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Sean Jacobs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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re writing Xenophobia understanding press coverage of cross border migration in southern africa
Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 2005Co-Authors: David A Mcdonald, Sean JacobsAbstract:Xenophobia – although difficult at times to disentangle from other psychological and structural influences such as racism, nationalism and ethnocentrism – refers specifically to “a deep dislike of foreigners” (Oxford Concise Dictionary).This definition describes a discrete set of attitudes that manifest themselves in the behaviours of governments, the general public and the media.This is certainly true in South and southern Africa where Xenophobia is distinctive and widespread (albeit uneven across the region) and where the print media in particular has been accused of exacerbating the phenomenon. In a previous article, Danso and McDonald (2001) reviewed English-language press coverage in South Africa from 1994 to 1998 and argued that reportage and editorial comment on cross-border migration was largely anti-immigrant and unanalytical.Not all such treatment of the issue by the media was negative and superficial, and there did appear to be gradual improvement over time, but the overwhelming majority of newspaper articles, editorials and letters to the editor employed sensationalist, anti-immigrant language and uncritically reproduced problematic statistics and assumptions about cross-border migration in the region. The purpose of the current paper is threefold.First, it updates the previous study to determine what, if any, changes have occurred in South Africa with respect to Xenophobia in the press by looking at English-language newspapers from 2000 to early 2005 and comparing the results to the former survey.Second, and more im portantly, the paper poses a series of hypotheses as to why press coverage in South Africa is xenophobic (or not) and where we might expect to see trends developing in the future. The paper also expands the analysis to other countries of the region – namely, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Zambia (with the emphasis on the first two due to the relatively small sample sizes of news material available for the latter). An analysis of these additional countries helps to expand our understanding of the regional aspects of Xenophobia in the press and places our study of South Africa in empirical and theoretical perspective.The variations across the region serve to highlight important theoretical differences, which show that there is no
Adeoye O. Akinola - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Introduction: Understanding Xenophobia in Africa
The Political Economy of Xenophobia in Africa, 2018Co-Authors: Adeoye O. AkinolaAbstract:Colonialism militarised African societies and imposed a violent character upon the state and societies, which explains the spate of political instability, insurgency, terrorism and civil war experienced in many African countries. This chapter provides an understanding of Xenophobia and presents Xenophobia as all forms of discrimination against those considered to be ‘different’, ‘the other’, and non-national. It engages the politicization of Xenophobia, explores its motivations and traces its roots to Africa’s colonial heritage. Although, xenophobic violence which has become part of the African story, is not a new phenomenon, but its destructive nature has become a cause for concern among stakeholders in African peace, security and development projects. From Ghana to Nigeria and Zambia to South Africa, hostility has been directed against ‘the others’ and non-nationals of African descent. While there is a rich literature on the violent manifestation of Xenophobia in Africa, few studies have explored the non-violent expression of Xenophobia. Thus, this section conceptualizes the diverse manifestations of Xenophobia and its effects on the state, economy and society.
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South Africa and the Xenophobia Dilemma: A Gendered Perspective
Gender and behaviour, 2017Co-Authors: Adeoye O. AkinolaAbstract:Xenophobia, hostility towards immigrants, has become a part of the South Africa’s socio-political reality. Although, discrimination against non-nationals of African descent is not a new phenomenon in the ‘Rainbow nation’, its recurrence and destructive nature, has attracted the attention stakeholders in the South African peace, security and development projects. While literature is replete with the occurrences and violent manifestation of Xenophobia in South Africa, very few studies have explored the gendered construction of Xenophobia in the country. Thus, this article explores the gendered character of Xenophobia in South Africa and engages on the impact of Xenophobia on migrant women. Gender constructions of anti-immigration movement in South Africa manifests in two ways: local women’s involvement in Xenophobia is different from that of their male counterparts, while foreign women who are at the receiving end of Xenophobia are also treated differently from male migrants. Xenophobia in South Africa, therefore has a gendered face.Keywords: Xenophobia, Gender, Immigrants, Scapegoating, South Africa
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Xenophobia and the Paradox of Regionalism in Africa: The West African Experience
Advances in African Economic Social and Political Development, 2017Co-Authors: Adeoye O. AkinolaAbstract:Xenophobia often manifests as creeping resentment of those who are seen as not belonging, such as immigrants, or as hostilities between groups within a state, fear or phobia toward others, and as the product of fanaticism, extra-nationalism or prejudice against non-natives. For some, it is a thinly veiled mechanism to protect the indigenous economy from domination by non-locals. In Africa, cross-cultural hostilities and violence against foreign nationals have contributed to the difficulties associated with building prosperous economic blocs such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Incidents of Xenophobia have weakened efforts to implement the ECOWAS Protocol, which allows for the integration of the West African citizenry, thereby impeding sustainable development in the region. There is a rich literature on the security-development nexus. Xenophobia has become a potent threat to regional peace and stability in West Africa, and Africa at large. This chapter historicizes xenophobic attitudes in West Africa, examines the convergence between Xenophobia and economic development, and explores how xenophobic attitudes impede serious attempts at integration in the region. It concludes that intolerance and a crisis of identity, in the form of Xenophobia are an impediment to ECOWAS integration and Pan-Africanism. Also, the chapter decries institutional support for Xenophobia and the indifference of Africa’s supra-national institutions and calls for a multilateral approach to combat Xenophobia on the continent.
