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P. M. Richardson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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responses of the Nerve Cell body to axotomy
Neurosurgery, 2009Co-Authors: P. M. Richardson, Tizong Miao, Dongsheng Wu, Y Zhang, Xuenong BoAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Peripheral Nerve injury causes retrograde changes in the damaged neurons, which are beneficial to axonal regeneration. Better understanding of the mechanisms of induction and mediation of these conditioning responses would help to design strategies to invoke stronger regenerative responses in neurons in situations when these responses are inadequate. METHODS: Relevant literature is reviewed. RESULTS: Experimental preparations that measure the influence of peripheral axotomy on regeneration in the central axons of primary sensory neurons are useful to examine mechanisms of conditioning neurons. Despite 4 decades of speculation, the nature of the damage signals from injured Nerves that initiate axonal signals to the Nerve Cell body remains elusive. Members of the family of neuropoietic cytokines are clearly implicated, but what induces them is unknown. Multiple changes in gene regulation in axotomized neurons have been described, and dozens of growth-associated genes have been identified: neurotrophic factors, transcription factors, molecules participating in axonal transport, and molecules active in the growth cone. The mechanisms of interaction of a few regeneration-associated molecules with the signaling cascades that lead to actin and tubulin remodeling at the growth cone are understood in some detail. In animals, viral gene therapy to deliver regeneration-associated genes to neurons or other local measures to induce these genes can improve regeneration. A few pharmacological agents, administered systemically, have small beneficial effects on axonal regeneration. CONCLUSION: Advances in laboratory research have provided knowledge of Cell body responses to axotomy with clinical relevance.
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inflammation near the Nerve Cell body enhances axonal regeneration
The Journal of Neuroscience, 1991Co-Authors: Xin Lu, P. M. RichardsonAbstract:Although crushed axons in a dorsal spinal root normally regenerate more slowly than peripheral axons, their regeneration can be accelerated by a conditioning lesion to the corresponding peripheral Nerve. These and other observations indicate that injury to peripheral sensory axons triggers changes in their Nerve Cell bodies that contribute to axonal regeneration. To investigate mechanisms of activating Nerve Cell bodies, an inflammatory reaction was provoked in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) through injection of Corynebacterium parvum. This inflammation enhanced regeneration in the associated dorsal root, increasing 4-fold the number of regenerating fibers 17 d after crushing; peripheral Nerve regeneration was not accelerated. A milder stimulation of dorsal root regeneration was detected after direct injection of isogenous macrophages into the ganglion. It is concluded that changes favorable to axonal regeneration can be induced by products of inflammatory Cells acting in the vicinity of the Nerve Cell body. Satellite glial Cells and other unidentified Cells in lumbar DRG were shown by thymidine radioautography to proliferate after sciatic Nerve transection or injection of C. parvum into the ganglia. Intrathecal infusion of mitomycin C suppressed axotomy-induced mitosis of satellite glial Cells but did not impede axonal regeneration in the dorsal root or the peripheral Nerve. Nevertheless, the similarity in reactions of satellite glial Cells during 2 processes that activate neurons adds indirect support to the idea that non-neuronal Cells in the DRG might influence regenerative responses of primary sensory neurons.
Xuenong Bo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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responses of the Nerve Cell body to axotomy
Neurosurgery, 2009Co-Authors: P. M. Richardson, Tizong Miao, Dongsheng Wu, Y Zhang, Xuenong BoAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Peripheral Nerve injury causes retrograde changes in the damaged neurons, which are beneficial to axonal regeneration. Better understanding of the mechanisms of induction and mediation of these conditioning responses would help to design strategies to invoke stronger regenerative responses in neurons in situations when these responses are inadequate. METHODS: Relevant literature is reviewed. RESULTS: Experimental preparations that measure the influence of peripheral axotomy on regeneration in the central axons of primary sensory neurons are useful to examine mechanisms of conditioning neurons. Despite 4 decades of speculation, the nature of the damage signals from injured Nerves that initiate axonal signals to the Nerve Cell body remains elusive. Members of the family of neuropoietic cytokines are clearly implicated, but what induces them is unknown. Multiple changes in gene regulation in axotomized neurons have been described, and dozens of growth-associated genes have been identified: neurotrophic factors, transcription factors, molecules participating in axonal transport, and molecules active in the growth cone. The mechanisms of interaction of a few regeneration-associated molecules with the signaling cascades that lead to actin and tubulin remodeling at the growth cone are understood in some detail. In animals, viral gene therapy to deliver regeneration-associated genes to neurons or other local measures to induce these genes can improve regeneration. A few pharmacological agents, administered systemically, have small beneficial effects on axonal regeneration. CONCLUSION: Advances in laboratory research have provided knowledge of Cell body responses to axotomy with clinical relevance.
