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Mohammad Tariqul Islam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a Negative Index Metamaterial to enhance the performance of miniaturized uwb antenna for microwave imaging applications
Applied Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: M Z Mahmud, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Norbahiah Misran, Mandeep Singh Jit Singh, Kamarulzaman MatAbstract:A new, compact planar wideband Negative Index Metamaterial based on a modified split ring resonator (SRR) is studied to enhance performance of ultrawideband antenna. A compact, Metamaterial (MTM)-inspired microstrip antenna is presented for microwave imaging system (MIS) application. Two layers of left-handed Metamaterial array (2 × 4) of the unit cell are placed on the radiating patch and the ground plane, respectively. Each left-handed Metamaterial (LHM) unit cell was constructed by modifying a square split ring resonator (SRR), resulting in Negative permeability and permittivity with a stable Negative refractive Index. The results shows that it has a significant impact on the performance of conventional patch antenna in terms of transmission co-efficient, efficiency and low loss. Compared to antenna without LHM, it is shown that the bandwidth is significantly broadened up to a few megahertz and becomes more convergent leading to the achievement of desired properties for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications leading to microwave imaging. The proposed MTM antenna structure is fabricated on commercially-available, flame-retardant material of size 26 × 22 × 1.6 mm3 with 4.6 dielectric constants, due to its low cost and convenience for making multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs). The antenna achieves 3.1 GHz to 10.71 GHz of impedance bandwidth (−10 dB), which covers the full UWB band. The use of double-layer Negative Index MTM unit cells enhances UWB performance, and the improved radiation efficiency, nearly directional radiation pattern, acceptable gain, stable surface current and Negative refractive Index make this MTM antenna a suitable candidate for UWB applications.
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Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis using plastic substrate based Negative Indexed Metamaterial shielding
2017 International Conference on Electrical Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE), 2017Co-Authors: Touhidul Alam, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Mohammad Shahidul Alam, M. R. Islam, Amanath Ullah, Farhad Bin Ashraf, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal FaruqueAbstract:In this paper, a lower band Negative Index Metamaterial is developed for specific absorption rate reduction. The proposed Metamaterial is printed on the plastic cover body of the wireless device. The Metamaterial structure has been designed and characterized using FIT technique based EM simulator CST Microwave studio. The perceptible outcome of this paper is specific absorption reduction using plastic substrate based Metamaterial structure.
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Specific absorption rate analysis of broadband mobile antenna with Negative Index Metamaterial
Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, 2016Co-Authors: Touhidul Alam, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Mohammad Tariqul IslamAbstract:This paper presents a Negative Index Metamaterial-inspired printed mobile wireless antenna that can support most mobile applications such as GSM, UMTS, Bluetooth and WLAN frequency bands. The antenna consists of a semi-circular patch, a 50Ω microstrip feed line and Metamaterial ground plane. The antenna occupies a very small space of 37 × 47 × 0.508 mm3, making it suitable for mobile wireless application. The perceptible novelty shown in this proposed antenna is that reduction of specific absorption rate using the Negative Index Metamaterial ground plane. The proposed antenna reduced 72.11 and 75.53 % of specific absorption rate at 1.8 and 2.4 GHz, respectively.
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Multi band Negative Index Metamaterial based on split square shape resonators
2016 19th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), 2016Co-Authors: Mehedi Hasan, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, M. M. Islam, Mohammad Tariqul IslamAbstract:A multi band Negative Index Metamaterial based on split square shape resonators has been discussed in this paper. The proposed Metamaterial unit cell structure is a combination of split square shape ring resonators. Commercially available electromagnetic simulator CST Microwave Studio has been used to investigate the calculation of the proposed design. The proposed structure shows resonance at 3.36 GHz, 5.98 GHz, 9.83 GHz, 13.10 GHz and exhibits Negative Index characteristics at 8.25 GHz. The effective medium ratio of the designed unit cell is 8.90. However, a performances comparison analysis has been done between Rogers RT 5880 and Teflon substrate materials.
