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Ola Bostrom - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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validation of Neck Injury criteria using reconstructed real life rear end crashes with recorded crash pulses
PROCEEDINGS OF 18TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES HELD NAGOYA JAPAN 19-22 MAY 2003, 2003Co-Authors: Anders Kullgren, Linda Eriksson, Ola Bostrom, Maria KrafftAbstract:To date no AIS1 Neck Injury mechanism has been established, thus no Neck Injury criterion has been validated against such mechanism. Validation methods not related to an Injury mechanism may be used. The aim of this paper was to validate different proposed Neck Injury criteria with reconstructed real-life crashes with recorded crash pulses and with known Injury outcomes. A car fleet of more than 40,000 cars fitted with crash pulse recorders have been monitored in Sweden since 1996. All crashes with these cars, irrespective of repair cost and Injury outcome, have been reported. With the inclusion criteria of the three most represented car models, single rear-end crashes with a recorded crash pulse, and front seat occupants with no previous long-term AIS1 Neck Injury, 79 crashes with 110 front seat occupants remained to be analysed in this study. Madymo models of a BioRID II dummy in the three different car seats were exposed to the recorded crash pulses. The dummy readings were correlated to the real-life Injury outcome, divided into duration of AIS1 Neck Injury symptoms. Effectiveness to predict Neck Injury was assessed for the criteria NIC, Nkm, NDC and lower Neck moment, aimed at predicting AIS1 Neck Injury. Also risk curves were assessed for the effective criteria as well as for impact severity. It was found that NICmax and Nkm are applicable to predict risk of AIS1 Neck Injury when using a BioRID dummy. It is suggested that both BioRID NICmax and Nkm should be considered in rear-impact test evaluation. Furthermore, lower Neck moment was found to be less applicable. Using the BioRID dummy NDC was also found less applicable. For the covering abstract see ITRD E825082.
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comparison of car seats in low speed rear end impacts using the biorid dummy and the new Neck Injury criterion nic
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Lotta Jakobsson, Maria Krafft, Yngve Haland, Rikard Fredriksson, Per Lovsund, Markus H Muser, Mats Y. SvenssonAbstract:Long-term whiplash associated disorders (WAD) 1-3 sustained in low velocity rear-end impacts is the most common disability Injury in Sweden. Therefore, to determine Neck Injury mechanisms and develop methods to measure Neck-Injury related parameters are of importance for current crash-safety research. A new Neck Injury criterion (NIC) has previously been proposed and evaluated by means of dummy, human and mathematical rear-impact simulations. So far, the criterion appears to be sensitive to the major car and collision related risk factors for injuries with long-term consequences. To further evaluate the applicability of NIC, four seats were tested according to a recently proposed sled-test procedure. 'Good' as well as 'bad' seats were chosen on the basis of a recently presented disability risk ranking list. The dummy used in the current tests was the Biofidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID). The results of this study showed that NICmax values were generally related to the real-world risk of long-term WAD 1-3. Furthermore, these results suggested that NICmax calculated from sled tests using the BioRID dummy can be used for evaluating the Neck Injury risk of different car seats.
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Neck injuries in car collisions a review covering a possible Injury mechanism and the development of a new rear impact dummy
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000Co-Authors: Mats Y. Svensson, Ola Bostrom, Yngve Haland, Per Lovsund, Hansarne Hansson, Johan Davidsson, A Suneson, Anette SaljoAbstract:A review of a few Swedish research projects on soft tissue Neck injuries in car collisions is presented together with some new results. Efforts to determine Neck Injury mechanisms was based on a hypothesis stating that injuries to the nerve root region in the cervical spine are a result of transient pressure gradients in the spinal canal during rapid Neck bending. In experimental Neck trauma research on animals, pressure gradients were observed and indications of nerve cell membrane dysfunction were found in the cervical spinal ganglia. The experiments covered Neck extension, flexion and lateral bending. A theoretical model in which fluid flow was predicted to cause the transient pressure gradients was developed and a Neck Injury criterion based on Navier-Stokes Equations was applied on the flow model. The theory behind the Neck Injury Criterion indicates that the Neck Injury occurs early on in the rearward motion of the head relative to the torso in a rear-end collision. Thus the relative horizontal acceleration and velocity between the head and the torso should be restricted during the early head-Neck motion to avoid Neck Injury. A Bio-fidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID) was developed in several steps and validated against volunteer test results. The new dummy was partly based on the Hybrid III dummy. It had a new articulated spine with curvature and range of motion resembling that of a human being. A new crash dummy and a Neck Injury criterion will be very important components in a future rear-impact crash test procedure.
