The Experts below are selected from a list of 327 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
E E Trujillo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp clidemiae and septoria passiflorae into two Mycoherbicides with extended viability
Plant Disease, 1995Co-Authors: D J Norman, E E TrujilloAbstract:Norman, D. J., and Trujillo, E. E. 1995. Development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. clidemiae and Septoria passiflorae into two Mycoherbicides with extended viability. Plant Dis. 79:1029-1032. Two potential Mycoherbicides were formulated for extended viability: one, containing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. clidemiae as the active ingredient, was effective against Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta); and the other, containing Septoria passiflorae, was effective against banana poka (Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita). Microcycle conidiation of both fungi occurred on the surface of solid media inoculated with spore suspensions ≥1 x 10 6 conidia per ml, ca. 1.67 x 10 4 conidia per cm 2 . In 4 days, C. g. f. sp. clidemiae produced 5 x 10 6 conidia per cm 2 after incubation at 25°C under continuous illumination on the surface of potato-dextrose agar adjusted to 3% agar. In 3 weeks, S. passiflorae produced 8.6 x 10 7 conidia per cm 2 after incubation on 10% Gerber Mixed Cereal for Baby agar, while on agitated potato-dextrose broth the production was 3.9 x 10 7 conidia per ml at 21°C under continuous illumination after 4 days incubation. Spores of C. g. f. sp. clidemiae and S. passiflorae, harvested by scraping the surfaces of solid cultures, were mixed in kaolin, dried, and stored at -18 and 1°C. They maintained greater than 84% viability for over 4 months and greater than 95% viability for 6 months, respectively. Spores of S. passiflorae harvested from liquid culture and stored at ≤1°C, mixed in kaolin and/or by lyophilization, maintained 97% viability for <1 year. C. g. f. sp. clidemiae spores produced in liquid culture had low viability and were killed by lyophilization. Viability was optimally maintained in both fungi when they were stored at -18°C. Viability of spores of both fungi stored as a kaolin formulation at 22°C was short-lived. No significant differences in pathogenicity were found in spores as a kaolin formulation after 4 months of storage. The shelf life of stored C. g. f. sp. clidemiae-kaolin was not affected by rehydrating in a 30% sucrose solution; whereas significant loss of viability occurred when the spore-kaolin mixtures were rehydrated in sterile distilled water (SDW). Rehydration of the mycoherbicide containing S. passiflorae in SDW did not decrease its activity. Both fungi produced a significantly higher number of lesions when applied to host plants suspended in 2% sucrose-0.5% gelatin solution than in SDW. Also, the number of lesions produced increased linearly with increases in inoculum. There was no significant difference in pathogenicity between freshly harvested spores and kaolin-spore mixtures stored for 4 months.
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Development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. clidemiae and Septoria passiflorae into two Mycoherbicides with extended viability.
Plant Disease, 1995Co-Authors: D J Norman, E E TrujilloAbstract:Norman, D. J., and Trujillo, E. E. 1995. Development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. clidemiae and Septoria passiflorae into two Mycoherbicides with extended viability. Plant Dis. 79:1029-1032. Two potential Mycoherbicides were formulated for extended viability: one, containing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. clidemiae as the active ingredient, was effective against Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta); and the other, containing Septoria passiflorae, was effective against banana poka (Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita). Microcycle conidiation of both fungi occurred on the surface of solid media inoculated with spore suspensions ≥1 x 10 6 conidia per ml, ca. 1.67 x 10 4 conidia per cm 2 . In 4 days, C. g. f. sp. clidemiae produced 5 x 10 6 conidia per cm 2 after incubation at 25°C under continuous illumination on the surface of potato-dextrose agar adjusted to 3% agar. In 3 weeks, S. passiflorae produced 8.6 x 10 7 conidia per cm 2 after incubation on 10% Gerber Mixed Cereal for Baby agar, while on agitated potato-dextrose broth the production was 3.9 x 10 7 conidia per ml at 21°C under continuous illumination after 4 days incubation. Spores of C. g. f. sp. clidemiae and S. passiflorae, harvested by scraping the surfaces of solid cultures, were mixed in kaolin, dried, and stored at -18 and 1°C. They maintained greater than 84% viability for over 4 months and greater than 95% viability for 6 months, respectively. Spores of S. passiflorae harvested from liquid culture and stored at ≤1°C, mixed in kaolin and/or by lyophilization, maintained 97% viability for