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a Negative Index Metamaterial inspired uwb antenna with an integration of complementary srr and cls unit cells for microwave imaging sensor applications
Sensors, 2015Co-Authors: Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, M. M. Islam, M Samsuzzaman, Norbahiah MisranAbstract:This paper presents a Negative Index Metamaterial incorporated UWB antenna with an integration of complementary SRR (split-ring resonator) and CLS (capacitive loaded strip) unit cells for microwave imaging sensor applications. This Metamaterial UWB antenna sensor consists of four unit cells along one axis, where each unit cell incorporates a complementary SRR and CLS pair. This integration enables a design layout that allows both a Negative value of permittivity and a Negative value of permeability simultaneous, resulting in a durable Negative Index to enhance the antenna sensor performance for microwave imaging sensor applications. The proposed MTM antenna sensor was designed and fabricated on an FR4 substrate having a thickness of 1.6 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.6. The electrical dimensions of this antenna sensor are 0.20 λ × 0.29 λ at a lower frequency of 3.1 GHz. This antenna sensor achieves a 131.5% bandwidth (VSWR < 2) covering the frequency bands from 3.1 GHz to more than 15 GHz with a maximum gain of 6.57 dBi. High fidelity factor and gain, smooth surface-current distribution and nearly omni-directional radiation patterns with low cross-polarization confirm that the proposed Negative Index UWB antenna is a promising entrant in the field of microwave imaging sensors.
Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis using plastic substrate based Negative Indexed Metamaterial shielding
2017 International Conference on Electrical Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE), 2017Co-Authors: Touhidul Alam, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Mohammad Shahidul Alam, M. R. Islam, Amanath Ullah, Farhad Bin Ashraf, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal FaruqueAbstract:In this paper, a lower band Negative Index Metamaterial is developed for specific absorption rate reduction. The proposed Metamaterial is printed on the plastic cover body of the wireless device. The Metamaterial structure has been designed and characterized using FIT technique based EM simulator CST Microwave studio. The perceptible outcome of this paper is specific absorption reduction using plastic substrate based Metamaterial structure.
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Specific absorption rate analysis of broadband mobile antenna with Negative Index Metamaterial
Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, 2016Co-Authors: Touhidul Alam, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Mohammad Tariqul IslamAbstract:This paper presents a Negative Index Metamaterial-inspired printed mobile wireless antenna that can support most mobile applications such as GSM, UMTS, Bluetooth and WLAN frequency bands. The antenna consists of a semi-circular patch, a 50Ω microstrip feed line and Metamaterial ground plane. The antenna occupies a very small space of 37 × 47 × 0.508 mm3, making it suitable for mobile wireless application. The perceptible novelty shown in this proposed antenna is that reduction of specific absorption rate using the Negative Index Metamaterial ground plane. The proposed antenna reduced 72.11 and 75.53 % of specific absorption rate at 1.8 and 2.4 GHz, respectively.
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Multi band Negative Index Metamaterial based on split square shape resonators
2016 19th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), 2016Co-Authors: Mehedi Hasan, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, M. M. Islam, Mohammad Tariqul IslamAbstract:A multi band Negative Index Metamaterial based on split square shape resonators has been discussed in this paper. The proposed Metamaterial unit cell structure is a combination of split square shape ring resonators. Commercially available electromagnetic simulator CST Microwave Studio has been used to investigate the calculation of the proposed design. The proposed structure shows resonance at 3.36 GHz, 5.98 GHz, 9.83 GHz, 13.10 GHz and exhibits Negative Index characteristics at 8.25 GHz. The effective medium ratio of the designed unit cell is 8.90. However, a performances comparison analysis has been done between Rogers RT 5880 and Teflon substrate materials.