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A sled test procedure proposal to evaluate the risk of Neck Injury in low speed rear impacts using a new Neck Injury criterion (NIC)
1998Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Mats Y. Svensson, Yngve Haland, Rikard Fredriksson, Hugo MellanderAbstract:Today's cars do not sufficiently prevent Neck injuries in rear end impacts. So called whiplash injuries are often sustained at low velocities. According to Swedish road casualty statistics, the risk for whiplash injuries increases dramatically with the velocity change of the impacted car in the interval between 10-20 km/h. During recent years, much progress has been made in research concerning this issue. This includes new findings from Injury statistics, better knowledge of Injury mechanisms (even if they are not yet fully understood) and development of suitable rear impact dummies. This paper describes a new sled test procedure involving two levels of rear impact severity. In the proposed procedure, a new Neck Injury criterion (NIC) which is a measure of the effect of violence to the Neck, is used to evaluate the level of Neck protection. Seats, from two cars with different Neck Injury-risk rating (according to Swedish statistics), have been tested according to the new procedure and compared with a new seat concept. The results indicate that a seat back with a low yielding limit has a lower risk of Neck Injury, which is reflected in lower NIC-values. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD E102514.
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Prediction of Neck injuries in rear impacts based on accident data and simulations
1997Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Mats Y. Svensson, Maria Krafft, Yngve Haland, Rikard Fredriksson, Per Lovsund, Bertil Aldman, Arno Eichberger, Hermann Steffan, Claes TingvallAbstract:Whiplash associated disorders, occurring in car accidents, are an increasing problem worldwide. According to real-life data from police records, the struck car's velocity change (delta V) and occupant gender are two of the most important factors related to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 1 Neck injuries. In this study, a new rear-impact ranking of cars based on 4432 police reported accidents is presented. The ranking concerns the relative Neck Injury risk and compensates for the influences of car weight and gender. Moreover, some important factors influencing the risk of AIS 1 Neck Injury are proposed. These include: the stiffness, damping and yielding characteristics of the seat back, the muscle response of the occupant, and the delta V of the struck car and acceleration pulse. Using a mathematical model it is shown that the influence from these factors can be explained by a recently proposed Neck Injury criterion (NIC). This criterion is based on the Neck motion at the passage of full Neck retraction. The NIC, based on a number of volunteer tests, is analysed and validated. The consequence of Injury outcome of an observed overall seat back stiffening is also discussed. In conclusion, for delta V below 20 km/h, real-life data show that the geometry of the head restraint is of minor importance. A seat back with low yielding limit or soft performance may be preferable. Moreover, the new NIC seems to be a good predictor of real-life Neck injuries.
