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Bharat Bhushan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology
2017Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Bharat BhushanAbstract:Forewords by Neal Lane, James R. HeathIntroduction to Nanotechnology Part A Nanostructures, Micro/Nanofabrication and Materials: Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications: Molecule Based Devices.- Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes.- Nanowires.- Template-Based Synthesis of Nanorod or Nanowire Arrays.- Templated Self-Assembly of Particles.- Three-Dimensional Nanostructure Fabrication using Focused Ion Beam Chemical Vapor Deposition.- Introduction to Micro/Nanofabrication.- Nanoimprint Lithography.- Stamping Techniques for Micro- and Nanofabrication.- Materials Aspects of Micro- and Nanoelectromechanical SystemsPart B MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/NEMS: MEMS/NEMS Devices and Applications.- Next Generation DNA Hybridization and Self-Assembly Nanofabrication Devices.- Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Sensor Concepts.- Nanomechanical Cantilever Array Sensors.- Biological Molecules in Therapeutic Nanodevices.- G-Protein Coupled Receptors: Surface Display and Biosensor Technology.- Microfluidic Devices and Their Applications to Lab-on-a-Chip.- Centrifuge-Based Fluidic Platform.- Micro/Nano Droplet in Microfluidic Devices and its ApplicationsPart C Scanning-Probe Microscopy: Scanning Probe Microscopy - Principle of Operation, Instrumentation and Probes.- General and Special Probes in Scanning Microscopies.- Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy and Related Topics.- Low-Temperature Scanning Probe Microscopy.- Higher Harmonics and Time-Varying Force Detection in Dynamic Force Microscopy.- Dynamic Modes of Atomic Force Microscopy.- Single Molecular Recognition Force Spectroscopy and Imaging Part D Bio/Nanotribology and Bio/Nanomechanics: Nanotribology, Nanomechanics, and Materials Characterization.- Surface Forces and Nanorheology of Molecularly Thin Films.- Friction and Wear on the Atomic Scale.- Computer Simulations of Nanometer-Scale Indentation and Friction.- Force Measurements with Optical Tweezers.- Scale Effects in Mechanical Properties and Tribology.- Structural, Nanomechanical and Nanotribological Characterization of Human Hair.- Cellular Nanomechanics.- Optical Cell Manipulation.- Mechanical Properties of Nanostructures Part E Molecularly Thick Films for Lubrication: Nanotribology of Ultrathin and Hard Amorphous Carbon Films.- Self-Assembled Monolayers for Controlling Adhesion, Friction, and Wear.- Nanoscale Boundary Lubrication Studies Part F Biomimetics: Structure, Morphology and Surface Wetting of Plant Surfaces - Smart Materials.- 'Lotus Effect': Roughness-Induced Superhydrophobic and Self-Cleaning Surfaces.- Biological and Biologically Inspired Attachment Systems.- Gecko feet: Natural Hairy Attachment Systems for Smart Adhesion Part G Industrial Applications: The 'Millipede' - A Nanotechnology-Based AFM Data-Storage System.- Nanorobotics Part H Micro/Nanodevice Reliability: Nanotribology and Nanomechanics of MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/NEMS.- Materials and Devices and Biomimetics.- Friction and Wear in Micro and Nanomachines.- Failure Mechanisms in MEMS devices.- Mechanical Properties of Micromachined Structures.- High Volume Manufacturing and Field Stability of MEMS Products.- Packaging and Reliability Issues in Micro/Nano Systems Part I Technological Convergence and Governing Nanotechnology: Governing Nanotechnology: Social, Ethical and Political Issues About the AuthorsSubject Index
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Nanotribology, Nanomechanics and Materials Characterization
Nanotribology and Nanomechanics II, 2011Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Bharat BhushanAbstract:Nanotribology and Nanomechanics studies are needed to develop a fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena on a small scale, and to study interfacial phenomena in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS /NEMS ), magnetic storage devices, and many other applications. Friction and wear of lightly loaded micro/nanocomponents are highly dependent on surface interactions (a few atomic layers). These structures are generally coated with molecularly thin films. Nanotribology and Nanomechanics studies are also valuable in the fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena in macrostructures, and provide a bridge between science and engineering. An atomic force microscope (AFM ) tip is used to simulate a single-asperity contact with a solid or lubricated surface. AFMs are used to study the various tribological phenomena, which include surface roughness, adhesion, friction, scratching, wear, detection of material transfer, and boundary lubrication. In situ surface characterization of local deformation of materials and thin coatings can be carried out using a tensile stage inside an AFM. Mechanical properties such as hardness, Young's modulus of elasticity, and creep/relaxation behavior can be determined on micro- to picoscales using a depth-sensing indentation system in an AFM. Localized surface elasticity and viscoelastic mapping near surface regions can be obtained with nanoscale lateral resolution. Finally, an AFM can be used for nanofabrication/nanomachining.
