Nanotribology

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Bharat Bhushan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • frontiers in Nanotribology magnetic storage bio nanotechnology cosmetics and bioinspiration
    Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2020
    Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan
    Abstract:

    Abstract The word “Nanotribology” was introduced for the first time in the title of a paper and a book in 1995. This field encompasses fundamental studies of surface characterization, adhesion, friction, scratching, wear, and lubrication at the atomic scale. At most solid-solid interfaces of technological relevance, contact occurs at numerous asperities. It is of importance to investigate a single asperity contact in the fundamental tribological studies. A nanoprobe sliding on a surface in probe-based microscopies, including atomic force microscopy (AFM) at ultralow loads, simulates one such contact. AFMs and depth-sensing nanoindentation techniques are also used for nanomechanical characterization. The field is referred to as nanomechanics. AFMs can also be used for nanoelectrical characterization which includes electrical resistance, surface potential, and capacitance mapping. Research in the field of Nanotribology and nanomechanics was initiated by or for the magnetic storage industry in the late 1980s. Later in the mid-1990s, Nanotribology and nanomechanics research became important in bio/nanotechnology devices which involve relative motion, as well as ultrathin films. Adhesion, friction and wear issues in bio/nanotechnology devices led to the development of the field of bio/Nanotribology. Research in ultrathin films used in the cosmetic industry, including hair, hair conditioner, skin, and skin cream, led to development of the field of Nanotribology in cosmetics. Biologically inspired design, adaptation, or derivation from nature, referred to as biomimetics or bioinspiration, can guide us to initiate and produce nanomaterials, nanodevices, and processes in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. So called, green Nanotribology research is important in this field. This perspective article presents an overview of fundamental understanding of Nanotribology and nanomechanics and their applications in various fields ranging from magnetic storage, bio/nanotechnology, hair and hair conditioner, skin and skin cream, and bioinspiration (green Nanotribology).

  • Nanotribology of Ultrathin and Hard Amorphous Carbon Films
    Nanotribology and Nanomechanics II, 2011
    Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan
    Abstract:

    One of the best materials to use in applications that require very low wear and reduced friction is diamond, especially in the form of a diamond coating. Unfortunately, true diamond coatings can only be deposited at high temperatures and on selected substrates, and they require surface finishing. However, hard amorphous carbon – commonly known as diamond-like carbon or a DLC coating – has similar mechanical, thermal and optical properties to those of diamond. It can also be deposited at a wide range of thicknesses using a variety of deposition processes on various substrates at or near room temperature. The coatings reproduce the topography of the substrate, removing the need for finishing. The friction and wear properties of some DLC coatings make them very attractive for some tribological applications. The most significant current industrial application of DLC coatings is in magnetic storage devices.

  • Nanotribology, Nanomechanics and Materials Characterization
    Nanotribology and Nanomechanics II, 2011
    Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan
    Abstract:

    Nanotribology and nanomechanics studies are needed to develop a fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena on a small scale, and to study interfacial phenomena in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS /NEMS ), magnetic storage devices, and many other applications. Friction and wear of lightly loaded micro/nanocomponents are highly dependent on surface interactions (a few atomic layers). These structures are generally coated with molecularly thin films. Nanotribology and nanomechanics studies are also valuable in the fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena in macrostructures, and provide a bridge between science and engineering. An atomic force microscope (AFM ) tip is used to simulate a single-asperity contact with a solid or lubricated surface. AFMs are used to study the various tribological phenomena, which include surface roughness, adhesion, friction, scratching, wear, detection of material transfer, and boundary lubrication. In situ surface characterization of local deformation of materials and thin coatings can be carried out using a tensile stage inside an AFM. Mechanical properties such as hardness, Young's modulus of elasticity, and creep/relaxation behavior can be determined on micro- to picoscales using a depth-sensing indentation system in an AFM. Localized surface elasticity and viscoelastic mapping near surface regions can be obtained with nanoscale lateral resolution. Finally, an AFM can be used for nanofabrication/nanomachining.