Mats Y. Svensson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Parameters Influencing AIS 1 Neck Injury Outcome in Frontal Impacts
Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020Co-Authors: Lotta Jakobsson, Hans Norin, Mats Y. SvenssonAbstract:In order to gain more knowledge of the Neck Injury scenario in frontal impacts, a statistical study of parameters influencing incidences of AIS 1 Neck injuries was performed. The data set consisted of 616 occupants in Volvo cars. Information regarding the crash, the safety systems, occupant characteristics (including prior Neck problems), behavior and sitting posture at the time of impact, and Neck symptoms (including duration) was collected and analyzed. Occupant characteristics (mainly gender, weight, and age), kinematics (head impacts) and behavior at the time of impact were identified as the most prominent parameter areas with regard to AIS 1 Neck Injury outcome. Specifically, women had a significantly higher AIS 1 Neck Injury rate as compared to men, occupants under the age of 50 had a significantly higher AIS 1 Neck Injury rate as compared to those above 50 and occupants weighing less than 65 kg have a significantly higher AIS 1 Neck Injury rate than heavier occupants. Drivers stating that they impacted their head against a frontal interior structure had a significantly higher AIS 1 Neck Injury rate than those without head impact. Also, occupants who stated they had tensed their Neck muscles at the time of impact, had a significantly higher AIS 1 Neck Injury rate as compared to occupants who did not. Occupant activities, such as tightly gripping the steering wheel or straightening their arms showed a significantly increased AIS 1 Neck Injury rate, indicating that occupant behavior at time of impact could be influential with respect to AIS 1 Neck Injury outcome. Also, occupants reporting prior Neck problems had a higher rate of persistent symptoms (>1 year) but no difference with respect to passing symptoms (
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parameters influencing ais 1 Neck Injury outcome in frontal impacts
Traffic Injury Prevention, 2004Co-Authors: Lotta Jakobsson, Hans Norin, Mats Y. SvenssonAbstract:In order to gain more knowledge of the Neck Injury scenario in frontal impacts, a statistical study of parameters influencing incidences of AIS 1 Neck injuries was performed. The data set consisted of 616 occupants in Volvo cars. Information regarding the crash, the safety systems, occupant characteristics (including prior Neck problems), behavior and sitting posture at the time of impact, and Neck symptoms (including duration) was collected and analyzed. Occupant characteristics (mainly gender, weight, and age), kinematics (head impacts) and behavior at the time of impact were identified as the most prominent parameter areas with regard to AIS 1 Neck Injury outcome. Specifically, women had a significantly higher AIS 1 Neck Injury rate as compared to men, occupants under the age of 50 had a significantly higher AIS 1 Neck Injury rate as compared to those above 50 and occupants weighing less than 65 kg have a significantly higher AIS 1 Neck Injury rate than heavier occupants. Drivers stating that they impacted their head against a frontal interior structure had a significantly higher AIS 1 Neck Injury rate than those without head impact. Also, occupants who stated they had tensed their Neck muscles at the time of impact, had a significantly higher AIS 1 Neck Injury rate as compared to occupants who did not. Occupant activities, such as tightly gripping the steering wheel or straightening their arms showed a significantly increased AIS 1 Neck Injury rate, indicating that occupant behavior at time of impact could be influential with respect to AIS 1 Neck Injury outcome. Also, occupants reporting prior Neck problems had a higher rate of persistent symptoms (>1 year) but no difference with respect to passing symptoms (<3 months) as compared to those without prior Neck problems. Additionally, there was no distinct pattern for the duration of Neck symptoms.
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comparison of car seats in low speed rear end impacts using the biorid dummy and the new Neck Injury criterion nic
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Lotta Jakobsson, Maria Krafft, Yngve Haland, Rikard Fredriksson, Per Lovsund, Markus H Muser, Mats Y. SvenssonAbstract:Long-term whiplash associated disorders (WAD) 1-3 sustained in low velocity rear-end impacts is the most common disability Injury in Sweden. Therefore, to determine Neck Injury mechanisms and develop methods to measure Neck-Injury related parameters are of importance for current crash-safety research. A new Neck Injury criterion (NIC) has previously been proposed and evaluated by means of dummy, human and mathematical rear-impact simulations. So far, the criterion appears to be sensitive to the major car and collision related risk factors for injuries with long-term consequences. To further evaluate the applicability of NIC, four seats were tested according to a recently proposed sled-test procedure. 'Good' as well as 'bad' seats were chosen on the basis of a recently presented disability risk ranking list. The dummy used in the current tests was the Biofidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID). The results of this study showed that NICmax values were generally related to the real-world risk of long-term WAD 1-3. Furthermore, these results suggested that NICmax calculated from sled tests using the BioRID dummy can be used for evaluating the Neck Injury risk of different car seats.
