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Wolfgang Schlager - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sedimentation rates and growth potential of tropical, cool-water and Mud-Mound carbonate systems
2016Co-Authors: Wolfgang SchlagerAbstract:ically induced (with organic trigger), and biotically controlled (where organisms determine timing, location and composition of the product). The three modes combine in a variety of ways to produce carbonate sediment. When viewed on the scale of formations and global facies belts, three benthic carbonate production systems, or 'factories', emerge: (1) the tropical shallow-water system, dominated by biotically controlled (mainly photo-autotrophic) and abiotic precipitates; (2) the cool-water system, dominated by biotically controlled (mainly heterotrophic) precipitates; and (3) the Mud-Mound system, dominated by abiotic and biotically induced (mainly microbial) precipitates. The sedimentation rates of all three factories decrease as the time span of observation increases. This scaling trend is not just an artifact of ratio correlation; it is almost certainly related to the episodic, pulsating nature of sedimentation. The growth potential of the three systems can be estimated by drawing the envelope of the maximum observed rates of aggradation. The tropical system shows the highest rates: 104 ixm a-1 at 103 years, decreasing to102 ixm a-1 at 107 years. The maximum rates of the cool-water system are comparable to those of the tropical carbonates for intervals shorte
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Benthic carbonate factories of the Phanerozoic
International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2003Co-Authors: Wolfgang SchlagerAbstract:Marine carbonate precipitation occurs in three basic modes: abiotic (or quasi-abiotic), biotically induced, and biotically controlled. On a geologic scale, these precipitation modes combine to form three carbonate production systems, or "factories" in the benthic environment: (1) tropical shallow-water factory, dominated by biotically controlled (mainly photo-autotrophic) and abiotic precipitates; (2) cool-water factory, dominated by biotically controlled (mainly heterotrophic) precipitates; and (3) Mud-Mound factory, dominated by biotically induced (mainly microbial) and abiotic precipitates. Sediment accumulations of the factories differ in composition, geometry, and facies patterns, and some of these differences appear prominently in seismic data, thus facilitating subsurface prediction. The characteristic accumulation of the tropical factory is the flat-topped, often reef-rimmed platform. In cool-water systems, reefs in high-energy settings are scarce and hydrodynamic influence dominates, producing seaward-sloping shelves and deep-water sediment drifts often armored by skeletal framework. The typical accumulation of the Mud-Mound factory is groups of Mounds in deeper water. Where the Mud-Mound factory expands into shallow water, it forms rimmed platforms similar to the tropical factory. The tropical factory is most productive; the Mud-Mound factory reaches 80-90%, and the cool-water factory 20-30% of the tropical growth rate. The three factories represent end members connected by transitions in space. Transitions in time are linked to biotic evolution.
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Sedimentation rates and growth potential of tropical, cool-water and Mud-Mound carbonate systems
Geological Society London Special Publications, 2000Co-Authors: Wolfgang SchlagerAbstract:Carbonate fixation in the ocean proceeds in three basic modes: abiotically, biotically induced (with organic trigger), and biotically controlled (where organisms determine timing, location and composition of the product). The three modes combine in a variety of ways to produce carbonate sediment. When viewed on the scale of formations and global facies belts, three benthic carbonate production systems, or factories, emerge: (1) the tropical shallow-water system, dominated by biotically controlled (mainly photoautotrophic) and abiotic precipitates: (2) the cool-water system, dominated by biotically controlled (mainly heterotrophic) precipitates; and (3) the Mud-Mound system, dominated by abiotic and biotically induced (mainly microbial) precipitates. The sedimentation rates of all three factories decrease as the time span of observation increases. This scaling trend is not just an artifact of ratio correlation: it is almost certainly related to the episodic, pulsating nature of sedimentation. The growth potential of the three systems can be estimated by drawing the envelope of the maximum observed rates of aggradation. The tropical system shows the highest rates: 10