  • micro Nanotribology and micro nanomechanics of magnetic storage devices
    2011
    Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan
    Abstract:

    A magnetic recording process involves relative motion between a magnetic medium (tape or disk) against a stationary or rotating read/write magnetic head. For ever-increasing, high areal recording density, the linear flux density (number of flux reversals per unit distance) and the track density (number of tracks per unit distance) should be as high as possible. The size of a single bit dimension for current devices is typically less than 1000 nm2. This dimension places stringent restrictions on the defect size present on the head and medium surfaces. Reproduced (read-back) magnetic signal amplitude decreases with a decrease in the recording wavelength and/or the track width. The signal loss results from the magnetic coating thickness, read gap length, and head-to-medium spacing (clearance or flying height). It is known that the signal loss as a result of spacing can be reduced exponentially by reducing the separation between the head and the medium. The need for increasingly higher recording densities requires that surfaces be as smooth as possible and the flying height (physical separation or clearance between a head and a medium) be as low as possible. The ultimate objective is to run two surfaces in contact (with practically zero physical separation) if the tribological issues can be resolved. Smooth surfaces in near contact lead to an increase in adhesion, friction, and interface temperatures, and closer flying heights lead to occasional rubbing of high asperities and increased wear. Friction and wear issues are resolved by appropriate selection of interface materials and lubricants, by controlling the dynamics of the head and medium, and the environment. A fundamental understanding of the tribology (friction, wear, and lubrication) of the magnetic head/medium interface, both on macro- and micro/nanoscales, becomes crucial for the continued growth of this more than $ 60 billion a year magnetic storage industry. In this chapter, initially, the general operation of drives and the construction and materials used in magnetic head and medium components are described. Then the micro/nanotribological and micro/nanomechanics studies including surface roughness, friction, adhesion, scratching, wear, indentation, and lubrication relevant to magnetic storage devices are presented.

  • self assembled monolayers for Nanotribology and surface protection
    2011
    Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan
    Abstract:

    Reliability of various micro- and nanodevices requiring relative motion as well as magnetic storage devices requires the use of hydrophobic and lubricating films to minimize adhesion, stiction, friction, and wear. In various applications, surfaces need to be protected from exposure to the operating environment, and hydrophobic films are of interest. The surface films should be molecularly thick, well-organized, chemically bonded to the substrate, and insensitive to environment. Ordered molecular assemblies with high hydrophobicity can be engineered using chemical grafting of various polymer molecules with suitable functional head groups, spacer chains, and nonpolar surface terminal groups.

Rob Atkin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Nano- and Macroscale Study of the Lubrication of Titania Using Pure and Diluted Ionic Liquids
    Frontiers Media S.A., 2019
    Co-Authors: Peter K. Cooper, Joe Staddon, Songwei Zhang, Zachary Mark Aman, Rob Atkin
    Abstract:

    Titanium is a strong, corrosion-resistant light—weight metal which is poised to replace steel in automobiles, aircraft, and watercraft. However, the titanium oxide (titania) layer that forms on the surface of titanium in air is notoriously difficult to lubricate with conventional lubricants, which restricts its use in moving parts such as bearings. Ionic liquids (ILs) are potentially excellent lubricants for titania but the relationship between IL molecular structure and lubricity for titania remains poorly understood. Here, three-ball-on-disk macrotribology and atomic force microscopy (AFM) Nanotribology measurements reveal the lubricity of four IL lubricants: trioctyl(2-ethylhexyl)phosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (P8,8,8,6(2) BEHP), trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (P6,6,6,14 BEHP), trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (P6,6,6,14 (iC8)2PO2), and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (P6,6,6,14 TFSI). The macrotribology measurements demonstrated that friction decreased in P6,6,6,14 TFSI by four times (μ = 0.13) compared to in hexadecane, even at 60°C and loads up to 10 N. On the other hand, P8,8,8,6(2) BEHP reduced friction most effectively in the AFM Nanotribology measurements. The results were interpreted in terms of the lubrication regime. The lower viscosity of P6,6,6,14 TFSI coupled with its good boundary lubrication made it the most effective IL for the macrotribology measurements, which were in the mixed lubrication regime. Conversely, the cation structure of P8,8,8,6(2) BEHP allowed it to adsorb strongly to the surface and minimized energy dissipation in the Nanotribology measurements, although its high bulk viscosity inhibited its performance in the mixed regime. These results reinforce the importance of carefully selecting IL lubricants based on the lubrication regime of the sliding surfaces

  • Data_Sheet_1_Nano- and Macroscale Study of the Lubrication of Titania Using Pure and Diluted Ionic Liquids.pdf
    2019
    Co-Authors: Peter K. Cooper, Joe Staddon, Songwei Zhang, Zachary Mark Aman, Rob Atkin
    Abstract:

    Titanium is a strong, corrosion-resistant light—weight metal which is poised to replace steel in automobiles, aircraft, and watercraft. However, the titanium oxide (titania) layer that forms on the surface of titanium in air is notoriously difficult to lubricate with conventional lubricants, which restricts its use in moving parts such as bearings. Ionic liquids (ILs) are potentially excellent lubricants for titania but the relationship between IL molecular structure and lubricity for titania remains poorly understood. Here, three-ball-on-disk macrotribology and atomic force microscopy (AFM) Nanotribology measurements reveal the lubricity of four IL lubricants: trioctyl(2-ethylhexyl)phosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (P8,8,8,6(2) BEHP), trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (P6,6,6,14 BEHP), trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (P6,6,6,14 (iC8)2PO2), and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (P6,6,6,14 TFSI). The macrotribology measurements demonstrated that friction decreased in P6,6,6,14 TFSI by four times (μ = 0.13) compared to in hexadecane, even at 60°C and loads up to 10 N. On the other hand, P8,8,8,6(2) BEHP reduced friction most effectively in the AFM Nanotribology measurements. The results were interpreted in terms of the lubrication regime. The lower viscosity of P6,6,6,14 TFSI coupled with its good boundary lubrication made it the most effective IL for the macrotribology measurements, which were in the mixed lubrication regime. Conversely, the cation structure of P8,8,8,6(2) BEHP allowed it to adsorb strongly to the surface and minimized energy dissipation in the Nanotribology measurements, although its high bulk viscosity inhibited its performance in the mixed regime. These results reinforce the importance of carefully selecting IL lubricants based on the lubrication regime of the sliding surfaces.

  • Ionic Liquid Adsorption and Nanotribology at the Silica–Oil Interface: Hundred-Fold Dilution in Oil Lubricates as Effectively as the Pure Ionic Liquid
    2015
    Co-Authors: Peter K. Cooper, Patrick C Howlett, Mark W Rutland, Maria Forsyth, Anthony E. Somers, Rob Atkin
    Abstract:

    The remarkable physical properties of ionic liquids (ILs) make them potentially excellent lubricants. One of the challenges for using ILs as lubricants is their high cost. In this article, atomic force microscopy (AFM) Nanotribology measurements reveal that a 1 mol % solution of IL dissolved in an oil lubricates the silica surface as effectively as the pure IL. The adsorption isotherm shows that the IL surface excess need only be approximately half of the saturation value to prevent surface contact and effectively lubricate the sliding surfaces. Using ILs in this way makes them viable for large-scale applications

  • Ionic Liquid Adsorption and Nanotribology at the Silica-Oil Interface : Hundred-Fold Dilution in Oil Lubricates as Effectively as the Pure Ionic Liquid
    Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2014
    Co-Authors: Hua Li, Peter K. Cooper, Anthony Somers, Patrick C Howlett, Mark W Rutland, Maria Forsyth, Rob Atkin
    Abstract:

    The remarkable physical properties of ionic liquids (ILs) make them potentially excellent lubricants. One of the challenges for using ILs as lubricants is their high cost. In this article, atomic force microscopy (AFM) Nanotribology measurements reveal that a 1 mol % solution of IL dissolved in an oil lubricates the silica surface as effectively as the pure IL. The adsorption isotherm shows that the IL surface excess need only be approximately half of the saturation value to prevent surface contact and effectively lubricate the sliding surfaces. Using ILs in this way makes them viable for large-scale applications.

  • ionic liquid lubrication influence of ion structure surface potential and sliding velocity
    Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2013
    Co-Authors: Mark W Rutland, Rob Atkin
    Abstract:

    Colloid probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been employed to investigate the Nanotribology of the ionic liquid (IL)–Au(111) interface. Data is presented for four ILs, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([EMIM] FAP), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([BMIM] FAP), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([HMIM] FAP) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([BMIM] I), at different Au(111) surface potentials. Lateral forces vary as a function of applied surface potential and ion structure because the composition of the confined ion layer changes from cation-enriched (at negative potentials) to mixed (at 0 V), and to anion-enriched (at positive potentials). ILs with FAP− anions all exhibit similar Nanotribology: low friction at negative potentials and higher friction at positive potentials. [BMIM] I displays the opposite behaviour, as an I− anion-enriched layer is more lubricating than either the [BMIM]+ or FAP− layers. The effect of cation charged group (charge-delocalised versus charged-localised) was investigated by comparing [BMIM] FAP with 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([Py1,4] FAP). [BMIM] FAP is less lubricating at negative potentials, but more lubricating at positive potentials. This indicated that even at positive potentials the cation concentration in the boundary layer is sufficiently high to influence lubricity. The influence of sliding velocity on lateral force was investigated for the [EMIM] FAP–Au(111) system. At neutral potentials the behaviour is consistent with a discontinuous sliding process. When a positive or negative potential bias is applied, this effect is less pronounced as the colloid probe slides along a better defined ion plane.