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Neck injuries in car collisions a review covering a possible Injury mechanism and the development of a new rear impact dummy
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000Co-Authors: Mats Y. Svensson, Ola Bostrom, Yngve Haland, Per Lovsund, Hansarne Hansson, Johan Davidsson, A Suneson, Anette SaljoAbstract:A review of a few Swedish research projects on soft tissue Neck injuries in car collisions is presented together with some new results. Efforts to determine Neck Injury mechanisms was based on a hypothesis stating that injuries to the nerve root region in the cervical spine are a result of transient pressure gradients in the spinal canal during rapid Neck bending. In experimental Neck trauma research on animals, pressure gradients were observed and indications of nerve cell membrane dysfunction were found in the cervical spinal ganglia. The experiments covered Neck extension, flexion and lateral bending. A theoretical model in which fluid flow was predicted to cause the transient pressure gradients was developed and a Neck Injury criterion based on Navier-Stokes Equations was applied on the flow model. The theory behind the Neck Injury Criterion indicates that the Neck Injury occurs early on in the rearward motion of the head relative to the torso in a rear-end collision. Thus the relative horizontal acceleration and velocity between the head and the torso should be restricted during the early head-Neck motion to avoid Neck Injury. A Bio-fidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID) was developed in several steps and validated against volunteer test results. The new dummy was partly based on the Hybrid III dummy. It had a new articulated spine with curvature and range of motion resembling that of a human being. A new crash dummy and a Neck Injury criterion will be very important components in a future rear-impact crash test procedure.
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A sled test procedure proposal to evaluate the risk of Neck Injury in low speed rear impacts using a new Neck Injury criterion (NIC)
1998Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Mats Y. Svensson, Yngve Haland, Rikard Fredriksson, Hugo MellanderAbstract:Today's cars do not sufficiently prevent Neck injuries in rear end impacts. So called whiplash injuries are often sustained at low velocities. According to Swedish road casualty statistics, the risk for whiplash injuries increases dramatically with the velocity change of the impacted car in the interval between 10-20 km/h. During recent years, much progress has been made in research concerning this issue. This includes new findings from Injury statistics, better knowledge of Injury mechanisms (even if they are not yet fully understood) and development of suitable rear impact dummies. This paper describes a new sled test procedure involving two levels of rear impact severity. In the proposed procedure, a new Neck Injury criterion (NIC) which is a measure of the effect of violence to the Neck, is used to evaluate the level of Neck protection. Seats, from two cars with different Neck Injury-risk rating (according to Swedish statistics), have been tested according to the new procedure and compared with a new seat concept. The results indicate that a seat back with a low yielding limit has a lower risk of Neck Injury, which is reflected in lower NIC-values. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD E102514.
Maria Krafft - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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validation of Neck Injury criteria using reconstructed real life rear end crashes with recorded crash pulses
PROCEEDINGS OF 18TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES HELD NAGOYA JAPAN 19-22 MAY 2003, 2003Co-Authors: Anders Kullgren, Linda Eriksson, Ola Bostrom, Maria KrafftAbstract:To date no AIS1 Neck Injury mechanism has been established, thus no Neck Injury criterion has been validated against such mechanism. Validation methods not related to an Injury mechanism may be used. The aim of this paper was to validate different proposed Neck Injury criteria with reconstructed real-life crashes with recorded crash pulses and with known Injury outcomes. A car fleet of more than 40,000 cars fitted with crash pulse recorders have been monitored in Sweden since 1996. All crashes with these cars, irrespective of repair cost and Injury outcome, have been reported. With the inclusion criteria of the three most represented car models, single rear-end crashes with a recorded crash pulse, and front seat occupants with no previous long-term AIS1 Neck Injury, 79 crashes with 110 front seat occupants remained to be analysed in this study. Madymo models of a BioRID II dummy in the three different car seats were exposed to the recorded crash pulses. The dummy readings were correlated to the real-life Injury outcome, divided into duration of AIS1 Neck Injury symptoms. Effectiveness to predict Neck Injury was assessed for the criteria NIC, Nkm, NDC and lower Neck moment, aimed at predicting AIS1 Neck Injury. Also risk curves were assessed for the effective criteria as well as for impact severity. It was found that NICmax and Nkm are applicable to predict risk of AIS1 Neck Injury when using a BioRID dummy. It is suggested that both BioRID NICmax and Nkm should be considered in rear-impact test evaluation. Furthermore, lower Neck moment was found to be less applicable. Using the BioRID dummy NDC was also found less applicable. For the covering abstract see ITRD E825082.