Anna C Snider - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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deep water stratigraphic cyclicity and carbonate Mud Mound development in the middle cambrian marjum formation house range utah usa
Sedimentology, 2002Co-Authors: Maya Elrick, Anna C SniderAbstract:In mid-Middle Cambrian time, shallow-water sedimentation along the Cordilleran passive margin was abruptly interrupted by the development of the deep-water House Range embayment across Nevada and Utah. The Marjum Formation (330 m) in the central House Range represents deposition in the deepest part of the embayment and is composed of five deep-water facies: limestone–argillaceous limestone rhythmites; shale; thin carbonate Mud Mounds; bioturbated limestone; and cross-bedded limestone. These facies are cyclically arranged into 1·5 to 30 m thick parasequences that include rhythmite–Mound, rhythmite–shale, rhythmite–bioturbated limestone and rhythmite–cross-bedded limestone parasequences. Using biostratigraphically constrained sediment accumulation rates, the parasequences range in duration from ≈14 to 270 kyr. The Mud Mounds are thin (<2 m), closely spaced, laterally linked, symmetrical domes composed of massive, fenestral, peloidal to clotted microspar with sparse unoriented, poorly sorted skeletal material, calcitized bacterial(?) filaments/tubes and abundant fenestrae and stroma- tactoid structures. These petrographic and sedimentological features suggest that the microspar, peloids/clots and syndepositional micritic cement were precipitated in situ from the activity of benthic microbial communities. Concentrated growth of the microbial communities occurred during periods of decreased input of fine detrital carbonate transported offshore from the adjacent shallow-water carbonate platform. In the neighbouring Wah Wah Range and throughout the southern Great Basin, coeval mid-Middle Cambrian shallow-water carbonates are composed of abundant metre-scale, upward-shallowing parasequences that record high-frequency (104−105 years) eustatic sea-level changes. Given this regional stratigraphic relationship, the Marjum Formation parasequences probably formed in response to high-frequency sea-level fluctuations that controlled the amount of detrital carbonate input into the deeper water embayment. During high-frequency sea-level rise and early highstand, detrital carbonate input into the embayment decreased as a result of carbonate factory retrogradation, resulting in the deposition of shale (base of rhythmite–shale parasequences) or thin nodular rhythmites, followed by in situ precipitated Mud Mounds (lower portion of rhythmite–Mound parasequences). During the ensuing high-frequency sea-level fall/lowstand, detrital carbonate influx into the embayment increased on account of carbonate factory pro- gradation towards the embayment, resulting in deposition of rhythmites (upper part of rhythmite–Mound parasequences), reworking of rhythmites by a lowered storm wave base (cross-bedded limestone deposition) or bioturbation of rhythmites by a weakened/lowered O2-minimum zone (bioturbated lime- stone deposition). This interpreted sea-level control on offshore carbonate sedimentation patterns is unique to Palaeozoic and earliest Mesozoic deep-water sediments. After the evolution of calcareous plankton in the Jurassic, the presence or absence of deeper water carbonates was influenced by a variety of chemical and physical oceanographic factors, rather than just physical transport of carbonate Muds.
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Deep‐water stratigraphic cyclicity and carbonate Mud Mound development in the Middle Cambrian Marjum Formation, House Range, Utah, USA
Sedimentology, 2002Co-Authors: Maya Elrick, Anna C SniderAbstract:In mid-Middle Cambrian time, shallow-water sedimentation along the Cordilleran passive margin was abruptly interrupted by the development of the deep-water House Range embayment across Nevada and Utah. The Marjum Formation (330 m) in the central House Range represents deposition in the deepest part of the embayment and is composed of five deep-water facies: limestone–argillaceous limestone rhythmites; shale; thin carbonate Mud Mounds; bioturbated limestone; and cross-bedded limestone. These facies are cyclically arranged into 1·5 to 30 m thick parasequences that include rhythmite–Mound, rhythmite–shale, rhythmite–bioturbated limestone and rhythmite–cross-bedded limestone parasequences. Using biostratigraphically constrained sediment accumulation rates, the parasequences range in duration from ≈14 to 270 kyr. The Mud Mounds are thin (