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nanotribology and Nanomechanics in nano biotechnology
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 2008Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Bharat BhushanAbstract:Owing to larger surface area in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), surface forces such as adhesion, friction, and meniscus and viscous drag forces become large when compared with inertial and electromagnetic forces. There is a need to develop lubricants and identify lubrication methods that are suitable for MEMS/NEMS. For BioMEMS/BioNEMS, adhesion between biological molecular layers and the substrate, and friction and wear of biological layers may be important, and methods to enhance adhesion between biomolecules and the device surface need to be developed. There is a need for development of a fundamental understanding of adhesion, friction/stiction, wear, the role of surface contamination and environment, and lubrication. MEMS/NEMS materials need to exhibit good mechanical and tribological properties on the micro/nanoscale. Most mechanical properties are known to be scale dependent. Therefore, the properties of nanoscale structures need to be measured. Component-level studies are required to provide a better understanding of the tribological phenomena occurring in MEMS/NEMS. The emergence of micro/nanotribology and atomic force microscopy-based techniques has provided researchers with a viable approach to address these problems. This paper presents an overview of micro/nanoscale adhesion, friction, and wear studies of materials and lubrication studies for MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/BioNEMS. It also presents a review of scale-dependent mechanical properties, and stress and deformation analysis of nanostructures.
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Nanotribology and Nanomechanics in nano/biotechnology
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 2008Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Bharat BhushanAbstract:Owing to larger surface area in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), surface forces such as adhesion, friction, and meniscus and viscous drag forces become large when compared with inertial and electromagnetic forces. There is a need to develop lubricants and identify lubrication methods that are suitable for MEMS/NEMS. For BioMEMS/BioNEMS, adhesion between biological molecular layers and the substrate, and friction and wear of biological layers may be important, and methods to enhance adhesion between biomolecules and the device surface need to be developed. There is a need for development of a fundamental understanding of adhesion, friction/stiction, wear, the role of surface contamination and environment, and lubrication. MEMS/NEMS materials need to exhibit good mechanical and tribological properties on the micro/nanoscale. Most mechanical properties are known to be scale dependent. Therefore, the properties of nanoscale structures need to be measured. Component-level studies are required to provide a better understanding of the tribological phenomena occurring in MEMS/NEMS. The emergence of micro/nanotribology and atomic force microscopy-based techniques has provided researchers with a viable approach to address these problems. This paper presents an overview of micro/nanoscale adhesion, friction, and wear studies of materials and lubrication studies for MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/BioNEMS. It also presents a review of scale-dependent mechanical properties, and stress and deformation analysis of nanostructures.