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The Scourge of Xenophobia: From Botswana to Zambia
Advances in African Economic Social and Political Development, 2017Co-Authors: Adeoye O. AkinolaAbstract:Xenophobia has been a consistent feature of Botswana’s policymaking and social reality for decades, Zambia only awoke to this scourge as a result of the looting of about 60 Rwandan-owned shops during the 2016 xenophobic violence that resulted in the loss of lives and property. While locals accused foreigners, especially Rwandans of ritual killings; this appears to have been an excuse to attack foreigners and loot their tuck-shops. Although there have been few incidents of Xenophobia in Zambia, the country’s image as a haven for refugees and other immigrants has been dented. In contrast, dislike of foreigners continues to rise in Botswana. The study found similar patterns of Xenophobia with Zambians singling out Rwandans for attacks, while in Botswana, Zimbabweans were targeted. Foreigners have been blamed for spiralling crime and other social ills in the two countries, dwindling economic opportunities and challenging economic realities, political discontent, and poor service delivery continue to aggravate social tension and reinforce Xenophobia in the Southern African region. It is thus concluded that governance failure explains xenophobic attacks in these countries. To stem the tides of Xenophobia, it is imperative for the government to exploit the opportunities presented by foreigners in terms of skills acquisition and transfer, and also implement pragmatic policies for effective governance and improvement in the lives of the masses.
David A Mcdonald - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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re writing Xenophobia understanding press coverage of cross border migration in southern africa
Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 2005Co-Authors: David A Mcdonald, Sean JacobsAbstract:Xenophobia – although difficult at times to disentangle from other psychological and structural influences such as racism, nationalism and ethnocentrism – refers specifically to “a deep dislike of foreigners” (Oxford Concise Dictionary).This definition describes a discrete set of attitudes that manifest themselves in the behaviours of governments, the general public and the media.This is certainly true in South and southern Africa where Xenophobia is distinctive and widespread (albeit uneven across the region) and where the print media in particular has been accused of exacerbating the phenomenon. In a previous article, Danso and McDonald (2001) reviewed English-language press coverage in South Africa from 1994 to 1998 and argued that reportage and editorial comment on cross-border migration was largely anti-immigrant and unanalytical.Not all such treatment of the issue by the media was negative and superficial, and there did appear to be gradual improvement over time, but the overwhelming majority of newspaper articles, editorials and letters to the editor employed sensationalist, anti-immigrant language and uncritically reproduced problematic statistics and assumptions about cross-border migration in the region. The purpose of the current paper is threefold.First, it updates the previous study to determine what, if any, changes have occurred in South Africa with respect to Xenophobia in the press by looking at English-language newspapers from 2000 to early 2005 and comparing the results to the former survey.Second, and more im portantly, the paper poses a series of hypotheses as to why press coverage in South Africa is xenophobic (or not) and where we might expect to see trends developing in the future. The paper also expands the analysis to other countries of the region – namely, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Zambia (with the emphasis on the first two due to the relatively small sample sizes of news material available for the latter). An analysis of these additional countries helps to expand our understanding of the regional aspects of Xenophobia in the press and places our study of South Africa in empirical and theoretical perspective.The variations across the region serve to highlight important theoretical differences, which show that there is no
Oksana Yakushko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Germs, Peacocks, and Scheming Domestics: Theories That Construct or Confront Xenophobia
Modern-Day Xenophobia, 2018Co-Authors: Oksana YakushkoAbstract:Varied theories have been used to justify as well as critique Xenophobia in social sciences. Evolutionary theories, just as during era of social Darwinism and eugenics, have been used to justify anti-immigrant sentiments as based on genetic differences and mythologized historical accounts. In addition, treating immigration as a “real” threat or focusing on immigrants’ “acculturation” to dominant culture have also been central to creation of other theories of Xenophobia. In contrast, many theorists have offered critical perspectives in regard to attitudes toward Others, foreigners, strangers, and minorities. Theories of guilt, splitting/projection, Motherland/Fatherland discourse, archetypes/hostile imagination, Other/Othering, social death, self-idealization/psychophobia, and de-colonialism are discussed in relation to Xenophobia.
