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Hanafi Ismail - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative study of irradiated and non irradiated recycled polypropylene peanut shell powder composites under the effects of Natural Weathering degradation
Bioresources, 2017Co-Authors: Nor Fasihah Zaaba, Hanafi IsmailAbstract:The properties of irradiated and non-irradiated recycled polypropylene (RPP)/peanut shell powder (PSP) composites were investigated relative to the effects of 6 months exposure to Natural Weathering. RPP/PSP composites were prepared by melt-mixing and compression molding with 0 to 40 wt.% PSP loading. The fabricated composites were then irradiated using a 2.0 MeV electron beam accelerator at a fixed dose of 20 kGy. The properties of non-irradiated and irradiated composites after exposure to Natural Weathering were compared and characterized by tensile properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), carbonyl indices (CI), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and weight loss analysis. The results in tensile strength and tensile modulus of irradiated RPP/PSP composites increased, while elongation at break decreased. The thermal stability of irradiated composites was also improved compared with non-irradiated composites. Pores and fungus penetration were observed from the SEM morphology, while an increase in carbonyl index and weight loss of both composites were evidenced that degradation occurred. The overall results indicated that the irradiated RPP/PSP composites were more resistant to Natural Weathering degradation than the non-irradiated RPP/PSP composites.
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environmental Weathering of linear low density polyethylene soya powder blends compatibilized with polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride
Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Sam Sung Ting, Hanafi Ismail, Zulkifli AhmadAbstract:Blends containing various percentages of linear low-density polyethylene and soya powder were prepared. The effects of polyethylene-graft-(maleic anhydride) (PE-g-MA) as a compatibilizer and soya powder content on the Natural Weathering were investigated. Blends without PE-g-MA were used as controls. The soya powder was varied from 5 to 40 wt% of the blends, and PE-g-MA was used at 50 wt% based on soya powder content. The samples were exposed to Natural Weathering in the northern part of Malaysia for 1 year. Higher decreases in tensile strength and elongation at break of the controls were observed as compared to those of the PE-g-MA compatibilized blends after the Natural Weathering. The Young's modulus of both controls and compatibilized blends increased over the environmental exposure period. A control sample lost 8.8% of its original weight after 1 year of Weathering, whereas a compatibilized blend lost 7.5 wt% during the same period. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
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effect of epoxidized Natural rubber on thermal properties fatigue life and Natural Weathering test of styrene butadiene rubber recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber sbr nbrr blends
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2012Co-Authors: N Z Noriman, Hanafi IsmailAbstract:The utilization of waste rubber powder in polymer matrices provides an attractive strategy for polymer waste disposal. Addition of recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBRr) in rubber compounds gives economic (lowering the cost of rubber compounds) as well as processing advantages. In this study, the properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/NBRr blends with and without epoxidized Natural rubber (ENR-50) as a compatibilizer were determined. The results such as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), fatigue life, and Natural Weathering test of SBR/NBRr blends with and without ENR-50 were carried out. Results showed that TG thermograms of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR-50 show lower thermal stability compared blends without ENR-50. The incorporation of ENR-50 into SBR/NBRr blends has reduced char residue compared SBR/NBRr blends without ENR-50. The incorporation of ENR-50 in SBR/NBRr blends has increased the rigidity of the blends thus lowering the fatigue life. The increment in tensile properties retention of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR-50 indicated the enhancement on Weathering resistant. The surfaces of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR-50 after 6 months exposure showed a minimal severity of crack compared with SBR/NBRr blends without ENR-50. It revealed that the scale of cracks has reduced indicating well-retaining interfacial adhesion between SBR and NBRr with the presence of ENR-50 as a compatibilizer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
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the effects of electron beam irradiation on the thermal properties fatigue life and Natural Weathering of styrene butadiene rubber recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber blends
Materials & Design, 2011Co-Authors: N Z Noriman, Hanafi IsmailAbstract:Abstract The effects of electron beam (EB) irradiation on the thermal properties, fatigue life and Natural Weathering of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (SBR/NBRr) blends were investigated. The SBR/NBRr blends were prepared at 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35, or 50/50 blend ratios with and without the presence of a 3 part per hundred rubber (phr) of polyfunctional monomer, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). Results indicate that the crystallisation temperature ( T c ) observed in polymeric blends is due to the alignment of polymer chains forming a semi-crystalline phase. Addition of TMPTA helps to align polymer chains through crosslinking. More crosslinking occurred between polymer blends with the help of TMPTA, upon irradiation. The improvement in fatigue life can also be associated with the stabilisation of SBR/NBRr blends upon irradiation and irradiation-induced crosslinking, which was accomplished with relatively low radiation-induced oxidative degradation in the presence of TMPTA. The tensile properties of both blends decreased over the periods of environmental exposure due to the effect of polymer degradation. After 6 months, the irradiated SBR/NBRr blends could not retain better retention [mainly with 25, 35 or 50 phr of recycled acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBRr) particles] due to the samples becoming brittle over the long period of outdoor exposure.