D J Norman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp clidemiae and septoria passiflorae into two Mycoherbicides with extended viability
Plant Disease, 1995Co-Authors: D J Norman, E E TrujilloAbstract:Norman, D. J., and Trujillo, E. E. 1995. Development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. clidemiae and Septoria passiflorae into two Mycoherbicides with extended viability. Plant Dis. 79:1029-1032. Two potential Mycoherbicides were formulated for extended viability: one, containing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. clidemiae as the active ingredient, was effective against Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta); and the other, containing Septoria passiflorae, was effective against banana poka (Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita). Microcycle conidiation of both fungi occurred on the surface of solid media inoculated with spore suspensions ≥1 x 10 6 conidia per ml, ca. 1.67 x 10 4 conidia per cm 2 . In 4 days, C. g. f. sp. clidemiae produced 5 x 10 6 conidia per cm 2 after incubation at 25°C under continuous illumination on the surface of potato-dextrose agar adjusted to 3% agar. In 3 weeks, S. passiflorae produced 8.6 x 10 7 conidia per cm 2 after incubation on 10% Gerber Mixed Cereal for Baby agar, while on agitated potato-dextrose broth the production was 3.9 x 10 7 conidia per ml at 21°C under continuous illumination after 4 days incubation. Spores of C. g. f. sp. clidemiae and S. passiflorae, harvested by scraping the surfaces of solid cultures, were mixed in kaolin, dried, and stored at -18 and 1°C. They maintained greater than 84% viability for over 4 months and greater than 95% viability for 6 months, respectively. Spores of S. passiflorae harvested from liquid culture and stored at ≤1°C, mixed in kaolin and/or by lyophilization, maintained 97% viability for <1 year. C. g. f. sp. clidemiae spores produced in liquid culture had low viability and were killed by lyophilization. Viability was optimally maintained in both fungi when they were stored at -18°C. Viability of spores of both fungi stored as a kaolin formulation at 22°C was short-lived. No significant differences in pathogenicity were found in spores as a kaolin formulation after 4 months of storage. The shelf life of stored C. g. f. sp. clidemiae-kaolin was not affected by rehydrating in a 30% sucrose solution; whereas significant loss of viability occurred when the spore-kaolin mixtures were rehydrated in sterile distilled water (SDW). Rehydration of the mycoherbicide containing S. passiflorae in SDW did not decrease its activity. Both fungi produced a significantly higher number of lesions when applied to host plants suspended in 2% sucrose-0.5% gelatin solution than in SDW. Also, the number of lesions produced increased linearly with increases in inoculum. There was no significant difference in pathogenicity between freshly harvested spores and kaolin-spore mixtures stored for 4 months.
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Development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. clidemiae and Septoria passiflorae into two Mycoherbicides with extended viability.
Plant Disease, 1995Co-Authors: D J Norman, E E TrujilloAbstract:Norman, D. J., and Trujillo, E. E. 1995. Development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. clidemiae and Septoria passiflorae into two Mycoherbicides with extended viability. Plant Dis. 79:1029-1032. Two potential Mycoherbicides were formulated for extended viability: one, containing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. clidemiae as the active ingredient, was effective against Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta); and the other, containing Septoria passiflorae, was effective against banana poka (Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita). Microcycle conidiation of both fungi occurred on the surface of solid media inoculated with spore suspensions ≥1 x 10 6 conidia per ml, ca. 1.67 x 10 4 conidia per cm 2 . In 4 days, C. g. f. sp. clidemiae produced 5 x 10 6 conidia per cm 2 after incubation at 25°C under continuous illumination on the surface of potato-dextrose agar adjusted to 3% agar. In 3 weeks, S. passiflorae produced 8.6 x 10 7 conidia per cm 2 after incubation on 10% Gerber Mixed Cereal for Baby agar, while on agitated potato-dextrose broth the production was 3.9 x 10 7 conidia per ml at 21°C under continuous illumination after 4 days incubation. Spores of C. g. f. sp. clidemiae and S. passiflorae, harvested by scraping the surfaces of solid cultures, were mixed in kaolin, dried, and stored at -18 and 1°C. They maintained greater than 84% viability for over 4 months and greater than 95% viability for 6 months, respectively. Spores of S. passiflorae harvested from liquid culture and stored at ≤1°C, mixed in kaolin and/or by lyophilization, maintained 97% viability for
P. S. Marley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does vacuum-packaging or co-delivered amendments enhance shelf-life of Striga-mycoherbicidal products containing Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae during storage?
Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2009Co-Authors: Abuelgasim Elzein, P. S. Marley, Jürgen Kroschel, Georg CadischAbstract:Abstract The effect of vacuum packaging on the shelf-life and handling of Pesta granules and seed treatment made with chlamydospores of Fusarium oxysporum strains Foxy2, PSM197 or their mixture was studied at 4°C and 22±3°C over 1 year. In addition, the effects of co-incorporated amendments [urea in Pesta or co-delivered fungicides (Ridomil Gold®, Apron XL®) on coated sorghum seeds], and coating material (Arabic gum ‘AG’, SUET Binder ‘SB’) on the viability of Striga-Mycoherbicides were evaluated. Storage under vacuum packaging did not enhance shelf-life of the formulated Striga-mycoherbicidal products after 12 months of storage regardless of the treatment used. The co-incorporated urea into Pesta granules significantly reduced the viability of Mycoherbicides, but less so at 4°C (58% strain-stability after 12 months). No significant differences between the coating materials in maintaining the viability of Mycoherbicides were observed. The shelf-life of isolates on coated seeds significantly decreased when ...
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Fusarium oxysporum Strains as Potential Striga Mycoherbicides: Molecular Characterization and Evidence for a new forma specialis
The Open Mycology Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Abuelgasim Elzein, P. S. Marley, Jürgen Kroschel, Georg Cadisch, Frank Brändle, Marco ThinesAbstract:Fusarium oxysporum isolates (Foxy 2 and PSM197) are potential, highly host specific Mycoherbicides for the control of the parasitic weeds Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica. Their target weeds, Striga spp., are major biotic con- straints in cereal and legume production in semi-arid tropical Africa, where they adversely affect livelihood of millions of subsistence farmers. The aim of this study was to characterize and sequence the Striga Mycoherbicides Foxy 2 & PSM197 in order to more clearly distinguish them from other morphologically similar pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains. The fungal isolates were cultivated on PDA medium and characterized based on the analysis of partial DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene. Both isolates were identical in their ITS- sequence. The unique and identical ITS-sequence of the two isolates obtained, compared to the sequences of Fusarium oxysporum forma speciales deposited in GenBank along with the host specificity to Striga demonstrated in previous stud- ies, provides strong evidence to propose these pathogens of Striga as a new forma specialis (f. sp. strigae). The possibility to clearly distinguish between the new forma specialis and all pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains sequenced so far will facilitate and encourage the acceptance and introduction of Striga-Mycoherbicides for practical field application by regulatory authorities and farmers.
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Development and assessment of fusarium oxysporum-based mycoherbicide for control of Striga Hermonthica in sorghum
Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 2006Co-Authors: N. Nekouam, P. S. Marley, A. M. Emechebe, A.d. AkpaAbstract:Abstract Experiments were carried out from 2002 to 2003 to determine the most suitable form of fungal delivery for possible use by farmers in biological control of Striga hermonthica. Six Mycoherbicides were developed, based on Fusarium oxysporum isolated from wilted S. hermonthica. In mycoherbicide formulation, rock phosphate powder, sorghum bran and gum arabic powder were used as carriers. Besides its role as a carrier, gum arabic powder was used as a sticker. There were three carriers with two formulations each, making six treatments altogether. Living propagule studies were based on colony, mycelium and conidium number of F. oxysporum. In greenhouse evaluation of Mycoherbicides, each kg sorghum seed was coated with 10 g mycoherbicide before sowing. Carrier rock phosphate powder with gum arabic powder as a sticking agent was the most suitable form of its delivery for use by peasant farmers.
