The Experts below are selected from a list of 6795 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Thomas Schuerch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a massacre of early neolithic farmers in the high pyrenees at els trocs spain
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Cristina Rodriguez, Nicole Nicklisch, David Roth, Anna Szecsenyi Nagy, Corina Knipper, Susanne Lindauer, Petra Held, Inigo Garciamartinez De Lagran, Georg Schulz, Thomas SchuerchAbstract:Violence seems deeply rooted in human nature and an endemic potential for such is today frequently associated with differing ethnic, religious or socio-economic backgrounds. Ethnic Nepotism is believed to be one of the main causes of inter-group violence in multi-ethnic societies. At the site of Els Trocs in the Spanish Pyrenees, rivalling groups of either migrating early farmers or farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers collided violently around 5300 BCE. This clash apparently resulted in a massacre of the Els Trocs farmers. The overkill reaction was possibly triggered by xenophobia or massive disputes over resources or privileges. In the present, violence and xenophobia are controlled and sanctioned through social codes of conduct and institutions. So that, rather than representing an insurmountable evolutionary inheritance, violence and ethnic Nepotism can be overcome and a sustainable future achieved through mutual respect, tolerance and openness to multi-ethnic societies.
Jill M Mateo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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kin recognition in ground squirrels and other rodents
Journal of Mammalogy, 2003Co-Authors: Jill M MateoAbstract:Significant advances have been made in understanding kin recognition as it pertains to Nepotism (preferential treatment of kin) and mate choice (optimization of inbreeding and outbreeding). Yet complementary knowledge about how animals discriminate conspecifics on the basis of genetic relatedness remains unclear for most species. Because of the diversity of their scent sources and highly developed olfactory systems, rodents present a unique opportunity for examining chemical communication and kin recognition as a function of sociality. I review general processes of kin recognition and summarize mechanisms of recognition used by rodents. As a case study, I also examine recognition systems of ground squirrels, relating odor production and perception to differences in patterns of Nepotism. Belding’s ground squirrels ( Spermophilus beldingi) produce $2 odors (from oral and dorsal glands) that correlate with relatedness (kin labels), and they are able to use these odors to make precise discriminations among their unfamiliar relatives. Thus, S. beldingi can recognize their distant female kin and male kin, even though these kin are not treated nepotistically (e.g., through cooperative territory defense or alarm call production). Furthermore, S. beldingi use these kin labels and recognition abilities to interact differentially with conspecifics as a function of relatedness. In ground squirrels and in other rodents, components of the kin recognition process (production of recognition cues, discrimination of these cues, and differential treatment of conspecifics) have evolved differentially among even closely related species. Kin recognition abilities in the absence of Nepotism might reflect selection for inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, in addition to sex-biased natal dispersal. Together, data and the review demonstrate that recognition abilities cannot be predicted on the basis of sociality alone and suggest that comparative analyses, by multiple assays of discrimination, might be necessary to understand variation in the function of kin recognition within and across species.
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Kin-recognition abilities and Nepotism as a function of sociality
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2002Co-Authors: Jill M MateoAbstract:Despite widespread interest in kin selection and Nepotism, relatively little is known about the perceptual abilities of animals to recognize their relatives. Here I show that a highly nepotistic species, Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi), produces odours from at least two sources that correlate with relatedness ('kin labels'), and that ground squirrels can use these odours to make accurate discriminations among never before encountered ('unfamiliar') kin. Recognition odours appear to vary linearly with relatedness, rather than in an all-or-none fashion, allowing precise estimates of kinship even among distant relatives. Thus S. beldingi are able to recognize their distant kin and male kin, even though they do not treat them preferentially. I also show that a closely related species (S. lateralis) similarly produces kin labels and discriminates among kin, although it shows no evidence of kin-directed behaviour. Thus, contrary to a commonly held assumption, kin favouritism and recognition abilities can evolve independently, depending on variation in the costs and benefits of Nepotism for a given species.