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Deep-water stratigraphic cyclicity and carbonate Mud Mound development
2002Co-Authors: Maya Elrick, Anna C SniderAbstract:In mid-Middle Cambrian time, shallow-water sedimentation along the Cordilleran passive margin was abruptly interrupted by the development of the deep-water House Range embayment across Nevada and Utah. The Marjum Formation (330 m) in the central House Range represents deposition in the deepest part of the embayment and is composed of five deep-water facies: limestone–argillaceous limestone rhythmites; shale; thin carbonate Mud Mounds; bioturbated limestone; and cross-bedded limestone. These facies are cyclically arranged into 1Æ5 to 30 m thick parasequences that include rhythmite–Mound, rhythmite–shale, rhythmite–bioturbated limestone and rhythmite–cross-bedded limestone parasequences. Using biostratigraphically constrained sediment accumulation rates, the parasequences range in duration from 14 to 270 kyr. The Mud Mounds are thin (<2 m), closely spaced, laterally linked, symmetrical domes composed of massive, fenestral, peloidal to clotted microspar with sparse unoriented, poorly sorted skeletal material
Maya Elrick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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deep water stratigraphic cyclicity and carbonate Mud Mound development in the middle cambrian marjum formation house range utah usa
Sedimentology, 2002Co-Authors: Maya Elrick, Anna C SniderAbstract:In mid-Middle Cambrian time, shallow-water sedimentation along the Cordilleran passive margin was abruptly interrupted by the development of the deep-water House Range embayment across Nevada and Utah. The Marjum Formation (330 m) in the central House Range represents deposition in the deepest part of the embayment and is composed of five deep-water facies: limestone–argillaceous limestone rhythmites; shale; thin carbonate Mud Mounds; bioturbated limestone; and cross-bedded limestone. These facies are cyclically arranged into 1·5 to 30 m thick parasequences that include rhythmite–Mound, rhythmite–shale, rhythmite–bioturbated limestone and rhythmite–cross-bedded limestone parasequences. Using biostratigraphically constrained sediment accumulation rates, the parasequences range in duration from ≈14 to 270 kyr. The Mud Mounds are thin (<2 m), closely spaced, laterally linked, symmetrical domes composed of massive, fenestral, peloidal to clotted microspar with sparse unoriented, poorly sorted skeletal material, calcitized bacterial(?) filaments/tubes and abundant fenestrae and stroma- tactoid structures. These petrographic and sedimentological features suggest that the microspar, peloids/clots and syndepositional micritic cement were precipitated in situ from the activity of benthic microbial communities. Concentrated growth of the microbial communities occurred during periods of decreased input of fine detrital carbonate transported offshore from the adjacent shallow-water carbonate platform. In the neighbouring Wah Wah Range and throughout the southern Great Basin, coeval mid-Middle Cambrian shallow-water carbonates are composed of abundant metre-scale, upward-shallowing parasequences that record high-frequency (104−105 years) eustatic sea-level changes. Given this regional stratigraphic relationship, the Marjum Formation parasequences probably formed in response to high-frequency sea-level fluctuations that controlled the amount of detrital carbonate input into the deeper water embayment. During high-frequency sea-level rise and early highstand, detrital carbonate input into the embayment decreased as a result of carbonate factory retrogradation, resulting in the deposition of shale (base of rhythmite–shale parasequences) or thin nodular rhythmites, followed by in situ precipitated Mud Mounds (lower portion of rhythmite–Mound parasequences). During the ensuing high-frequency sea-level fall/lowstand, detrital carbonate influx into the embayment increased on account of carbonate factory pro- gradation towards the embayment, resulting in deposition of rhythmites (upper part of rhythmite–Mound parasequences), reworking of rhythmites by a lowered storm wave base (cross-bedded limestone deposition) or bioturbation of rhythmites by a weakened/lowered O2-minimum zone (bioturbated lime- stone deposition). This interpreted sea-level control on offshore carbonate sedimentation patterns is unique to Palaeozoic and earliest Mesozoic deep-water sediments. After the evolution of calcareous plankton in the Jurassic, the presence or absence of deeper water carbonates was influenced by a variety of chemical and physical oceanographic factors, rather than just physical transport of carbonate Muds.