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Nanotribology And Nanomechanics- An Introduction
2008Co-Authors: Bharat BhushanAbstract:This volume serves as a timely, practical introduction to the principles of nanotribology and Nanomechanics and applications to magnetic storage systems, MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/bioNEMS. Assuming some familiarity with macrotribology/mechanics, the book comprises chapters by internationally recognized experts, who integrate knowledge of the field from the mechanics and materials-science perspectives. They cover key measurement techniques, their applications, and theoretical modelling of interfaces, each beginning their contributions with macro- and progressing to microconcepts. After reviewing the fundamental experimental and theoretical aspects in the first part, Nanotribology and Nanomechanics then treats applications. Three groups of readers are likely to find this text valuable: graduate students, research workers, and practicing engineers. It can serve as the basis for a comprehensive, one- or two-semester course in scanning probe microscopy; applied scanning probe techniques; or nanotribology/Nanomechanics/nanotechnology, in departments such as mechanical engineering, materials science, and applied physics. This second, revised edition is substantially enlarged by three new chapters: One new chapter introduces to the theory, physics and characterization of the Lotus-Effect. Other new chapters discuss the attaching properties of hairs as realized at gecko feet and present a comprehensive review of structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of various hair and skin as a function of ethnicity, damage, conditioning treatment, and various environments. With a Foreword by Physics Nobel Laureate Gerd Binnig
Scott X. Mao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Atomistic perspective on in situ Nanomechanics
Extreme Mechanics Letters, 2016Co-Authors: Jiangwei Wang, Scott X. MaoAbstract:Nanostructured materials exhibit superior physical and mechanical properties, and they hold great promise for enabling the development of novel micro/nano electro-mechanical systems. A fundamental understanding of the mechanical deformation and degradation in nanostructured materials is critical for designing the damage-tolerant nanostructures and devices. The in situ transmission electron microscopy provides a novel approach to uncover the dynamic deformation mechanisms in nanostructured materials, especially at the atomic scale. This review presents an overview of recent progress in the atomic-scale study of mechanical properties, dynamic deformation and degradation in a variety of nanostructured materials. Experimental techniques for in situ nanomechanical testing are reviewed. New insights into the atomic-level mechanical behavior of nanostructured materials are described, including surface-mediated defect processes, size-dependent deformation mechanisms, plastic deformation of nanotwinned and nanocrystalline materials, phase transformation, liquid-like behavior and pseudoelasticity, bending and fatigue, etc. Future research on the in situ Nanomechanics is also discussed. Ultimately, the in situ Nanomechanics study will enable a complete understanding of the atomic-scale dynamic deformation, thereby providing a mechanistic basis of the rational design and fabrication of durable nanomaterials and nanodevices.
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in situ Nanomechanics of gan nanowires
Nano Letters, 2011Co-Authors: J Y Huang, Scott X. Mao, He Zheng, George T WangAbstract:The deformation, fracture mechanisms, and the fracture strength of individual GaN nanowires were measured in real time using a transmission electron microscope-scanning probe microscope (TEM-SPM) platform. Surface mediated plasticity, such as dislocation nucleation from a free surface and plastic deformation between the SPM probe (the punch) and the nanowire contact surface were observed in situ. Although local plasticity was observed frequently, global plasticity was not observed, indicating the overall brittle nature of this material. Dislocation nucleation and propagation is a precursor before the fracture event, but the fracture surface shows brittle characteristic. The fracture surface is not straight but kinked at (10-10) or (10-11) planes. Dislocations are generated at a stress near the fracture strength of the nanowire, which ranges from 0.21 to 1.76 GPa. The results assess the mechanical properties of GaN nanowires and may provide important insight into the design of GaN nanowire devices for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
Bharat Bhushan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology
2017Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Bharat BhushanAbstract:Forewords by Neal Lane, James R. HeathIntroduction to Nanotechnology Part A Nanostructures, Micro/Nanofabrication and Materials: Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications: Molecule Based Devices.- Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes.- Nanowires.- Template-Based Synthesis of Nanorod or Nanowire Arrays.- Templated Self-Assembly of Particles.- Three-Dimensional Nanostructure Fabrication using Focused Ion Beam Chemical Vapor Deposition.- Introduction to Micro/Nanofabrication.- Nanoimprint Lithography.- Stamping Techniques for Micro- and Nanofabrication.- Materials Aspects of Micro- and Nanoelectromechanical SystemsPart B MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/NEMS: MEMS/NEMS Devices and Applications.- Next Generation DNA Hybridization and Self-Assembly Nanofabrication Devices.- Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Sensor Concepts.- Nanomechanical Cantilever Array Sensors.- Biological Molecules in Therapeutic Nanodevices.- G-Protein Coupled Receptors: Surface Display and Biosensor Technology.