Erik O Kimbrough - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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kinship fractionalization and corruption
Social Science Research Network, 2019Co-Authors: Mahsa Akbari, Duman Bahramirad, Erik O KimbroughAbstract:Norms of Nepotism and favoritism create corruption, subverting and disrupting impartial institutions and hampering economic development. However, the presence and strength of such norms varies widely within and between countries, and the literature has suggested that this variation is driven, in part, by ethnic fractionalization, with mixed results. We provide evidence for an overlooked -- but deep-rooted -- source of variation in corruption: sub-ethnic fractionalization, driven by mating patterns. The theory of kin selection provides a straightforward justification for norms of Nepotism and favoritism among relatives; more subtly, it also implies that the returns to such norms may be influenced by mating practices. Specifically, in societies with high levels of sub-ethnic fractionalization, where endogamous (and consanguineous) mating within kin-group, clan and tribe increases the local relatedness of individuals, the relative returns to norms of Nepotism and favoritism are high. In societies with exogamous marriage practices, the relative returns to norms of impartial cooperation with non-relatives and strangers are increased. Using cross-country and within-country regression analyses and a cross-country lab experiment, we provide evidence for this account. Our cross-country analyses show that corruption levels are robustly associated with consanguineous marriage rates, even when controlling for previously studied deep determinants of comparative development. Our within-country analysis exploits variation in consanguinity across Italian provinces and identifies the same pattern. Lab experiments in two countries with different mating patterns provide evidence for our proposed mechanism from subjects who interacted with kin, co-ethnics and strangers in a stylized corruption game.
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kinship fractionalization and corruption
Research Papers in Economics, 2017Co-Authors: Mahsa Akbari, Duman Bahramirad, Erik O KimbroughAbstract:By shaping patterns of relatedness and interaction, marriage practices influence the relative returns to norms of Nepotism/favoritism versus norms of impartial cooperation. In-marriage (e.g. consanguineous marriage) yields a relatively closed society of related individuals and thereby encourages favoritism and corruption. Out-marriage creates a relatively open society with increased interaction between non-relatives and strangers, thereby encouraging impartiality. We report a robust association between in-marriage practices and corruption across countries and across Italian provinces. A stylized corruption experiment comparing subjects from two countries with divergent marriage patterns provides complementary evidence that the degree of impartiality varies with marriage patterns.
Cristina Rodriguez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a massacre of early neolithic farmers in the high pyrenees at els trocs spain
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Cristina Rodriguez, Nicole Nicklisch, David Roth, Anna Szecsenyi Nagy, Corina Knipper, Susanne Lindauer, Petra Held, Inigo Garciamartinez De Lagran, Georg Schulz, Thomas SchuerchAbstract:Violence seems deeply rooted in human nature and an endemic potential for such is today frequently associated with differing ethnic, religious or socio-economic backgrounds. Ethnic Nepotism is believed to be one of the main causes of inter-group violence in multi-ethnic societies. At the site of Els Trocs in the Spanish Pyrenees, rivalling groups of either migrating early farmers or farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers collided violently around 5300 BCE. This clash apparently resulted in a massacre of the Els Trocs farmers. The overkill reaction was possibly triggered by xenophobia or massive disputes over resources or privileges. In the present, violence and xenophobia are controlled and sanctioned through social codes of conduct and institutions. So that, rather than representing an insurmountable evolutionary inheritance, violence and ethnic Nepotism can be overcome and a sustainable future achieved through mutual respect, tolerance and openness to multi-ethnic societies.
Vveinhardt Jolita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How do Nepotism and favouritism affect organisational climate?
2021Co-Authors: Vveinhardt Jolita, Bendaravičienė RitaAbstract:This study seeks to determine the effect of Nepotism and favouritism on organisational climate. Using the method of random sampling, 269 persons working in Lithuanian organisations were surveyed. The received data was analysed via the application of the methods of correlation and linear regression. It was determined that organisational climate is influenced significantly by such variables as the manager’s behaviour, safety and relationships with employees, values and traditions, communication, sharing of information, behaviour of employees, and inter-relationships and tolerance of one another. Meanwhile, Nepotism and favouritism are influenced by the lower number of climate variables (fear related to the absence of concreteness and security; joining an organisation, union and tolerance of individuals who have shared interests). This study fills the void in the knowledge of connections that Nepotism and favouritism have with organisational climate, drawing attention to the mutual interaction between these phenomena. The article presents a discussion and the research limitations and provides guidelines for further researchVadybos katedraVytauto Didžiojo universiteta
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Nepotism and favouritism: how harmful are these phenomena?