Mark W Rutland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Ionic Liquid Adsorption and Nanotribology at the Silica–Oil Interface: Hundred-Fold Dilution in Oil Lubricates as Effectively as the Pure Ionic Liquid
    2015
    Co-Authors: Peter K. Cooper, Patrick C Howlett, Mark W Rutland, Maria Forsyth, Anthony E. Somers, Rob Atkin
    Abstract:

    The remarkable physical properties of ionic liquids (ILs) make them potentially excellent lubricants. One of the challenges for using ILs as lubricants is their high cost. In this article, atomic force microscopy (AFM) Nanotribology measurements reveal that a 1 mol % solution of IL dissolved in an oil lubricates the silica surface as effectively as the pure IL. The adsorption isotherm shows that the IL surface excess need only be approximately half of the saturation value to prevent surface contact and effectively lubricate the sliding surfaces. Using ILs in this way makes them viable for large-scale applications

  • Ionic Liquid Adsorption and Nanotribology at the Silica-Oil Interface : Hundred-Fold Dilution in Oil Lubricates as Effectively as the Pure Ionic Liquid
    Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2014
    Co-Authors: Hua Li, Peter K. Cooper, Anthony Somers, Patrick C Howlett, Mark W Rutland, Maria Forsyth, Rob Atkin
    Abstract:

    The remarkable physical properties of ionic liquids (ILs) make them potentially excellent lubricants. One of the challenges for using ILs as lubricants is their high cost. In this article, atomic force microscopy (AFM) Nanotribology measurements reveal that a 1 mol % solution of IL dissolved in an oil lubricates the silica surface as effectively as the pure IL. The adsorption isotherm shows that the IL surface excess need only be approximately half of the saturation value to prevent surface contact and effectively lubricate the sliding surfaces. Using ILs in this way makes them viable for large-scale applications.

  • ionic liquid lubrication influence of ion structure surface potential and sliding velocity
    Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2013
    Co-Authors: Mark W Rutland, Rob Atkin
    Abstract:

    Colloid probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been employed to investigate the Nanotribology of the ionic liquid (IL)–Au(111) interface. Data is presented for four ILs, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([EMIM] FAP), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([BMIM] FAP), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([HMIM] FAP) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([BMIM] I), at different Au(111) surface potentials. Lateral forces vary as a function of applied surface potential and ion structure because the composition of the confined ion layer changes from cation-enriched (at negative potentials) to mixed (at 0 V), and to anion-enriched (at positive potentials). ILs with FAP− anions all exhibit similar Nanotribology: low friction at negative potentials and higher friction at positive potentials. [BMIM] I displays the opposite behaviour, as an I− anion-enriched layer is more lubricating than either the [BMIM]+ or FAP− layers. The effect of cation charged group (charge-delocalised versus charged-localised) was investigated by comparing [BMIM] FAP with 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([Py1,4] FAP). [BMIM] FAP is less lubricating at negative potentials, but more lubricating at positive potentials. This indicated that even at positive potentials the cation concentration in the boundary layer is sufficiently high to influence lubricity. The influence of sliding velocity on lateral force was investigated for the [EMIM] FAP–Au(111) system. At neutral potentials the behaviour is consistent with a discontinuous sliding process. When a positive or negative potential bias is applied, this effect is less pronounced as the colloid probe slides along a better defined ion plane.

  • control of nanoscale friction on gold in an ionic liquid by a potential dependent ionic lubricant layer
    Physical Review Letters, 2012
    Co-Authors: James Sweeney, Florian Hausen, Robert Hayes, Roland Bennewitz, Frank Endres, Mark W Rutland, Grant B. Webber, Rob Atkin
    Abstract:

    The lubricating properties of an ionic liquid on gold surfaces can be controlled through application of an electric potential to the sliding contact. A Nanotribology approach has been used to study ...

  • ionic liquid Nanotribology mica silica interactions in ethylammonium nitrate
    Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2012
    Co-Authors: Oliver Werzer, Gregory G Warr, Rob Atkin, Emily D Cranston, Mark W Rutland
    Abstract:

    Colloid probe atomic force microscopy has been used to study the nanotribological properties of the silica–ethylammonium nitrate (EAN)–mica system. Normal force curve measurements reveal a series of steps at separations that are consistent with the size of an EAN ion pair (0.5 nm) due to displacement of structured solvent layers as the two surfaces are brought together. At closest separations, two steps are measured with widths of 0.3 nm and 0.1 nm, which are too small to be due to an ion pair layer. The 0.3 nm step is attributed to a partial displacement of a silica-bound cation-rich layer, with residual cations being removed in the subsequent 0.1 nm step. Lateral force measurements reveal that the frictional response is dependent on the number of ion pair layers between the surfaces. At low forces, when there is more than a single layer of EAN between silica and mica, the lateral force increases relatively steeply with applied load, and is independent of the sliding speed. At intermediate forces, a single layer of cations in an intercalated bilayer structure is present between the surfaces. The friction coefficient (μ) increases logarithmically with sliding speed consistent with an activated, discontinuous sliding process. At high force, μ is small and once again, independent of sliding velocity. The adsorbed cation layer is bound primarily to mica and compressed by the high normal force. This robust layering with a well-defined sliding plane permits the colloid probe to slide easily over the mica surface.