- Microfluidic Devices and Their Applications to Lab-on-a-Chip.- Centrifuge-Based Fluidic Platform.- Micro/Nano Droplet in Microfluidic Devices and its ApplicationsPart C Scanning-Probe Microscopy: Scanning Probe Microscopy - Principle of Operation, Instrumentation and Probes.- General and Special Probes in Scanning Microscopies.- Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy and Related Topics.- Low-Temperature Scanning Probe Microscopy.- Higher Harmonics and Time-Varying Force Detection in Dynamic Force Microscopy.- Dynamic Modes of Atomic Force Microscopy.- Single Molecular Recognition Force Spectroscopy and Imaging Part D Bio/Nanotribology and Bio/Nanomechanics: Nanotribology, Nanomechanics, and Materials Characterization.- Surface Forces and Nanorheology of Molecularly Thin Films.- Friction and Wear on the Atomic Scale.- Computer Simulations of Nanometer-Scale Indentation and Friction.- Force Measurements with Optical Tweezers.- Scale Effects in Mechanical Properties and Tribology.- Structural, Nanomechanical and Nanotribological Characterization of Human Hair.- Cellular Nanomechanics.- Optical Cell Manipulation.- Mechanical Properties of Nanostructures Part E Molecularly Thick Films for Lubrication: Nanotribology of Ultrathin and Hard Amorphous Carbon Films.- Self-Assembled Monolayers for Controlling Adhesion, Friction, and Wear.- Nanoscale Boundary Lubrication Studies Part F Biomimetics: Structure, Morphology and Surface Wetting of Plant Surfaces - Smart Materials.- 'Lotus Effect': Roughness-Induced Superhydrophobic and Self-Cleaning Surfaces.- Biological and Biologically Inspired Attachment Systems.- Gecko feet: Natural Hairy Attachment Systems for Smart Adhesion Part G Industrial Applications: The 'Millipede' - A Nanotechnology-Based AFM Data-Storage System.- Nanorobotics Part H Micro/Nanodevice Reliability: Nanotribology and Nanomechanics of MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/NEMS.- Materials and Devices and Biomimetics.- Friction and Wear in Micro and Nanomachines.- Failure Mechanisms in MEMS devices.- Mechanical Properties of Micromachined Structures.- High Volume Manufacturing and Field Stability of MEMS Products.- Packaging and Reliability Issues in Micro/Nano Systems Part I Technological Convergence and Governing Nanotechnology: Governing Nanotechnology: Social, Ethical and Political Issues About the AuthorsSubject Index
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Nanotribology, Nanomechanics and Materials Characterization
Nanotribology and Nanomechanics II, 2011Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Bharat BhushanAbstract:Nanotribology and Nanomechanics studies are needed to develop a fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena on a small scale, and to study interfacial phenomena in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS /NEMS ), magnetic storage devices, and many other applications. Friction and wear of lightly loaded micro/nanocomponents are highly dependent on surface interactions (a few atomic layers). These structures are generally coated with molecularly thin films. Nanotribology and Nanomechanics studies are also valuable in the fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena in macrostructures, and provide a bridge between science and engineering. An atomic force microscope (AFM ) tip is used to simulate a single-asperity contact with a solid or lubricated surface. AFMs are used to study the various tribological phenomena, which include surface roughness, adhesion, friction, scratching, wear, detection of material transfer, and boundary lubrication. In situ surface characterization of local deformation of materials and thin coatings can be carried out using a tensile stage inside an AFM. Mechanical properties such as hardness, Young's modulus of elasticity, and creep/relaxation behavior can be determined on micro- to picoscales using a depth-sensing indentation system in an AFM. Localized surface elasticity and viscoelastic mapping near surface regions can be obtained with nanoscale lateral resolution. Finally, an AFM can be used for nanofabrication/nanomachining.
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nanotribology and Nanomechanics in nano biotechnology
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 2008Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Bharat BhushanAbstract:Owing to larger surface area in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), surface forces such as adhesion, friction, and meniscus and viscous drag forces become large when compared with inertial and electromagnetic forces. There is a need to develop lubricants and identify lubrication methods that are suitable for MEMS/NEMS. For BioMEMS/BioNEMS, adhesion between biological molecular layers and the substrate, and friction and wear of biological layers may be important, and methods to enhance adhesion between biomolecules and the device surface need to be developed. There is a need for development of a fundamental understanding of adhesion, friction/stiction, wear, the role of surface contamination and environment, and lubrication. MEMS/NEMS materials need to exhibit good mechanical and tribological properties on the micro/nanoscale. Most mechanical properties are known to be scale dependent. Therefore, the properties of nanoscale structures need to be measured. Component-level studies are required to provide a better understanding of the tribological phenomena occurring in MEMS/NEMS. The emergence of micro/nanotribology and atomic force microscopy-based techniques has provided researchers with a viable approach to address these problems. This paper presents an overview of micro/nanoscale adhesion, friction, and wear studies of materials and lubrication studies for MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/BioNEMS. It also presents a review of scale-dependent mechanical properties, and stress and deformation analysis of nanostructures.