2021Co-Authors: Sroka Włodzimierz, Vveinhardt JolitaAbstract:‘Nepotism’ and ‘favouritism’ have an international scale and negatively influence the economies of particular countries. Therefore, the current study analyses the attitude of Polish and Lithuanian employees working in private and public sector companies to these phenomena (this article presents only part of the results of the study, analysing Nepotism and favouritism at the level of individual items, breaking down the respondents’ answers into percentages of approval and disapproval respectively). Research sample in our study involved 337 Polish and Lithuanian respondents, representing both public and private sector organisations. We used a closed-type questionnaire in our survey. Statistical differences between countries were calculated using the Chi-square criterionVadybos katedraVytauto Didžiojo universiteta
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Influence of CSR policies in preventing dysfunctional behaviour in organizations
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Vveinhardt Jolita, Zygmantaitė RasaAbstract:WCPCG-2015 : 6th World conference on Psychology Counseling and Guidance, 14-16 May 2015Corporate social responsibility by default is viewed as a positive phenomenon in organization performance and consequently most investigations are focusing on this positive perspective. In the eyes of society socially responsible organizations are usually success stories of impeccable reputation, excellent performance, fostering the welfare of their employees, ensuring the clients’ rights and wealth, focusing on the impacts and outcomes for society, stakeholders and the firm itself; in other words they are an excellent example for all to emulate. However, the CSR domain is not always as brilliant as it may seem from the first glance, and even such organizations are incapable of obviating internal problems of destructive and controversial character. The problem of this research is identification of cases of dysfunctional behaviour in socially responsible organizations and preventive strategies, if any, incorporated in internal regulating rules, codes and other operational documents. The aim of the research: to identify dysfunctional behaviour in organizations, ascribing themselves to the category of socially responsible ones, focusing on such phenomena as Nepotism, cronyism, favouritism and CSR code and strategies as a means to prevent this negative phenomenon. Theoretical reasoning for this research is based on the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, whereas for the empirical research the method of structured interview is used. Interviews with managers of CSR enterprises proved that the construct of dysfunctional behaviour, which covers a wide spectrum of deviant actions, including protectionism in all its forms (Nepotism, cronyism, favouritism) is not sufficiently described in ethical codes and other internal regulating documents of even socially responsible organizationsMarijampolės kolegijaVadybos katedraVytauto Didžiojo universiteta
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Influence of CSR policies in preventing dysfunctional behaviour in organizations
2020Co-Authors: Vveinhardt Jolita, Zygmantaitė RasaAbstract:WCPCG-2015 : 6th World conference on Psychology Counseling and Guidance, 14-16 May 2015Corporate social responsibility by default is viewed as a positive phenomenon in organization performance and consequently most investigations are focusing on this positive perspective. In the eyes of society socially responsible organizations are usually success stories of impeccable reputation, excellent performance, fostering the welfare of their employees, ensuring the clients’ rights and wealth, focusing on the impacts and outcomes for society, stakeholders and the firm itself; in other words they are an excellent example for all to emulate. However, the CSR domain is not always as brilliant as it may seem from the first glance, and even such organizations are incapable of obviating internal problems of destructive and controversial character. The problem of this research is identification of cases of dysfunctional behaviour in socially responsible organizations and preventive strategies, if any, incorporated in internal regulating rules, codes and other operational documents. The aim of the research: to identify dysfunctional behaviour in organizations, ascribing themselves to the category of socially responsible ones, focusing on such phenomena as Nepotism, cronyism, favouritism and CSR code and strategies as a means to prevent this negative phenomenon. Theoretical reasoning for this research is based on the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, whereas for the empirical research the method of structured interview is used. Interviews with managers of CSR enterprises proved that the construct of dysfunctional behaviour, which covers a wide spectrum of deviant actions, including protectionism in all its forms (Nepotism, cronyism, favouritism) is not sufficiently described in ethical codes and other internal regulating documents of even socially responsible organizationsEkonomikos ir vadybos fakultetasMarijampolės kolegijaVadybos katedraVytauto Didžiojo universiteta
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Forms of destructive relationships among the employees: how many are there and what is the extent of the spread?
'Independent Journal of Management and Production', 2020Co-Authors: Vveinhardt Jolita, Kuklytė JūratėAbstract:Destructive behavior at work is one of the most important research topics affecting organizational performance standards and well-being. The article presented a scientific literature analysis and synthesis as well as the authors insight into destructive relationships in the work environment. There a various forms of destructive relationship in a workplace: mobbing, rare bullying, discrimination, Nepotism, favoritism, cronyism, social ostracism, social loafing, organizational cynicism, depersonalization and cyber loafing. Destructive relationships shape the work environment has a negative impact on productivity, motivation, job satisfaction, health and promotes resignation. Destructive relationships among employees are explored in various sectors like transport and logistics, restaurants and catering, telecommunications, education and science and othersEkonomikos ir vadybos fakultetasVadybos katedraVytauto Didžiojo universiteta