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Deep‐water stratigraphic cyclicity and carbonate Mud Mound development in the Middle Cambrian Marjum Formation, House Range, Utah, USA
Sedimentology, 2002Co-Authors: Maya Elrick, Anna C SniderAbstract:In mid-Middle Cambrian time, shallow-water sedimentation along the Cordilleran passive margin was abruptly interrupted by the development of the deep-water House Range embayment across Nevada and Utah. The Marjum Formation (330 m) in the central House Range represents deposition in the deepest part of the embayment and is composed of five deep-water facies: limestone–argillaceous limestone rhythmites; shale; thin carbonate Mud Mounds; bioturbated limestone; and cross-bedded limestone. These facies are cyclically arranged into 1·5 to 30 m thick parasequences that include rhythmite–Mound, rhythmite–shale, rhythmite–bioturbated limestone and rhythmite–cross-bedded limestone parasequences. Using biostratigraphically constrained sediment accumulation rates, the parasequences range in duration from ≈14 to 270 kyr. The Mud Mounds are thin (
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Deep-water stratigraphic cyclicity and carbonate Mud Mound development
2002Co-Authors: Maya Elrick, Anna C SniderAbstract:In mid-Middle Cambrian time, shallow-water sedimentation along the Cordilleran passive margin was abruptly interrupted by the development of the deep-water House Range embayment across Nevada and Utah. The Marjum Formation (330 m) in the central House Range represents deposition in the deepest part of the embayment and is composed of five deep-water facies: limestone–argillaceous limestone rhythmites; shale; thin carbonate Mud Mounds; bioturbated limestone; and cross-bedded limestone. These facies are cyclically arranged into 1Æ5 to 30 m thick parasequences that include rhythmite–Mound, rhythmite–shale, rhythmite–bioturbated limestone and rhythmite–cross-bedded limestone parasequences. Using biostratigraphically constrained sediment accumulation rates, the parasequences range in duration from 14 to 270 kyr. The Mud Mounds are thin (<2 m), closely spaced, laterally linked, symmetrical domes composed of massive, fenestral, peloidal to clotted microspar with sparse unoriented, poorly sorted skeletal material
Stephen J. Gallagher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Shallow water Mud-Mounds of the Early Devonian Buchan Group, East Gippsland, Australia
Sedimentary Geology, 2012Co-Authors: Anne-marie P. Tosolini, Malcolm W. Wallace, Stephen J. GallagherAbstract:Abstract The Lower Devonian Rocky Camp Member of the Murrindal Limestone, Buchan Group of southeastern Australia consists of a series of carbonate Mud-Mounds and smaller lagoonal bioherms. The Rocky Camp Mound is the best exposed of the Mud-Mounds and has many characteristics in common with Waulsortian (Carboniferous) Mounds. Detailed paleoecological and sedimentological studies indicate that the Mound initially accumulated in the photic zone, in contrast to most of the previously recorded Mud-Mounds. Five facies are present in the Mud-Mound: a Dasycladacean Wackestone Facies at the base of the Mound represents a moderate energy, shallow water bank environment within the photic zone. A Crinioidal Wackestone Facies was deposited in a laterally equivalent foreslope setting. A Poriferan-Crinoidal Mudstone Facies developed in a quiet, deeper water, lee-side Mound setting associated with a minor relative sea-level rise. A Stromatoporoid-Coralline Packstone Facies in the upper part of the Mound deposited in a high-energy, fair-weather wave base, Mound-front environment. The crest of the Mound is represented by a Crinoidal-Receptaculitid Packstone Facies indicative of a moderate-energy Mound-top environment in the photic zone, sheltered by the Mound-front stromatoporoid-coral communities. A Mound flank facies is present on the southern side of the Mound and this consists of high-energy crinoidal grainstones. Mud-Mound deposition was terminated by a transgression that deposited dark gray, fossil-poor marl of the overlying Taravale Formation. The Rocky Camp Mound appears to have originated in shallow water photic zone conditions and grew into a high-energy environment, with the Mound being eventually colonized by corals and stromatoporoids. The indications of a high-energy environment during later Mound growth (growth form of colonial metazoans and grainstones of the flanking facies) suggest that the micrite in the Mound was autochthonous and implies the presence of an energy damping mechanism (probably biological) at the Mound surface.