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a Negative Index Metamaterial inspired uwb antenna with an integration of complementary srr and cls unit cells for microwave imaging sensor applications
Sensors, 2015Co-Authors: Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, M. M. Islam, M Samsuzzaman, Norbahiah MisranAbstract:This paper presents a Negative Index Metamaterial incorporated UWB antenna with an integration of complementary SRR (split-ring resonator) and CLS (capacitive loaded strip) unit cells for microwave imaging sensor applications. This Metamaterial UWB antenna sensor consists of four unit cells along one axis, where each unit cell incorporates a complementary SRR and CLS pair. This integration enables a design layout that allows both a Negative value of permittivity and a Negative value of permeability simultaneous, resulting in a durable Negative Index to enhance the antenna sensor performance for microwave imaging sensor applications. The proposed MTM antenna sensor was designed and fabricated on an FR4 substrate having a thickness of 1.6 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.6. The electrical dimensions of this antenna sensor are 0.20 λ × 0.29 λ at a lower frequency of 3.1 GHz. This antenna sensor achieves a 131.5% bandwidth (VSWR < 2) covering the frequency bands from 3.1 GHz to more than 15 GHz with a maximum gain of 6.57 dBi. High fidelity factor and gain, smooth surface-current distribution and nearly omni-directional radiation patterns with low cross-polarization confirm that the proposed Negative Index UWB antenna is a promising entrant in the field of microwave imaging sensors.
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A Negative Index Metamaterial antenna for UWB microwave imaging applications
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2015Co-Authors: M. M. Islam, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Samsuzzaman, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal FaruqueAbstract:In this article, a Negative Index Metamaterial antenna is presented for ultrawideband (UWB) microwave imaging applications. Four left-handed (LH) Metamaterial (MTM unit cells are located along one axis of the antenna as the radiating element. Each left-handed Metamaterial unit cell assembles a modified split-ring resonator with a capacitance-loaded strip to obtain a design architecture that at a time shows both Negative permittivity and Negative permeability, which assures the stable Negative refractive Index to raise the antenna performance for microwave imaging. The antenna structure of dimension 16 × 21 × 1.6 mm3 is printed on low dielectric FR4 material with a slotted ground plane and a microstrip feed. Measured reflection coefficient illustrates that this antenna attains 114.5% bandwidth covering the frequency band of 3.4–12.5 GHz for a voltage standing wave ratio less than 2 with a maximum gain 5.16 dBi at 10.15 GHz. There is a stable harmony between simulation and measured results and improved nearly omnidirectional radiation characteristics within the operational frequency band. The stable surface current distribution, Negative refractive Index characteristic, considerable gain, and radiation property have made this proposed Negative Index Metamaterial antenna distinguishable for UWB microwave imaging applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1352–1361, 2015
Durdu Ö. Güney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Adverse effect of material absorption on stopped light hollow waveguides with Negative Index Metamaterial cladding
Journal of The Optical Society of America B-optical Physics, 2019Co-Authors: Xu Zhang, Durdu Ö. GüneyAbstract:We theoretically analyze the influence of absorption losses on a hollow waveguide with Negative Index cladding. The losses modify the waveguide dispersion relations; thereby it has a significant effect on the ability to stop the light. The Negative Index Metamaterial cladding with reasonable absorption losses indicates that the losses render the light trapping difficult in such waveguides.
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Extremely Sub-Wavelength Negative Index Metamaterial
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 2015Co-Authors: Xu Zhang, Elvis Usi, Suhail K. Khan, Mehdi Sadatgol, Durdu Ö. GüneyAbstract:We present an extremely sub-wavelength Negative Index Metamaterial structure operating at radio frequency. The unit cell of the Metamaterial consists of planar spiral and meandering wire structures separated by dielectric substrate. The ratio of the free space wavelength to unit cell size in the propagation direction is record breaking 1733 around the resonance frequency. The proposed Metamaterial also possesses the most extreme refractive Index of −109 that has been recorded to date. Underlying magnetic and electric response originate from the spiral and meandering wire, respectively. We show that the meandering wire is the key element to improve the transparency of the Negative Index Metamaterial.