F W Fitzke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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real time imaging of single Nerve Cell apoptosis in retinal neurodegeneration
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004Co-Authors: Francesca M Cordeiro, Vy Luong, Glen Harding, Wei Wang, H E Jones, Stephen E Moss, A M Sillito, F W FitzkeAbstract:Apoptotic Nerve Cell death is implicated in the pathogenesis of several devastating neurodegenerative conditions, including glaucoma and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We have devised a noninvasive real-time imaging technique using confocal laser-scanning ophthalmoscopy to visualize single Nerve Cell apoptosis in vivo, which allows longitudinal study of disease processes that has not previously been possible. Our method utilizes the unique optical properties of the eye, which allow direct microscopic observation of Nerve Cells in the retina. We have been able to image changes occurring in Nerve Cell apoptosis over hours, days, and months and show that effects depend on the magnitude of the initial apoptotic inducer in several models of neurodegenerative disease in rat and primate. This technology enables the direct observation of single Nerve Cell apoptosis in experimental neurodegeneration, providing the opportunity for detailed investigation of fundamental disease mechanisms and the evaluation of interventions with potential clinical applications, together with the possibility of taking this method through to patients.
Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The influence of surface nanoroughness of electrospun PLGA nanofibrous scaffold on Nerve Cell adhesion and proliferation
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Fatemeh Zamani, Masoud Latifi, Mohammad Amani-tehran, Mohammad Ali ShokrgozarAbstract:Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds in neural tissue engineering provide an alternative approach for neural regeneration. Since the topography of a surface affects the microscopic behaviour of material; the creation of nanoscale surface features, which mimic the natural roughness of live tissue, on polymer surfaces can promote an appropriate Cell growth and proliferation. In this research, a unique PLGA nanofibrous structure was fabricated without any post-electrospinning treatment. Scaffolds were prepared in two general groups: cylindrical and ribbon-shaped electrospun fibres, with smooth and rough (porous and grooved) surfaces. The experiments about Nerve Cell culture have demonstrated that the nanoroughness of PLGA electrospun scaffolds can increase the Cell growing rate to 50 % in comparison with smooth and conventional electrospun scaffolds. SEM and AFM images and MTT assay results have shown that the roughened cylindrical scaffolds enhance the Nerve growth and proliferation compared to smooth and ribbon-shaped nanofibrous scaffolds. A linear interaction has been found between Cell proliferation and surface features. This helps to approximate MTT assay results by roughness parameters.
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Effects of PLGA nanofibrous scaffolds structure on Nerve Cell directional proliferation and morphology
Fibers and Polymers, 2013Co-Authors: Fatemeh Zamani, Masoud Latifi, Mohammad Amani-tehran, Mohammad Ali ShokrgozarAbstract:Electrospinning has been recognized as an efficient technique for the fabrication of neural tissue engineering scaffolds. Many approaches have been developed on material optimization, electrospinning techniques, and physical properties of scaffolds to produce a suitable scaffold for tissue engineering aspects. In this study, structural properties of scaffolds were promoted by controlling the speed of fiber collection without any post-processing. PLGA scaffolds, in two significantly different solution concentrations, were fabricated by the electrospinning process to produce scaffolds with the optimum Nerve Cell growth in a desired direction. The minimum, intermediate and maximum rate of fiber collection (0.4, 2.4, 4.8 m/s) formed Random, Aligned and Drown-aligned fibers, with various porosities and hydrophilicities. The scaffolds were characterized by fiber diameter, porosity, water contact angle and morphology. Human Nerve Cells were cultured on fiber substrates for seven days to study the effects of different scaffold structures on Cell morphology and proliferation, simultaneously. The results of MTT assay, the morphology of Cells and scaffold characterization recommend that the best structure to promote Cell direction, morphology and proliferation is accessible in an optimized hydrophilicity and porosity of scaffolds, which was obtained at the collector linear speed of 2.4 m/s.
Francesca M Cordeiro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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real time imaging of single Nerve Cell apoptosis in retinal neurodegeneration
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004Co-Authors: Francesca M Cordeiro, Vy Luong, Glen Harding, Wei Wang, H E Jones, Stephen E Moss, A M Sillito, F W FitzkeAbstract:Apoptotic Nerve Cell death is implicated in the pathogenesis of several devastating neurodegenerative conditions, including glaucoma and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We have devised a noninvasive real-time imaging technique using confocal laser-scanning ophthalmoscopy to visualize single Nerve Cell apoptosis in vivo, which allows longitudinal study of disease processes that has not previously been possible. Our method utilizes the unique optical properties of the eye, which allow direct microscopic observation of Nerve Cells in the retina. We have been able to image changes occurring in Nerve Cell apoptosis over hours, days, and months and show that effects depend on the magnitude of the initial apoptotic inducer in several models of neurodegenerative disease in rat and primate. This technology enables the direct observation of single Nerve Cell apoptosis in experimental neurodegeneration, providing the opportunity for detailed investigation of fundamental disease mechanisms and the evaluation of interventions with potential clinical applications, together with the possibility of taking this method through to patients.