S M Alsalem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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influential parameters on Natural Weathering under harsh climatic conditions of mechanically recycled plastic film specimens
Journal of Environmental Management, 2019Co-Authors: S M AlsalemAbstract:Abstract In this work, real life reclaimed plastic solid waste (PSW) secured from the municipal sector was mechanically recycled and compounded with virgin linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). The compounding of the plastic film samples utilised the means of extrusion and blown filming to produce various formulations of the blends containing up to 100% (by weight) of the PSW in the examined specimens. The film samples were compared to market products used in the State of Kuwait where PSW accumulation presents a major obstacle. Natural Weathering under arid and harsh climatic conditions was also performed to determine the degradation extent of the film samples. Haze (%), light transmission (%) and the total change in colour (ΔE) were measured as indicators to the degradation profile of the polymeric materials, in addition to tensile pull mechanical properties. Properties were noted to deteriorate as a function of Weathering time and waste content. Statistical analysis was also performed on the properties measured and climatic conditions including airborne pollutants levels. The abundance of the secondary airborne pollutant (ozone) was determined to be a significant variable on the studied properties. This can be attributed to induced photo-oxidation the polymeric matrix is subjected to under such climatic conditions which increases oxygen diffusion throughout the polymeric matrix. Future development of the recycled blends studied in this work can be a route for the decrease of associated environmental stressors with virgin plastic resin conversion.
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thermal degradation kinetics of virgin polypropylene pp and pp with starch blends exposed to Natural Weathering
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: S M Alsalem, J C Arnold, Brajendra K. Sharma, A. R. Khan, Sriraam R. Chandrasekaran, Sue Alston, A T AldhafeeriAbstract:The objective of this work is to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters of polypropylene (PP) and compare them to those of a polypropylene/starch blend (PP/S) (70/30 (wt %)), taking into account the effect of photodegradation caused by Natural Weathering. Samples were taken from tree shelters exposed to four years of Natural Weathering and compared to the unexposed material stored under laboratory conditions. Nonisothermal (dynamic) thermogravimetery was used with five different heating rates (β): 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C min–1. Several analytical model-free methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters, including the Friedman, Coats and Redfern, Kissinger, and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) methods. The model-fitting method of Criado was also applied to determine the optimal mechanism of degradation that the polymers followed. In addition, an analytical solution was developed to mathematically model the experimental data and estimate the kinetic parameters. The analytical approach was developed...
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influence of Natural and accelerated Weathering on various formulations of linear low density polyethylene lldpe films
Materials & Design, 2009Co-Authors: S M AlsalemAbstract:Abstract Natural (outdoor) and accelerated (artificial) Weathering tests were performed to investigate their influence on thin films (0.1 mm) of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). The LLDPE films were prepared of various formulations divided into three batches, with codes A, B and C. A formulation, containing mixture of UVA additives (i.e. Tinuvin 494 FB, Tinuvin NOR 371 and Chimasorb 81), and B formulation contained commercial grade (i.e. Irgastab) light transforming (LT) additive. C formulation contained a combination of UVA and LT additives. An improvement was noticed in the mechanical properties of the UVA batch tested. UVA additives and synergistic mixture with LT showed a better service life and an increase in both yield point of polymer and exposure duration to Natural Weathering. UVA and LT synergistic mixture (C formulation films) improved time to reach 50% retention of strain by comparison to B formulation films under accelerated and Natural Weathering. No significant changes were noticed on %transmission measured, but total change in color was improved by UVA additives under Natural and accelerated Weathering.