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Nanotribology and Nanomechanics in nano/biotechnology
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 2008Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Bharat BhushanAbstract:Owing to larger surface area in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), surface forces such as adhesion, friction, and meniscus and viscous drag forces become large when compared with inertial and electromagnetic forces. There is a need to develop lubricants and identify lubrication methods that are suitable for MEMS/NEMS. For BioMEMS/BioNEMS, adhesion between biological molecular layers and the substrate, and friction and wear of biological layers may be important, and methods to enhance adhesion between biomolecules and the device surface need to be developed. There is a need for development of a fundamental understanding of adhesion, friction/stiction, wear, the role of surface contamination and environment, and lubrication. MEMS/NEMS materials need to exhibit good mechanical and tribological properties on the micro/nanoscale. Most mechanical properties are known to be scale dependent. Therefore, the properties of nanoscale structures need to be measured. Component-level studies are required to provide a better understanding of the tribological phenomena occurring in MEMS/NEMS. The emergence of micro/nanotribology and atomic force microscopy-based techniques has provided researchers with a viable approach to address these problems. This paper presents an overview of micro/nanoscale adhesion, friction, and wear studies of materials and lubrication studies for MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/BioNEMS. It also presents a review of scale-dependent mechanical properties, and stress and deformation analysis of nanostructures.
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Nanotribology and Nanomechanics - Nanotribology and Nanomechanics
Wear, 2005Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Bharat BhushanAbstract:Abstract The recent emergence and proliferation of proximal probes, in particular scanning probe microscopies (the scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force microscope), the surface force apparatus, and of computational techniques for simulating tip-surface interactions and interfacial properties, have led to the appearance of the new field of nanotribology, which pertains to experimental and theoretical investigations of interfacial processes on scales ranging from the atomic- and molecular- to the microscope, occurring during adhesion, friction, scratching, wear, indentation, and thin-film lubrication at sliding surfaces. Nanotribological studies are needed to develop fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena on a small scale and to study interfacial phenomena in micro/nanostructures used in magnetic storage systems, micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), and other applications. Proximal probes have also been used for Nanomechanics and materials characterization studies. In this paper, we present a review of significant aspects of nanotribology, Nanomechanics, and materials characterization studies conducted using an atomic force microscope.
L A Chernozatonskii - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nanomechanics of silicon nanowires
Physical Review B, 2004Co-Authors: Madhu Menon, Deepak Srivastava, I Ponomareva, L A ChernozatonskiiAbstract:The stability and elasto-mechanical properties of tetragonal and cagelike or clathrate nanowires of $\mathrm{Si}$ are investigated and compared using molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that cagelike nanowires, while possessing lesser density, are able to maintain their structural integrity over a larger range of strain conditions than the tetrahedral nanowires, making them a better candidate for structural strength, chemical sensor, and electronics applications under strain conditions. This could have important technological implications.
Deepak Srivastava - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nanomechanics of silicon nanowires
Physical Review B, 2004Co-Authors: Madhu Menon, Deepak Srivastava, I Ponomareva, L A ChernozatonskiiAbstract:The stability and elasto-mechanical properties of tetragonal and cagelike or clathrate nanowires of $\mathrm{Si}$ are investigated and compared using molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that cagelike nanowires, while possessing lesser density, are able to maintain their structural integrity over a larger range of strain conditions than the tetrahedral nanowires, making them a better candidate for structural strength, chemical sensor, and electronics applications under strain conditions. This could have important technological implications.
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Nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes and composites
Applied Mechanics Reviews, 2003Co-Authors: Deepak Srivastava, Chenyu Wei, Kyeongjae ChoAbstract:Computer simulation and modeling results for the Nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube-polyethylene composite materials are described and compared with experimental observations. Young’s modulus of individual single-wall nanotubes is found to be in the range of 1 TPa within the elastic limit. At room temperature and experimentally realizable strain rates, the tubes typically yield at about 5–10% axial strain; bending and torsional stiffness and different mechanisms of plastic yielding of individual single-wall nanotubes are discussed in detail. For nanotube-polyethylene composites, we find that thermal expansion and diffusion coefficients increase significantly, over their bulk polyethylene values, above glass transition temperature, and Young’s modulus of the composite is found to increase through van der Waals interaction. This review article cites 54 references. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1538625#