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Optimizing low loss Negative Index Metamaterial for visible spectrum using differential evolution: comment
Optics express, 2014Co-Authors: Muhammad Aslam, Durdu Ö. GüneyAbstract:In a recent paper, Zhao et al. [Opt. Express 19(12), 11605 (2011)], proposed the use of differential evolution technique to optimize figure of merit of a Negative Index Metamaterial (NIM) for the visible spectrum. In this comment, we argue that certain ambiguities associated with the effective parameter retrieval should be also addressed in the paper for the accurate implementation of the technique for NIMs. Furthermore, the figure of merit reported in the paper is unrealistically large.
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Experimentally feasible green-light Negative Index Metamaterial
2013 7th International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics, 2013Co-Authors: Mahfuzur Rahman, Durdu Ö. Güney, Muhammad Aslam, P. G. EvansAbstract:We propose a novel green-light plasmonic Negative Index Metamaterial (NIM). Underlying experimental data for the metal layers and the fabrication feasibility based on electron-beam lithography render the structure arguably the most promising in the literature to further scale the operating frequency of the NIMs to new record low visible wavelengths.
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surface plasmon driven scalable low loss Negative Index Metamaterial in the visible spectrum
Physical Review B, 2011Co-Authors: Muhammad Imran Aslam, Durdu Ö. GüneyAbstract:We demonstrate that surface plasmons of a thin metal film interacting with a periodic array of nano-structures around it can be utilized to make bulk Negative Index Metamaterials at visible spectrum with simultaneously Negative permittivity and permeability. These surface plasmon driven Metamaterials have high figure of merit and can be tuned arbitrarily to operate at any wavelength in the visible spectrum and possibly at ultraviolet spectrum. We numerically demonstrate the idea by a Metamaterial structure which exhibits a strong magnetic response resulting in a Negative Index of refraction in the green region of the electromagnetic spectrum at 536nm with a figure of merit of 3.67. We also demonstrate by simply changing the constituent material only, hence by modifying the underlying surface plasmon dispersion, that the operating wavelength of the structure can be blue-shifted to the violet region at 406nm with a figure of merit of 2.27. In contrast to the fishnet-structure based approaches for visible Metamaterials, our proposed approach offers a more frequency scalable way of achieving Negative Index of refraction in the visible and possibly at ultraviolet wavelengths with high figure of merit.
Norbahiah Misran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a Negative Index Metamaterial to enhance the performance of miniaturized uwb antenna for microwave imaging applications
Applied Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: M Z Mahmud, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Norbahiah Misran, Mandeep Singh Jit Singh, Kamarulzaman MatAbstract:A new, compact planar wideband Negative Index Metamaterial based on a modified split ring resonator (SRR) is studied to enhance performance of ultrawideband antenna. A compact, Metamaterial (MTM)-inspired microstrip antenna is presented for microwave imaging system (MIS) application. Two layers of left-handed Metamaterial array (2 × 4) of the unit cell are placed on the radiating patch and the ground plane, respectively. Each left-handed Metamaterial (LHM) unit cell was constructed by modifying a square split ring resonator (SRR), resulting in Negative permeability and permittivity with a stable Negative refractive Index. The results shows that it has a significant impact on the performance of conventional patch antenna in terms of transmission co-efficient, efficiency and low loss. Compared to antenna without LHM, it is shown that the bandwidth is significantly broadened up to a few megahertz and becomes more convergent leading to the achievement of desired properties for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications leading to microwave imaging. The proposed MTM antenna structure is fabricated on commercially-available, flame-retardant material of size 26 × 22 × 1.6 mm3 with 4.6 dielectric constants, due to its low cost and convenience for making multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs). The antenna achieves 3.1 GHz to 10.71 GHz of impedance bandwidth (−10 dB), which covers the full UWB band. The use of double-layer Negative Index MTM unit cells enhances UWB performance, and the improved radiation efficiency, nearly directional radiation pattern, acceptable gain, stable surface current and Negative refractive Index make this MTM antenna a suitable candidate for UWB applications.