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Field assessment of Fusarium oxysporum based mycoherbicide for control of Striga hermonthica in Nigeria
BioControl, 2005Co-Authors: P. S. Marley, J. A. Y. ShebayanAbstract:Fusarium oxysporum (isolate PSM 197) based mycoherbicide was evaluated for its efficacy under field conditions in trials conducted during 1999--2001 cropping seasons in the Nigerian savanna. In the 1999 cropping season, spot application of 5--10 g of mycoherbicide was found to give effective control of Striga hermonthica. Results of on-farm trials at Barhim and Dutsen-Ma areas showed the application of the mycoherbicide to significantly (p= 0.05) increase stand count at both 3 weeks and at harvest, reduced Striga shoot count and increased crop yield in both improved and local sorghum varieties, as compared with the same varieties not treated with the mycoherbicide. Results establish the efficacy of F. oxysporum as a mycoherbicide and the need for further development of the mycoherbicide into formulated granules or seed treatment for use in control of S. hermonthica under field conditions.
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integrated management of striga hermonthica in sorghum using a mycoherbicide and host plant resistance in the nigerian sudano sahelian savanna
Weed Research, 2004Co-Authors: P. S. Marley, J. A. Y. Shebayan, D.a. Aba, R Musa, A I SanniAbstract:Summary Striga hermonthica is a major biotic constraint to sorghum production in Nigeria, sometimes causing total yield loss. Recommendations for Striga management often include the use of cultural and agronomic practices, herbicides and host plant resistance when available. The use of biological control has not been commercialized. Fusarium oxysporum (isolate PSM 197)-based mycoherbicide was used in combination with selected sorghums (the Striga-resistant cultivar Samsorg 40, and the Striga tolerant landrace Yar'ruruka) as an Integrated Striga Management strategy (ISM) in on-farm trials in the Sudano-Sahelian savanna of Nigeria. Crop stands were significantly (P = 0.05) higher in ISM compared with non-ISM plots on which the mycoherbicide was not applied. Similarly, ISM plots had significantly (P = 0.05) lower Striga counts than non-ISM plots. Striga emergence was reduced by ISM by around 95%. Sorghum yields were 49.6% higher where integrated management was used. Cost benefit analysis of the ISM package shows that use of the mycoherbicide increased the profitability of sorghum production on Striga-infested soils. Farmers’ preferences monitored during and after the trials highlighted the need for careful selection and integration of control components into an ISM package.
Jonathan Gressel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Herbicides as Synergists for Mycoherbicides, and Vice Versa
Weed Science, 2010Co-Authors: Jonathan GresselAbstract:Abstract Except for a small number of cases in which biocontrol agents were introduced from the site of origin of a weed (classical biocontrol), there have been few cases where a pathogen was virulent enough to perform cost effectively in the field as a mycoherbicide. Mycoherbicides are typically weed species specific, so compatibility with herbicides used to control other weeds is often studied. There can be a synergy between Mycoherbicides and herbicides at the field level due to overlapping weed spectra (such synergies are not discussed in depth herein). Two approaches have been used to ascertain whether there is synergy in controlling the target weed: (1) random screening with herbicides; (2) using herbicides as antimetabolites to inhibit specific pathways, enhancing virulence. Glyphosate is the most common herbicide to synergize Mycoherbicides, possibly due to its dual function as an inhibitor of biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid phytoalexins by suppressing enolphosphate-shikimate phosphate synthase, o...