Fritz Neuweiler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Impact of Depositional Events and Burial Rate on Carbonate–Silica Diagenesis in a Middle Jurassic Stromatactis Carbonate Mud Mound, Sainte-Baume Massif, SE France
Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2012Co-Authors: Marc Floquet, Fritz Neuweiler, Philippe LéonideAbstract:Abstract Understanding the processes and conditions of chertification in carbonates is a challenging problem to assess the marine silica cycle. This contribution highlights parameters of internal silica recycling processes from their biogenic source to quartz cementation by describing a unique case of carbonate–silica diagenesis in a Mesozoic Mud Mound. Stromatactis carbonate Mud Mounds exposed in the Sainte-Baume Massif (Basse Provence, France) developed in an outer-shelf environment during the late Aalenian concavum ammonite Zone (Middle Jurassic). They form part of a cherty succession punctuated by hardgrounds and stratigraphically condensed intervals, interpreted to record deepening episodes. These Mud Mounds, rich in siliceous sponge spicules and stromatactis, are similar to their widespread Paleozoic counterparts but are particular in being extensively silicified. Carbonate–silica paragenesis forms a polyMud fabric including four microcrystalline carbonates (M1 to M4; all low-Mg calcite, LMC), five spar cements (C1 to C5; C1 with high-Mg calcite, HMC, precursor mineralogy), and four silica phases (S1 to S4; S1 to S3 replacive chalcedony after opal-CT, S4 euhedral quartz cement). M1, assumedly related to the degradative calcification of siliceous sponges, forms a labyrinthine network into which M2 to M4 were infiltrated. Spar cements C1 to C3 include a successive decrease of δ18 O at fairly invariable δ13 C, interpreted to represent marine to shallow burial conditions, suggesting burial and successive transformation of marine bottom waters. Temperature estimation, based on the average δ18O value of C4 (δ18O −7.9‰), indicates a temperature of around 50°C at a maximum burial depth of about 1000 meters. Replacive chalcedony (S1 to S3) occurs between calcite cementation C3 and C4 in combination with traces of corrosion on C3. Mg-calcite was preferably replaced, particularly the precursor of cement C1 that surrounds peloids of M2, and preserved some ghost structures. Corrosion and substrate selectivity suggest that acidification, Mg-hydroxyl complexes, and surface area are the triggers for flocculation of a silica gel. Because dissolution of opaline sponge spicules started almost contemporaneously with C1, the dissolved silica was retained in a connate fluid as phases C1 to C3 were precipitated, and stagnant conditions prevailed for around 1 Ma. Bulk δ18O/δD values (S1–S3) below the marine chert line, together with the range of S1–S3 δ18O (δ18O SMOW = 28.3‰ ± 1.0) suggest silica flocculation in a shallow burial environment at temperatures of 25–30°C. The establishment of acidic conditions might have been favored by sulfide-oxidizing micro-organisms. Numerical simulation of early diagenetic silica flux in such marine sediments is consistent with the interpretation that small grain-size changes and fluid barriers (that create diffusion-controlled conditions), such as those induced by stratigraphic condensation, are key parameters to retain pore-water dissolved silica over geologic time. Inversely, Paleozoic stromatactis carbonate Mud Mounds typically form part of large-scale coarsening- and shallowing-upward successions that correspond to rapid burial. These conditions support convergent pore-water flux and drainage of pore-water dissolved silica in the shallow burial realm. Hence, spicule-rich Mounds should tend to silicify if they form part of a condensed section.