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comparison of car seats in low speed rear end impacts using the biorid dummy and the new Neck Injury criterion nic
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Lotta Jakobsson, Maria Krafft, Yngve Haland, Rikard Fredriksson, Per Lovsund, Markus H Muser, Mats Y. SvenssonAbstract:Long-term whiplash associated disorders (WAD) 1-3 sustained in low velocity rear-end impacts is the most common disability Injury in Sweden. Therefore, to determine Neck Injury mechanisms and develop methods to measure Neck-Injury related parameters are of importance for current crash-safety research. A new Neck Injury criterion (NIC) has previously been proposed and evaluated by means of dummy, human and mathematical rear-impact simulations. So far, the criterion appears to be sensitive to the major car and collision related risk factors for injuries with long-term consequences. To further evaluate the applicability of NIC, four seats were tested according to a recently proposed sled-test procedure. 'Good' as well as 'bad' seats were chosen on the basis of a recently presented disability risk ranking list. The dummy used in the current tests was the Biofidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID). The results of this study showed that NICmax values were generally related to the real-world risk of long-term WAD 1-3. Furthermore, these results suggested that NICmax calculated from sled tests using the BioRID dummy can be used for evaluating the Neck Injury risk of different car seats.
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Neck injuries in frontal impacts influence of crash pulse characteristics on Injury risk
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000Co-Authors: Anders Kullgren, Maria Krafft, Ake Nygren, Claes TingvallAbstract:Abstract AIS1 Neck injuries are the most frequent disabling injuries among car occupants in road traffic accidents. Although Neck Injury is mostly regarded as resulting from rear end collisions, almost one third of all Neck injuries occur in frontal impacts. The Injury mechanisms in both rear-end and frontal impacts are still not known, although different hypotheses exist. Since 1992, approx. 100 000 vehicles on the Swedish market have been equipped with crash recorders to measuring frontal impacts. This paper analyses the influence of different characteristics derived from the acceleration time history on the risk of short- and long-term disability to the Neck in frontal impacts. The study includes Injury outcomes from 187 restrained front seat occupants in 143 frontal collisions with an overlap exceeding 25%, where the crash pulses have been recorded using crash pulse recorders. The results show that the shape of the crash pulse influences the risk of long-term disability to the Neck. The vehicle accelerations in the mid and last third of the crash pulse seem to be important. It is also shown how change of velocity and mean and peak accelerations influence the Neck-Injury risk. It is suggested that the risk of sustaining an AIS1 Neck Injury in frontal impacts could be reduced by using more effective pretensioners and more advanced belt-load limiters. These results may also have implications for Neck Injury mechanisms in rear-end impacts.
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Prediction of Neck injuries in rear impacts based on accident data and simulations
1997Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Mats Y. Svensson, Maria Krafft, Yngve Haland, Rikard Fredriksson, Per Lovsund, Bertil Aldman, Arno Eichberger, Hermann Steffan, Claes TingvallAbstract:Whiplash associated disorders, occurring in car accidents, are an increasing problem worldwide. According to real-life data from police records, the struck car's velocity change (delta V) and occupant gender are two of the most important factors related to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 1 Neck injuries. In this study, a new rear-impact ranking of cars based on 4432 police reported accidents is presented. The ranking concerns the relative Neck Injury risk and compensates for the influences of car weight and gender. Moreover, some important factors influencing the risk of AIS 1 Neck Injury are proposed. These include: the stiffness, damping and yielding characteristics of the seat back, the muscle response of the occupant, and the delta V of the struck car and acceleration pulse. Using a mathematical model it is shown that the influence from these factors can be explained by a recently proposed Neck Injury criterion (NIC). This criterion is based on the Neck motion at the passage of full Neck retraction. The NIC, based on a number of volunteer tests, is analysed and validated. The consequence of Injury outcome of an observed overall seat back stiffening is also discussed. In conclusion, for delta V below 20 km/h, real-life data show that the geometry of the head restraint is of minor importance. A seat back with low yielding limit or soft performance may be preferable. Moreover, the new NIC seems to be a good predictor of real-life Neck injuries.