N Z Noriman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of epoxidized Natural rubber on thermal properties fatigue life and Natural Weathering test of styrene butadiene rubber recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber sbr nbrr blends
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2012Co-Authors: N Z Noriman, Hanafi IsmailAbstract:The utilization of waste rubber powder in polymer matrices provides an attractive strategy for polymer waste disposal. Addition of recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBRr) in rubber compounds gives economic (lowering the cost of rubber compounds) as well as processing advantages. In this study, the properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/NBRr blends with and without epoxidized Natural rubber (ENR-50) as a compatibilizer were determined. The results such as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), fatigue life, and Natural Weathering test of SBR/NBRr blends with and without ENR-50 were carried out. Results showed that TG thermograms of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR-50 show lower thermal stability compared blends without ENR-50. The incorporation of ENR-50 into SBR/NBRr blends has reduced char residue compared SBR/NBRr blends without ENR-50. The incorporation of ENR-50 in SBR/NBRr blends has increased the rigidity of the blends thus lowering the fatigue life. The increment in tensile properties retention of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR-50 indicated the enhancement on Weathering resistant. The surfaces of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR-50 after 6 months exposure showed a minimal severity of crack compared with SBR/NBRr blends without ENR-50. It revealed that the scale of cracks has reduced indicating well-retaining interfacial adhesion between SBR and NBRr with the presence of ENR-50 as a compatibilizer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
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the effects of electron beam irradiation on the thermal properties fatigue life and Natural Weathering of styrene butadiene rubber recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber blends
Materials & Design, 2011Co-Authors: N Z Noriman, Hanafi IsmailAbstract:Abstract The effects of electron beam (EB) irradiation on the thermal properties, fatigue life and Natural Weathering of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (SBR/NBRr) blends were investigated. The SBR/NBRr blends were prepared at 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35, or 50/50 blend ratios with and without the presence of a 3 part per hundred rubber (phr) of polyfunctional monomer, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). Results indicate that the crystallisation temperature ( T c ) observed in polymeric blends is due to the alignment of polymer chains forming a semi-crystalline phase. Addition of TMPTA helps to align polymer chains through crosslinking. More crosslinking occurred between polymer blends with the help of TMPTA, upon irradiation. The improvement in fatigue life can also be associated with the stabilisation of SBR/NBRr blends upon irradiation and irradiation-induced crosslinking, which was accomplished with relatively low radiation-induced oxidative degradation in the presence of TMPTA. The tensile properties of both blends decreased over the periods of environmental exposure due to the effect of polymer degradation. After 6 months, the irradiated SBR/NBRr blends could not retain better retention [mainly with 25, 35 or 50 phr of recycled acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBRr) particles] due to the samples becoming brittle over the long period of outdoor exposure.
J C Arnold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermal degradation kinetics of virgin polypropylene pp and pp with starch blends exposed to Natural Weathering
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: S M Alsalem, J C Arnold, Brajendra K. Sharma, A. R. Khan, Sriraam R. Chandrasekaran, Sue Alston, A T AldhafeeriAbstract:The objective of this work is to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters of polypropylene (PP) and compare them to those of a polypropylene/starch blend (PP/S) (70/30 (wt %)), taking into account the effect of photodegradation caused by Natural Weathering. Samples were taken from tree shelters exposed to four years of Natural Weathering and compared to the unexposed material stored under laboratory conditions. Nonisothermal (dynamic) thermogravimetery was used with five different heating rates (β): 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C min–1. Several analytical model-free methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters, including the Friedman, Coats and Redfern, Kissinger, and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) methods. The model-fitting method of Criado was also applied to determine the optimal mechanism of degradation that the polymers followed. In addition, an analytical solution was developed to mathematically model the experimental data and estimate the kinetic parameters. The analytical approach was developed...