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Hatred of Strangers: Defining Xenophobia and Related Concepts
Modern-Day Xenophobia, 2018Co-Authors: Oksana YakushkoAbstract:Xenophobia as well as related ideas have been defined and constructed in varied ways in Western scholarship. This chapter reviews definitions of pro-foreigner concepts such as xenophilia and concepts associated to with anti-immigrants prejudice such as ethnocentrism, anti-Semitism, nativism, and Islamophobia. In addition, discussions of colonialism and globalization help expound theoretical perspectives on Xenophobia.
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exploring the relationships between fear related Xenophobia perceptions of out group entitativity and social contact in norway
Psychological Reports, 2013Co-Authors: Reidar Ommundsen, Oksana Yakushko, Kees Van Der Veer, Pal UllebergAbstract:An internet-related survey distributed to Norwegian students explored predictors of fear-related Xenophobia toward immigrants. Specifically, this study examined a new social construct called "entitativity" (i.e., the extent to which out-group members are perceived as bonded together in a cohesive or organized unit), as well as frequency of informal social contact and valence of a recent encounter in relation to certain xenophobic attitudes. Correlational and multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived out-group entitativity was a moderate predictor of fear-related Xenophobia. Voluntary informal contact was a weak predictor of fear-related Xenophobia, whereas negative evaluation of an encounter in the recent past was a strong predictor. Further analysis indicated that the effect of entitativity on Xenophobia was strongest when informal social contact was low. Moreover, analysis indicated that the effect of valenced contact was partly mediated through perception of entitativity. Language: en
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Xenophobia understanding the roots and consequences of negative attitudes toward immigrants
The Counseling Psychologist, 2009Co-Authors: Oksana YakushkoAbstract:The current xenophobic cultural environment in the United States makes it imperative that psychologists understand the nature of Xenophobia and recognize its consequences. This article explores sociological, social psychological, and multicultural research to examine the causes of negative attitudes toward immigrants. Xenophobia is presented as a concept descriptive of a socially observable phenomenon. Historical and contemporary expressions of Xenophobia in the United States are examined and compared with cross-cultural scholarship on negative attitudes toward immigrants. Last, suggestions are provided for how counseling psychologists can integrate an understanding of Xenophobia into their clinical practice, training, research, and public policy advocacy.
Sadhana Manik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Affirmation and Defamation: Zimbabwean Migrant Teachers’ Survival Strategies in South Africa
Journal of International Migration and Integration, 2019Co-Authors: Kudzayi Savious Tarisayi, Sadhana ManikAbstract:The largest number of foreign teachers in South Africa come from Zimbabwe and there is some literature on their experiences. The purpose of this article was to explore the survival strategies used by Zimbabwean migrant teachers located in rural schools in one South African province. The current literature does fleetingly reveal that they have experienced discrimination in South Africa but there is a dearth of literature on the survival strategies utilized by Zimbabwean migrant teachers in discriminatory and xenophobic spaces, such as the workplace, in South Africa. This paper was guided by social capital theory and social network theory. The paper is distilled from a teacher migration study which was interpretive and qualitative in nature, adopting a case study research design. In-depth semi-structured interviews and WhatsApp social networking were utilized to generate data from a snowball sample of fifteen Zimbabwean migrant teachers in one province of South Africa where there had been xenophobic outbreaks since 2008. The findings indicated that Zimbabwean migrant teachers survived by excelling in their work but they attempted, where possible, to avoid an acknowledgement of their efforts thus hoping to be inconspicuous in the profession and community, out of fear. They additionally behaved with humility at schools to avoid the germination and spread of jealous tendencies from their local African colleagues which made them prone to risk if and when Xenophobia erupted in their communities.