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a Negative Index Metamaterial inspired uwb antenna with an integration of complementary srr and cls unit cells for microwave imaging sensor applications
Sensors, 2015Co-Authors: Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, M. M. Islam, M Samsuzzaman, Norbahiah MisranAbstract:This paper presents a Negative Index Metamaterial incorporated UWB antenna with an integration of complementary SRR (split-ring resonator) and CLS (capacitive loaded strip) unit cells for microwave imaging sensor applications. This Metamaterial UWB antenna sensor consists of four unit cells along one axis, where each unit cell incorporates a complementary SRR and CLS pair. This integration enables a design layout that allows both a Negative value of permittivity and a Negative value of permeability simultaneous, resulting in a durable Negative Index to enhance the antenna sensor performance for microwave imaging sensor applications. The proposed MTM antenna sensor was designed and fabricated on an FR4 substrate having a thickness of 1.6 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.6. The electrical dimensions of this antenna sensor are 0.20 λ × 0.29 λ at a lower frequency of 3.1 GHz. This antenna sensor achieves a 131.5% bandwidth (VSWR < 2) covering the frequency bands from 3.1 GHz to more than 15 GHz with a maximum gain of 6.57 dBi. High fidelity factor and gain, smooth surface-current distribution and nearly omni-directional radiation patterns with low cross-polarization confirm that the proposed Negative Index UWB antenna is a promising entrant in the field of microwave imaging sensors.
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a miniaturized antenna with Negative Index Metamaterial based on modified srr and cls unit cell for uwb microwave imaging applications
Materials, 2015Co-Authors: M. M. Islam, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Norbahiah Misran, Mohd Fais MansorAbstract:A miniaturized antenna employing a Negative Index Metamaterial with modified split-ring resonator (SRR) and capacitance-loaded strip (CLS) unit cells is presented for Ultra wideband (UWB) microwave imaging applications. Four left-handed (LH) Metamaterial (MTM) unit cells are located along one axis of the antenna as the radiating element. Each left-handed Metamaterial unit cell combines a modified split-ring resonator (SRR) with a capacitance-loaded strip (CLS) to obtain a design architecture that simultaneously exhibits both Negative permittivity and Negative permeability, which ensures a stable Negative refractive Index to improve the antenna performance for microwave imaging. The antenna structure, with dimension of 16 × 21 × 1.6 mm³, is printed on a low dielectric FR4 material with a slotted ground plane and a microstrip feed. The measured reflection coefficient demonstrates that this antenna attains 114.5% bandwidth covering the frequency band of 3.4-12.5 GHz for a voltage standing wave ratio of less than 2 with a maximum gain of 5.16 dBi at 10.15 GHz. There is a stable harmony between the simulated and measured results that indicate improved nearly omni-directional radiation characteristics within the operational frequency band. The stable surface current distribution, Negative refractive Index characteristic, considerable gain and radiation properties make this proposed Negative Index Metamaterial antenna optimal for UWB microwave imaging applications.
M. M. Islam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Multi band Negative Index Metamaterial based on split square shape resonators
2016 19th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), 2016Co-Authors: Mehedi Hasan, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, M. M. Islam, Mohammad Tariqul IslamAbstract:A multi band Negative Index Metamaterial based on split square shape resonators has been discussed in this paper. The proposed Metamaterial unit cell structure is a combination of split square shape ring resonators. Commercially available electromagnetic simulator CST Microwave Studio has been used to investigate the calculation of the proposed design. The proposed structure shows resonance at 3.36 GHz, 5.98 GHz, 9.83 GHz, 13.10 GHz and exhibits Negative Index characteristics at 8.25 GHz. The effective medium ratio of the designed unit cell is 8.90. However, a performances comparison analysis has been done between Rogers RT 5880 and Teflon substrate materials.