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the impact of depositional events and burial rate on carbonate silica diagenesis in a middle jurassic stromatactis carbonate Mud Mound sainte baume massif se france
Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2012Co-Authors: Marc Floquet, Fritz Neuweiler, Philippe LéonideAbstract:Abstract Understanding the processes and conditions of chertification in carbonates is a challenging problem to assess the marine silica cycle. This contribution highlights parameters of internal silica recycling processes from their biogenic source to quartz cementation by describing a unique case of carbonate–silica diagenesis in a Mesozoic Mud Mound. Stromatactis carbonate Mud Mounds exposed in the Sainte-Baume Massif (Basse Provence, France) developed in an outer-shelf environment during the late Aalenian concavum ammonite Zone (Middle Jurassic). They form part of a cherty succession punctuated by hardgrounds and stratigraphically condensed intervals, interpreted to record deepening episodes. These Mud Mounds, rich in siliceous sponge spicules and stromatactis, are similar to their widespread Paleozoic counterparts but are particular in being extensively silicified. Carbonate–silica paragenesis forms a polyMud fabric including four microcrystalline carbonates (M1 to M4; all low-Mg calcite, LMC), five spar cements (C1 to C5; C1 with high-Mg calcite, HMC, precursor mineralogy), and four silica phases (S1 to S4; S1 to S3 replacive chalcedony after opal-CT, S4 euhedral quartz cement). M1, assumedly related to the degradative calcification of siliceous sponges, forms a labyrinthine network into which M2 to M4 were infiltrated. Spar cements C1 to C3 include a successive decrease of δ18 O at fairly invariable δ13 C, interpreted to represent marine to shallow burial conditions, suggesting burial and successive transformation of marine bottom waters. Temperature estimation, based on the average δ18O value of C4 (δ18O −7.9‰), indicates a temperature of around 50°C at a maximum burial depth of about 1000 meters. Replacive chalcedony (S1 to S3) occurs between calcite cementation C3 and C4 in combination with traces of corrosion on C3. Mg-calcite was preferably replaced, particularly the precursor of cement C1 that surrounds peloids of M2, and preserved some ghost structures. Corrosion and substrate selectivity suggest that acidification, Mg-hydroxyl complexes, and surface area are the triggers for flocculation of a silica gel. Because dissolution of opaline sponge spicules started almost contemporaneously with C1, the dissolved silica was retained in a connate fluid as phases C1 to C3 were precipitated, and stagnant conditions prevailed for around 1 Ma. Bulk δ18O/δD values (S1–S3) below the marine chert line, together with the range of S1–S3 δ18O (δ18O SMOW = 28.3‰ ± 1.0) suggest silica flocculation in a shallow burial environment at temperatures of 25–30°C. The establishment of acidic conditions might have been favored by sulfide-oxidizing micro-organisms. Numerical simulation of early diagenetic silica flux in such marine sediments is consistent with the interpretation that small grain-size changes and fluid barriers (that create diffusion-controlled conditions), such as those induced by stratigraphic condensation, are key parameters to retain pore-water dissolved silica over geologic time. Inversely, Paleozoic stromatactis carbonate Mud Mounds typically form part of large-scale coarsening- and shallowing-upward successions that correspond to rapid burial. These conditions support convergent pore-water flux and drainage of pore-water dissolved silica in the shallow burial realm. Hence, spicule-rich Mounds should tend to silicify if they form part of a condensed section.
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soluble humic substances from in situ precipitated microcrystalline calcium carbonate internal sediment and spar cement in a cretaceous carbonate Mud Mound
Geology, 2000Co-Authors: Fritz Neuweiler, Margret Rutsch, Gerhard Geipel, Andreas Reimer, Karlheinz HeiseAbstract:Albian carbonate Mud-Mound limestones exposed near Iraneta, northern Spain, show a fabric- and particle-specific fluorescence. Intense fluorescence is restricted to in situ precipitated microcrystalline (automicritic) fabrics, calcified demosponges, and coralline sponges. Intermediate intensity derives from micritized bioclasts, pellets, and a rim of marine bladed cement. Most invertebrate skeletons, late-diagenetic equant cement, and crosscutting zones of dolomitization are weakly to nonfluorescent. Internal microcrystalline sediment (allomicrite) and red algae debris have variable fluorescence. Correlation between rock fluorescence and soluble humic substances was evaluated from 3 g of automicrite, allomicrite, and cement. Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) with ultra-short pulses on two extracrystalline fractions (NaOH-soluble) and two intracrystalline fractions (HCl-soluble and NaOH-soluble) showed that most of the soluble humic substances of automicrite are within the crystals; but conversely, are significantly enriched on outer surfaces of allomicrite. Spar cement is close to detection limits. Fluorescence lifetimes are in the range of 0.5–2 ns and 3.5–6 ns. We conclude that precipitation of automicrite took place during oxidative organic matter diagenesis, i.e., during condensation reactions of degradation products of marine biopolymers. By contrast, allomicrite formed by skeletal breakdown followed by ingestion, organic coating, and reingestion during deposit feeding. A humic-substance–based model of marine polymer gels represents a new approach for the understanding of ancient polygenetic carbonate Muds, so typical of Phanerozoic Mud-Mounds in deeper water settings.