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Ultralow Calcium Requirements of Fungi Facilitate Use of Calcium Regulating Agents to Suppress Host Calcium-Dependent Defenses, Synergizing Infection by a Mycoherbicide
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Jonathan Gressel, Ziva Amsellem, Daphna Michaeli, V. Kampel, Abraham WarshawskyAbstract:Infection by many fungi activates a variety of calcium dependent defenses in the hosts, slowing or suppressing the attacker and limiting the efficacy of Mycoherbicides. The calcium requirement for fungal growth is so low that it could only be implied based on fungi containing calcium-dependent signaling enzymes. Analytical grade media contain
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synergized Mycoherbicides for resistance management
1997Co-Authors: Jonathan Gressel, Ziva Amsellem, D Michaeli, Amir SharonAbstract:Despite the large number of excellent herbicides available, there are many cases where there are needs to control single weed species. These needs include: a) Weeds that have evolved resistance to a still favored herbicide. Typically, only a single weed (initially) evolves resistance under monoherbicide monoculture, and the herbicide still adequately controls all other weeds. b) There are weeds that are naturally resistant to the herbicide, and no selectivity is available (except by genetically engineering new resistance to the crop). This is typical when the weeds are within the same botanical family as the crops: e.g. Cassia in soybeans, Abutilon in cotton, barleys and bromes in wheat, etc. Parasitic weeds are often in this class; few selective herbicides control them. Recently, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors were shown to control parasites in legumes where there is a modicum of effective natural herbicide resistance (Gacia-Torres and Lopez-Granados, 1991), as well as where there is genetically-engineered herbicide resistance in crops (Joel et al., 1995). In such instances the parasitic weeds might join group (a), as weeds, including parasites rapidly evolve resistance to this herbicide group (Sibony et al., 1995). c) There are many cases where an especially high rate of a herbicide is needed to control one weed species and the rest of the weed spectrum can be controlled by lower rates. If this single weed spp. could be controlled by non-chemical means, then lower, more economical and less potentially polluting rates of the herbicide could be used. d) There are often problems with single weed spp., where herbicides cannot economically or easily be used. These include: (i) pasture weeds such as spurge and bracken, where herbicides can be uneconomical; (ii) urban situations with allergenic weeds, but spraying witht chemicals is unacceptable for any of a variety of reasons; (iii) narcotic weeds (that fit the definition of being deleterious to humanity), which need aerial treatment without damage to nearby crops.
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Glyphosate Suppression of an Elicited Defense Response: Increased Susceptibility of Cassia obtusifolia to a Mycoherbicide
Plant physiology, 1992Co-Authors: Amir Sharon, Ziva Amsellem, Jonathan GresselAbstract:The major effort in developing pathogenic fungi into potential Mycoherbicides is aimed at increasing fungal virulence to weeds without affecting crop selectivity. Specific suppression of biosynthesis of a phytoalexin derived from the shikimate pathway in Cassia obtusifolia L. by a sublethal dose (50 micromolar) of glyphosate increased susceptibility to the mycoherbicide Alternaria cassiae Jurair & Khan. Glyphosate applied with conidia suppressed phytoalexin synthesis beginning at 12 hours, but not an earlier period 8 to 10 hours after inoculation. The phytoalexin synthesis elicited by fungal inoculation was also suppressed by darkness. The magnitudes of virulence of the mycoherbicide in the dark or with glyphosate in the light were both higher than after inoculation in the light with the same concentration of conidia in the absence of glyphosate. Five times less inoculum was needed to cause disease symptoms when applied with glyphosate than without. Glyphosate did not render A. cassiae virulent on soybean ( Glycine max ), a crop related to the host. These results suggest that a specific inhibition of a weed9s elicited defense response can be a safe way to enhance virulence and improve the efficacy of the mycoherbicide.
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APPROACHES TO AND SUCCESSES IN DEVELOPING TRANSGENICALLY ENHANCED Mycoherbicides
NATO Security through Science Series, 1Co-Authors: Jonathan Gressel, Sagit Meir, Yoav Herschkovitz, Hani Al-ahmad, Inbar Greenspoon, Olubukola Oluranti Babalola, Ziva AmsellemAbstract:Inundative Mycoherbicides have not been successful in weed con- trol in row crops, probably due to evolutionary barriers, and adding virulence factors was considered essential. Exogenous addition of the products of vari- ous genes was used to ascertain synergy as a prelude to adding them transgeni- cally. Transgenically over-expressing single "soft" genes (host lytic enzymes such as pectinase, cellulase and expansins, or natural hormones such as IAA), or "hard" genes encoding toxins such as NEP1 and CP1, has enhanced viru- lence, but not enough. Gene stacking to obtain synergies among the various genes is considered a top priority, both to achieve sufficient virulence and to delay the evolution of weed resistance to the fungal pathogens.
C. Douglas Boyette - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Adjuvants, formulations, and spraying systems for improvement of Mycoherbicides.