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a Negative Index Metamaterial inspired uwb antenna with an integration of complementary srr and cls unit cells for microwave imaging sensor applications
Sensors, 2015Co-Authors: Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, M. M. Islam, M Samsuzzaman, Norbahiah MisranAbstract:This paper presents a Negative Index Metamaterial incorporated UWB antenna with an integration of complementary SRR (split-ring resonator) and CLS (capacitive loaded strip) unit cells for microwave imaging sensor applications. This Metamaterial UWB antenna sensor consists of four unit cells along one axis, where each unit cell incorporates a complementary SRR and CLS pair. This integration enables a design layout that allows both a Negative value of permittivity and a Negative value of permeability simultaneous, resulting in a durable Negative Index to enhance the antenna sensor performance for microwave imaging sensor applications. The proposed MTM antenna sensor was designed and fabricated on an FR4 substrate having a thickness of 1.6 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.6. The electrical dimensions of this antenna sensor are 0.20 λ × 0.29 λ at a lower frequency of 3.1 GHz. This antenna sensor achieves a 131.5% bandwidth (VSWR < 2) covering the frequency bands from 3.1 GHz to more than 15 GHz with a maximum gain of 6.57 dBi. High fidelity factor and gain, smooth surface-current distribution and nearly omni-directional radiation patterns with low cross-polarization confirm that the proposed Negative Index UWB antenna is a promising entrant in the field of microwave imaging sensors.
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A Negative Index Metamaterial antenna for UWB microwave imaging applications
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2015Co-Authors: M. M. Islam, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Samsuzzaman, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal FaruqueAbstract:In this article, a Negative Index Metamaterial antenna is presented for ultrawideband (UWB) microwave imaging applications. Four left-handed (LH) Metamaterial (MTM unit cells are located along one axis of the antenna as the radiating element. Each left-handed Metamaterial unit cell assembles a modified split-ring resonator with a capacitance-loaded strip to obtain a design architecture that at a time shows both Negative permittivity and Negative permeability, which assures the stable Negative refractive Index to raise the antenna performance for microwave imaging. The antenna structure of dimension 16 × 21 × 1.6 mm3 is printed on low dielectric FR4 material with a slotted ground plane and a microstrip feed. Measured reflection coefficient illustrates that this antenna attains 114.5% bandwidth covering the frequency band of 3.4–12.5 GHz for a voltage standing wave ratio less than 2 with a maximum gain 5.16 dBi at 10.15 GHz. There is a stable harmony between simulation and measured results and improved nearly omnidirectional radiation characteristics within the operational frequency band. The stable surface current distribution, Negative refractive Index characteristic, considerable gain, and radiation property have made this proposed Negative Index Metamaterial antenna distinguishable for UWB microwave imaging applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1352–1361, 2015
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a miniaturized antenna with Negative Index Metamaterial based on modified srr and cls unit cell for uwb microwave imaging applications
Materials, 2015Co-Authors: M. M. Islam, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Norbahiah Misran, Mohd Fais MansorAbstract:A miniaturized antenna employing a Negative Index Metamaterial with modified split-ring resonator (SRR) and capacitance-loaded strip (CLS) unit cells is presented for Ultra wideband (UWB) microwave imaging applications. Four left-handed (LH) Metamaterial (MTM) unit cells are located along one axis of the antenna as the radiating element. Each left-handed Metamaterial unit cell combines a modified split-ring resonator (SRR) with a capacitance-loaded strip (CLS) to obtain a design architecture that simultaneously exhibits both Negative permittivity and Negative permeability, which ensures a stable Negative refractive Index to improve the antenna performance for microwave imaging. The antenna structure, with dimension of 16 × 21 × 1.6 mm³, is printed on a low dielectric FR4 material with a slotted ground plane and a microstrip feed. The measured reflection coefficient demonstrates that this antenna attains 114.5% bandwidth covering the frequency band of 3.4-12.5 GHz for a voltage standing wave ratio of less than 2 with a maximum gain of 5.16 dBi at 10.15 GHz. There is a stable harmony between the simulated and measured results that indicate improved nearly omni-directional radiation characteristics within the operational frequency band. The stable surface current distribution, Negative refractive Index characteristic, considerable gain and radiation properties make this proposed Negative Index Metamaterial antenna optimal for UWB microwave imaging applications.