Yngve Haland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of car seats in low speed rear end impacts using the biorid dummy and the new Neck Injury criterion nic
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Lotta Jakobsson, Maria Krafft, Yngve Haland, Rikard Fredriksson, Per Lovsund, Markus H Muser, Mats Y. SvenssonAbstract:Long-term whiplash associated disorders (WAD) 1-3 sustained in low velocity rear-end impacts is the most common disability Injury in Sweden. Therefore, to determine Neck Injury mechanisms and develop methods to measure Neck-Injury related parameters are of importance for current crash-safety research. A new Neck Injury criterion (NIC) has previously been proposed and evaluated by means of dummy, human and mathematical rear-impact simulations. So far, the criterion appears to be sensitive to the major car and collision related risk factors for injuries with long-term consequences. To further evaluate the applicability of NIC, four seats were tested according to a recently proposed sled-test procedure. 'Good' as well as 'bad' seats were chosen on the basis of a recently presented disability risk ranking list. The dummy used in the current tests was the Biofidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID). The results of this study showed that NICmax values were generally related to the real-world risk of long-term WAD 1-3. Furthermore, these results suggested that NICmax calculated from sled tests using the BioRID dummy can be used for evaluating the Neck Injury risk of different car seats.
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Neck injuries in car collisions a review covering a possible Injury mechanism and the development of a new rear impact dummy
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000Co-Authors: Mats Y. Svensson, Ola Bostrom, Yngve Haland, Per Lovsund, Hansarne Hansson, Johan Davidsson, A Suneson, Anette SaljoAbstract:A review of a few Swedish research projects on soft tissue Neck injuries in car collisions is presented together with some new results. Efforts to determine Neck Injury mechanisms was based on a hypothesis stating that injuries to the nerve root region in the cervical spine are a result of transient pressure gradients in the spinal canal during rapid Neck bending. In experimental Neck trauma research on animals, pressure gradients were observed and indications of nerve cell membrane dysfunction were found in the cervical spinal ganglia. The experiments covered Neck extension, flexion and lateral bending. A theoretical model in which fluid flow was predicted to cause the transient pressure gradients was developed and a Neck Injury criterion based on Navier-Stokes Equations was applied on the flow model. The theory behind the Neck Injury Criterion indicates that the Neck Injury occurs early on in the rearward motion of the head relative to the torso in a rear-end collision. Thus the relative horizontal acceleration and velocity between the head and the torso should be restricted during the early head-Neck motion to avoid Neck Injury. A Bio-fidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID) was developed in several steps and validated against volunteer test results. The new dummy was partly based on the Hybrid III dummy. It had a new articulated spine with curvature and range of motion resembling that of a human being. A new crash dummy and a Neck Injury criterion will be very important components in a future rear-impact crash test procedure.
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A sled test procedure proposal to evaluate the risk of Neck Injury in low speed rear impacts using a new Neck Injury criterion (NIC)
1998Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Mats Y. Svensson, Yngve Haland, Rikard Fredriksson, Hugo MellanderAbstract:Today's cars do not sufficiently prevent Neck injuries in rear end impacts. So called whiplash injuries are often sustained at low velocities. According to Swedish road casualty statistics, the risk for whiplash injuries increases dramatically with the velocity change of the impacted car in the interval between 10-20 km/h. During recent years, much progress has been made in research concerning this issue. This includes new findings from Injury statistics, better knowledge of Injury mechanisms (even if they are not yet fully understood) and development of suitable rear impact dummies. This paper describes a new sled test procedure involving two levels of rear impact severity. In the proposed procedure, a new Neck Injury criterion (NIC) which is a measure of the effect of violence to the Neck, is used to evaluate the level of Neck protection. Seats, from two cars with different Neck Injury-risk rating (according to Swedish statistics), have been tested according to the new procedure and compared with a new seat concept. The results indicate that a seat back with a low yielding limit has a lower risk of Neck Injury, which is reflected in lower NIC-values. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD E102514.
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Prediction of Neck injuries in rear impacts based on accident data and simulations
1997Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Mats Y. Svensson, Maria Krafft, Yngve Haland, Rikard Fredriksson, Per Lovsund, Bertil Aldman, Arno Eichberger, Hermann Steffan, Claes TingvallAbstract:Whiplash associated disorders, occurring in car accidents, are an increasing problem worldwide. According to real-life data from police records, the struck car's velocity change (delta V) and occupant gender are two of the most important factors related to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 1 Neck injuries. In this study, a new rear-impact ranking of cars based on 4432 police reported accidents is presented. The ranking concerns the relative Neck Injury risk and compensates for the influences of car weight and gender. Moreover, some important factors influencing the risk of AIS 1 Neck Injury are proposed. These include: the stiffness, damping and yielding characteristics of the seat back, the muscle response of the occupant, and the delta V of the struck car and acceleration pulse. Using a mathematical model it is shown that the influence from these factors can be explained by a recently proposed Neck Injury criterion (NIC). This criterion is based on the Neck motion at the passage of full Neck retraction. The NIC, based on a number of volunteer tests, is analysed and validated. The consequence of Injury outcome of an observed overall seat back stiffening is also discussed. In conclusion, for delta V below 20 km/h, real-life data show that the geometry of the head restraint is of minor importance. A seat back with low yielding limit or soft performance may be preferable. Moreover, the new NIC seems to be a good predictor of real-life Neck injuries.