Robert W Carpick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Recent advances in single-asperity Nanotribology
    Journal of Physics D, 2008
    Co-Authors: Izabela Szlufarska, Michael Chandross, Robert W Carpick
    Abstract:

    As the size of electronic and mechanical devices shrinks to the nanometre regime, performance begins to be dominated by surface forces. For example, friction, wear and adhesion are known to be central challenges in the design of reliable micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). Because of the complexity of the physical and chemical mechanisms underlying atomic-level tribology, it is still not possible to accurately and reliably predict the response when two surfaces come into contact at the nanoscale. Fundamental scientific studies are the means by which these insights may be gained. We review recent advances in the experimental, theoretical and computational studies of Nanotribology. In particular, we focus on the latest developments in atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations and their application to the study of single-asperity contact.

  • On the Scientific and Technological Importance of Nanotribology
    STLE ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference, 2008
    Co-Authors: Robert W Carpick
    Abstract:

    Nanotribology has been in existence as a recognized discipline for roughly 20 years, with the appreciation of the importance of atomistic mechanisms of tribology existing long before. In this paper, we briefly review why Nanotribology is important for advancing the science of tribology in general, and we also highlight emerging applications where nanotribological research is critical.Copyright © 2008 by ASME

  • Nanotribology of carbon-based materials
    Nano Today, 2007
    Co-Authors: David S. Grierson, Robert W Carpick
    Abstract:

    The dominance of surface effects at the nanoscale implies that nanotechnology applications involving contacting, moving components can be critically limited by the tribological behavior of the interacting materials. Carbon-based materials have tremendous potential here because of their robust and often unsurpassed tribological performance. We review some recent insights gained by Nanotribology studies of various forms of carbon, with an emphasis on thin film materials.

  • development and integration of single asperity Nanotribology experiments nanoscale interface finite element modeling for prediction and control of friction and damage in micro and nano mechnical systems
    2007
    Co-Authors: Robert W Carpick, Michael E. Plesha
    Abstract:

    This report describes the accomplishments of the DOE BES grant entitled "Development and Integration of Single-Asperity Nanotribology Experiments & Nanoscale Interface Finite Element Modeling for Prediction and Control of Friction and Damage in Micro- and Nano-mechnical Systems". Key results are: the determination of nanoscale frictional properties of MEMS surfaces, self-assembled monolayers, and novel carbon-based films, as well as the development of models to describe this behavior.

  • accounting for the jkr dmt transition in adhesion and friction measurements with atomic force microscopy
    Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2005
    Co-Authors: David S. Grierson, Erin E Flater, Robert W Carpick
    Abstract:

    Over the last 15 years, researchers have applied theories of continuum contact mechanics to Nanotribology measurements to determine fundamental parameters and processes at play in nanometer-scale contacts. In this paper we discuss work using the atomic force microscope to determine nanoscale adhesion and friction properties between solids. Our focus is on the role that continuum contact mechanics plays in analyzing these measurements. In particular, we show how the JKR-to-DMT transition is taken into account, as well as limitations involved in using these models of contact in the presence of adhesion.

Lutz Bornmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • global Nanotribology research output 1996 2010 a scientometric analysis
    PLOS ONE, 2013
    Co-Authors: Bakthavachalam Elango, P. Rajendran, Lutz Bornmann
    Abstract:

    This study aims to assess the Nanotribology research output at global level using scientometric tools. The SCOPUS database was used to retrieve records related to the Nanotribology research for the period 1996-2010. Publications were counted on a fractional basis. The level of collaboration and its citation impact were examined. The performance of the most productive countries, institutes and most preferred journals is assessed. Various visualization tools such as the Sci(2) tool and Ucinet were employed. The USA ranked top in terms of number of publications, citations per paper and h-index, while Switzerland published a higher percentage of international collaborative papers. The most productive institution was Tsinghua University followed by Ohio State University and Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS. The most preferred journals were Tribology Letters, Wear and Journal of Japanese Society of Tribologists. The result of author keywords analysis reveals that Molecular Dynamics, MEMS, Hard Disk and Diamond like Carbon are major research topics.

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