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Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Virgin Polypropylene (PP) and PP with Starch Blends Exposed to Natural Weathering
2017Co-Authors: S. M. Al-salem, J C Arnold, Brajendra K. Sharma, A. R. Khan, S. M. Alston, Sriraam R. Chandrasekaran, A. T. Al-dhafeeriAbstract:The objective of this work is to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters of polypropylene (PP) and compare them to those of a polypropylene/starch blend (PP/S) (70/30 (wt %)), taking into account the effect of photodegradation caused by Natural Weathering. Samples were taken from tree shelters exposed to four years of Natural Weathering and compared to the unexposed material stored under laboratory conditions. Nonisothermal (dynamic) thermogravimetery was used with five different heating rates (β): 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C min–1. Several analytical model-free methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters, including the Friedman, Coats and Redfern, Kissinger, and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) methods. The model-fitting method of Criado was also applied to determine the optimal mechanism of degradation that the polymers followed. In addition, an analytical solution was developed to mathematically model the experimental data and estimate the kinetic parameters. The analytical approach was developed based on each degradation stage of the PP/S blend, considering starch degradation at first, followed by PP. A change in the degradation mechanism could be deduced because of the effect of Weathering and starch addition, which affected the kinetic parameters of the degradation reaction. The thermal stability of the materials was also affected, because of the Natural Weathering and addition of starch, which, on the other hand, affected the kinetic parameters of the degradation reaction
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monitoring with reflectance spectroscopy the colour change of pvc plastisol coated strip steel due to Weathering
Materials Science and Technology, 2005Co-Authors: Maarten Wijdekop, J C Arnold, M Evans, V John, A LloydAbstract:Weathering can cause colour changes in pigmented PVC plastisol coatings. The rate of colour change is dependent on a number of factors, such as PVC resin, pigment type and concentration, and local climate. In this paper, an investigation into the mechanisms that cause these colour changes is reported. The investigation involves a set of 350 paints, based on a typical plastisol formulation, that has been exposed to Natural Weathering at sites in Lancashire and Sussex in the UK, and to accelerated Weathering using QUV testers with UVA-340 lamps and condensation cycles. Colour changes were measured using a Gretag SPM50 reflectance spectrophotometer. It was found that the reflectance spectra measured in this way provided a more potent tool for investigating the chemical reactions that cause discolouration in coatings during Weathering than the CIE L*a*b* parameters that are normally used to describe colour changes. Reflectance spectroscopy has been shown to facilitate the correlation between Natural Weathering and accelerated Weathering, by giving a better understanding of the prevalent chemical processes that take place in the coatings during different accelerated Weathering programmes (with and without condensation) and with Natural Weathering at different locations (high UV climates and higher rainfall climates). Phenomena such as PVC dehydrochlorination and organic pigment degradation could be analysed conveniently using reflectance spectrophotometry.
A T Aldhafeeri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermal degradation kinetics of virgin polypropylene pp and pp with starch blends exposed to Natural Weathering
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: S M Alsalem, J C Arnold, Brajendra K. Sharma, A. R. Khan, Sriraam R. Chandrasekaran, Sue Alston, A T AldhafeeriAbstract:The objective of this work is to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters of polypropylene (PP) and compare them to those of a polypropylene/starch blend (PP/S) (70/30 (wt %)), taking into account the effect of photodegradation caused by Natural Weathering. Samples were taken from tree shelters exposed to four years of Natural Weathering and compared to the unexposed material stored under laboratory conditions. Nonisothermal (dynamic) thermogravimetery was used with five different heating rates (β): 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C min–1. Several analytical model-free methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters, including the Friedman, Coats and Redfern, Kissinger, and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) methods. The model-fitting method of Criado was also applied to determine the optimal mechanism of degradation that the polymers followed. In addition, an analytical solution was developed to mathematically model the experimental data and estimate the kinetic parameters. The analytical approach was developed...