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a new Neck Injury criterion candidate based on Injury findings in the cervical spinal ganglia after experimental Neck extension trauma
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1996 INTERNATIONAL IRCOBI CONFERENCE ON THE BIOMECHANICS OF IMPACT SEPTEMBER 11-13 1996 DUBLIN IRELAND, 1996Co-Authors: Ola Bostrom, Mats Y. Svensson, Yngve Haland, Per Lovsund, B Aldman, Hansarne Hansson, T Seeman, Annette Saljo, Tore OrtengrenAbstract:In this study a mathematical model, based on Navier Stokes equations, was developed and validated against experimental data. This model predicts the pressure changes in the spinal canal as a function of the volume change inside the canal during Neck bending in the x-z (sagittal) plane. Another aim of the study was to investigate pressure phenomena and ganglion injuries at static Neck extension loading and dynamic Neck extension trauma with a head-restraint present. Experiments on pigs were conducted. Preliminary results indicate that ganglion injuries, as well as pressure transients inside the spinal canal, seem to correlate to the phase shift when the Neck passes an s-shape (or maximal retraction) during the rearward motion of the head. That is, when the upper Neck quickly changes from a flexion to an extension shape. Static loading of the Neck resulted in no signs of injuries to the ganglia. A possible candidate for a Neck Injury criterion is presented, based on the relative acceleration between the top and the bottom of the cervical spine. A tolerance level based on the pig tests is also discussed.
Bridget Bryant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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psychiatry of whiplash Neck Injury
British Journal of Psychiatry, 2002Co-Authors: Richard Mayou, Bridget BryantAbstract:Background The psychiatric outcome of whiplash Neck Injury is controversial. Aims To describe outcomes and predictors as compared with other types of road accident Injury. Method Consecutive emergency department attenders ( n =1148; whiplash 278) assessed by self-report at baseline, 3 months, 1 year and 3 years. Results Moderate to severe pain was reported by 27% of whiplash sufferers at 1 year and by 30% at 3 years. Psychiatric consequences were common and persistent. Whiplash victims and those with bony Injury were more likely to seek compensation. Accident and early post-accident psychosocial variables predicted the pain at 1 year. Claiming compensation at 3 months predicted the pain at 1 year for those with whiplash or bony Injury. Conclusions There is no special psychiatry of whiplash Neck Injury. Psychological variables and consequences are important following whiplash in a similar manner to other types of Injury.
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outcome of whiplash Neck Injury
Injury-international Journal of The Care of The Injured, 1996Co-Authors: Richard Mayou, Bridget BryantAbstract:Abstract Psychological factors have been alleged to be important in the course and outcome of ‘whiplash’ Neck Injury but there is little quantitative evidence. This study uses quantitative methods involving a prospective interview assessment to describe psychological and quality of life predictors, and 3 and 12 month outcome. Consecutive attenders to the Accident and Emergency department of a teaching district hospital with a clinical diagnosis of ‘whiplash’ Neck Injury were included and there were follow-up interviews at home. Neck symptoms were recorded, and there was a standard mental-state interview with added questions about post-traumatic symptoms and a semi-structured interview for disability and consequences for quality of life. There was a wide individual variation in course and outcome; the majority of subjects complained of persistent Neck symptoms and a sizeable minority reported specific post-traumatic psychological symptoms (intrusive memory, phobic travel anxiety), similar to those described by patients suffering multiple injuries. Social impairment, including effects on travel, were considerable in one-quarter. Reports of persistent Neck symptoms were not associated with any baseline psychological variables or with compensation proceedings; psychological factors appeared to be more important in determining the extent of social impairment. We conclude that travel, social and psychological morbidity is substantially greater than previously recognized.
