbutenes > n-butenes ) propene > n-pentenes. It was noted that 1-butene was closer in behavior to isobutene than to 2-butene and had to be treated as such to yield the highest-quality product. It was advantageous to oligomerize 1-butene-rich feed at 160 °C or less and to exclude propene and n-pentenes from the reaction mixture. These effects could be explained.

Robert K Kaufmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • pass through of Motor Gasoline taxes efficiency and efficacy of environmental taxes
    Energy Policy, 2019
    Co-Authors: Robert K Kaufmann
    Abstract:

    To investigate the efficacy and efficiency of environmental taxes, I analyze the rate at which taxes on Motor Gasoline are passed to consumers by estimating two cointegrating vector autoregression models for each of six states. For state models that specify the retail price of Motor Gasoline without taxes, exclusion tests suggest that taxes on Motor Gasoline are not passed to consumers on a one-for-one basis. For state models that specify the retail price of Motor Gasoline including taxes, results indicate that taxes are passed to wholesale prices in Florida and Massachusetts on a one-for-one basis and are passed to retail prices with a ‘mark-up’ in Florida, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio, and are not fully passed through in Washington. State-specific rates of pass-through differ from results suggested by theory and fixed effects estimators, which may be biased by the presence of nonstationary data and the assumption that the rate of pass through is the same across states. Rates of pass through greater than one transfer $12.2 billion from consumers to retailers in FL, $2.3 billion in MA, and $19.2 billion in NY during the sample period, which represent 10.7%, 6.0%, and 23.9% of total expenditures on regular Motor Gasoline.

  • Horizontal and vertical transmissions in the US oil supply chain
    Energy Policy, 2009
    Co-Authors: Robert K Kaufmann, Stephane Dees, Micheal Mann
    Abstract:

    Oil prices, inventory levels, and utilization rates are influenced by changes that are transmitted horizontally and/or vertically through the energy supply chain. We define horizontal transmissions as changes that are generated by linkages among fuels at a similar stage of processing while vertical transmissions are changes that are generated by upstream/downstream linkages in the oil supply chain. Here, we investigate vertical and horizontal transmissions by estimating vector error correction models (VECMs) that represent relationships among the price of crude oil, US refinery utilization rates, US stocks of crude oil, US stocks of Motor Gasoline, the US price of Motor Gasoline, and the US price of a substitute fuel, natural gas. Causal relationships estimated from both weekly and quarterly observations indicate that the price of crude oil is an important gateway for disturbances to the oil supply chain. Impulse response functions indicate that disturbances to crude oil prices ripple down the oil supply chain and affect inventory behaviors, refinery utilization rates, and the price of Motor Gasoline, and are transmitted laterally to the natural gas market.

  • Causes for an asymmetric relation between the price of crude oil and refined petroleum products
    Energy Policy, 2005
    Co-Authors: Robert K Kaufmann, Cheryl Laskowski
    Abstract:

    We revisit the issue of asymmetries in the relation between the price of crude oil and refined petroleum products in the United States. An econometric analysis of monthly data indicates that the asymmetric relation between the price of crude oil and Motor Gasoline is generated by refinery utilization rates and inventory behavior. The asymmetric relation between the price of crude oil and home heating oil probably is generated by contractual arrangements between retailers and consumers. Together, these results imply that price asymmetries may be generated by efficient markets. Under these conditions, there is little justification for policy interventions to reduce or eliminate price asymmetries in Motor Gasoline and home heating oil markets.