Weed Technology, 1996Co-Authors: C. Douglas Boyette, Paul C. Quimby, A.j. Caesar, Jennifer L. Birdsall, W. J. Connick, Donald J. Daigle, Mark A. Jackson, Grant H. Egley, Hamed K. AbbasAbstract:Herbicides are used in the production of almost 100% of agronomic crops in the United States and in most horticultural row crops. By volume, herbicides represent nearly two-thirds of all pesticides used in crop production. However, public pressure is mounting to force industry to develop safer, more environmentally responsible approaches for controlling weeds. Biological weed control with plant pathogenic fungi used as Mycoherbicides offers such an approach. But there are several biological and environmental limitations which are inherent to nearly all Mycoherbicides which must be overcome before they will be widely acceptable for practical use. Recent advances in adjuvant formulation and delivery systems have been used to overcome some of these limitations, such as lengthy dew requirements, inconsistent efficacy, and limited host ranges. Examples of current research to overcome these limitations will be presented in this review. Additional index words: Biocontrol, bioherbicide, host range alterations, invert emulsion.
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Water-Corn Oil Emulsion Enhances Conidia Germination and Mycoherbicidal Activity of Colletotrichum truncatum1
Weed Science, 1995Co-Authors: Grant H. Egley, C. Douglas BoyetteAbstract:A water-corn oil (unrefined) emulsion has promise as a carrier for application of the mycoherbicide, Colle- totrichum truncatum. We investigated this formulation (nor- mal emulsion; oil in water) for influences on conidia germination, appressoria formation, and mycoherbicidal ac- tivity of C. truncatum. Germination of conidia after applica- tion to hemp sesbania leaves was increased from 30% in water alone to 92% in the water-corn oil emulsion (water:oil, 1:1, by vol). The emulsion did not affect appressoria forma- tion. Of the several other oils tested, safflower seed oil en- hanced in vitro germination but did not enhance germination and mycoherbicide activity when the conidia-emulsion for- mulation was applied to hemp sesbania leaves. Application of C. truncatum conidia in the unrefined corn oil emulsion to hemp sesbania seedlings resulted in 89 to 97% control of the weed after a 24 to 72 h dew delay. The emulsion enhanced mycoherbicide efficacy by stimulating conidia germination by protecting the conidia during a dew-free period, hence, increasing weed infection when a dew occurred. Nomencla- ture: Hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex. A. W. Hill) #3 SEBEX, Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus
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Biological control of hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) under field conditions with Colletotrichum truncatum formulated in an invert emulsion.
Weed Science, 1993Co-Authors: C. Douglas Boyette, Paul C. Quimby, Grant H. Egley, Charles T. Bryson, Floyd E. FulghamAbstract:In greenhouse experiments, conidia of Col- letotrichum truncatum applied in an invert emulsion formulation controlled hemp sesbania 100% in the absence of a dew treatment. In field experiments, hemp sesbania control averaged 95 and 97% in 1989 and 1990, respectively, when this formulation was applied to hemp sesbania seedlings using tractor-mounted, air-assist noz- zles. This level of weed control was comparable to that achieved from the herbicide acifluorfen. These results indicate that C. truncatum has excellent potential as a mycoherbicide for controlling hemp sesbania and that this potential can be augmented by formulating the pathogen as an invert emulsion. Nomenclature: Hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Rydb.) ex. A. W. Hill #3 SEBEX; Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus & Moore. Additional index words: Bioherbicidal potential, biological herbicide, mycoherbicide, SEBEX.
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Formulation of Mycoherbicides using a pasta-like process☆
Biological Control, 1991Co-Authors: W. J. Connick, C. Douglas Boyette, Jimmy R. McalpineAbstract:Abstract A new pasta-like (“Pesta”) process has been developed whereby fungal propagules are encapsulated (entrapped) in a wheat gluten matrix. A dough prepared from wheat flour, filler, fungus, and water was rolled into a thin sheet, air-dried, and ground into granules. The mycoherbicide agents Alternaria cassiae, A. crassa, Colletotrichum truncatum, and Fusarium lateritium were each formulated in Pesta and bioassayed against the target weed sicklepod, jimsonweed, hemp sesbania, or velvetleaf, respectively. The fungi grew and sporulated on the granules after application to soil. C. truncatum produced acervuli with conidia which were embedded in a protective mucilaginous exudate. In the greenhouse, 0.6- to 1.40-mm granules (14–18 and 18–30 mesh) containing the two Alternaria species or the Colletotrichum caused higher levels of weed mortality (68–100%) than did smaller granules (25–40%). When the granules contained F. lateritium, weed mortality was ≤30% regardless of granule size. The Pesta process appears to be a simple and effective way to formulate and deliver mycoherbicide agents.
