The Experts below are selected from a list of 115281 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nicole Landi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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individual differences in reading skill are related to trial by trial Neural Activation variability in the reading network
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2018Co-Authors: Stephen J. Frost, Jeffrey G. Malins, Kenneth R. Pugh, Einar W Mencl, Nicole Landi, Bonnie Buis, Fumiko HoeftAbstract:Recent work has suggested that variability in levels of Neural Activation may be related to behavioral and cognitive performance across a number of domains and may offer information that is not captured by more traditional measures that use the average level of brain Activation. We examined the relationship between reading skill in school-aged children and Neural Activation variability during a functional MRI reading task after taking into account average levels of activity. The reading task involved matching printed and spoken words to pictures of items. Single trial Activation estimates were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of children9s responses to print and speech stimuli; multiple regression analyses evaluated the relationship between reading skill and trial-by-trial Activation variability. The reliability of observed findings from the discovery sample (n = 44; ages 8–11; 18 female) was then confirmed in an independent sample of children (n = 32; ages 8–11; 14 female). Across the two samples, reading skill was positively related to trial-by-trial variability in the Activation response to print in the left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis. This relationship held even when accounting for mean levels of Activation. This finding suggests that intrasubject variability in trial-by-trial fMRI Activation responses to printed words accounts for individual differences in human reading ability that are not fully captured by traditional mean levels of brain activity. Furthermore, this positive relationship between trial-by-trial Activation variability and reading skill may provide evidence that Neural variability plays a beneficial role during early reading development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent work has suggested that Neural Activation variability, or moment-to-moment changes in the engagement of brain regions, is related to individual differences in behavioral and cognitive performance across multiple domains. However, differences in Neural Activation variability have not yet been evaluated in relation to reading skill. In the current study, we analyzed data from two independent groups of children who performed an fMRI task involving reading and listening to words. Across both samples, reading skill was positively related to trial-by-trial variability in Activation to print stimuli in the left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis, even when accounting for the more conventional measure of mean levels of brain activity. This finding suggests that Neural variability could be beneficial in developing readers.
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The BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism Influences Reading Ability and Patterns of Neural Activation in Children.
PloS one, 2016Co-Authors: Kaja K. Jasińska, Stephen J. Frost, Kenneth R. Pugh, Peter J. Molfese, Sergey A. Kornilov, W. Einar Mencl, Maria Lee, Elena L. Grigorenko, Nicole LandiAbstract:Understanding how genes impact the brain’s functional Activation for learning and cognition during development remains limited. We asked whether a common genetic variant in the BDNF gene (the Val66Met polymorphism) modulates Neural Activation in the young brain during a critical period for the emergence and maturation of the Neural circuitry for reading. In animal models, the bdnf variation has been shown to be associated with the structure and function of the developing brain and in humans it has been associated with multiple aspects of cognition, particularly memory, which are relevant for the development of skilled reading. Yet, little is known about the impact of the Val66Met polymorphism on functional brain Activation in development, either in animal models or in humans. Here, we examined whether the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (dbSNP rs6265) is associated with children’s (age 6–10) Neural Activation patterns during a reading task (n = 81) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), genotyping, and standardized behavioral assessments of cognitive and reading development. Children homozygous for the Val allele at the SNP rs6265 of the BDNF gene outperformed Met allele carriers on reading comprehension and phonological memory, tasks that have a strong memory component. Consistent with these behavioral findings, Met allele carriers showed greater Activation in reading–related brain regions including the fusiform gyrus, the left inferior frontal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus as well as greater Activation in the hippocampus during a word and pseudoword reading task. Increased engagement of memory and spoken language regions for Met allele carriers relative to Val/Val homozygotes during reading suggests that Met carriers have to exert greater effort required to retrieve phonological codes.
Einar W Mencl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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individual differences in reading skill are related to trial by trial Neural Activation variability in the reading network
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2018Co-Authors: Stephen J. Frost, Jeffrey G. Malins, Kenneth R. Pugh, Einar W Mencl, Nicole Landi, Bonnie Buis, Fumiko HoeftAbstract:Recent work has suggested that variability in levels of Neural Activation may be related to behavioral and cognitive performance across a number of domains and may offer information that is not captured by more traditional measures that use the average level of brain Activation. We examined the relationship between reading skill in school-aged children and Neural Activation variability during a functional MRI reading task after taking into account average levels of activity. The reading task involved matching printed and spoken words to pictures of items. Single trial Activation estimates were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of children9s responses to print and speech stimuli; multiple regression analyses evaluated the relationship between reading skill and trial-by-trial Activation variability. The reliability of observed findings from the discovery sample (n = 44; ages 8–11; 18 female) was then confirmed in an independent sample of children (n = 32; ages 8–11; 14 female). Across the two samples, reading skill was positively related to trial-by-trial variability in the Activation response to print in the left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis. This relationship held even when accounting for mean levels of Activation. This finding suggests that intrasubject variability in trial-by-trial fMRI Activation responses to printed words accounts for individual differences in human reading ability that are not fully captured by traditional mean levels of brain activity. Furthermore, this positive relationship between trial-by-trial Activation variability and reading skill may provide evidence that Neural variability plays a beneficial role during early reading development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent work has suggested that Neural Activation variability, or moment-to-moment changes in the engagement of brain regions, is related to individual differences in behavioral and cognitive performance across multiple domains. However, differences in Neural Activation variability have not yet been evaluated in relation to reading skill. In the current study, we analyzed data from two independent groups of children who performed an fMRI task involving reading and listening to words. Across both samples, reading skill was positively related to trial-by-trial variability in Activation to print stimuli in the left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis, even when accounting for the more conventional measure of mean levels of brain activity. This finding suggests that Neural variability could be beneficial in developing readers.
Erik Rodner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Neural Activation constellations unsupervised part model discovery with convolutional networks
International Conference on Computer Vision, 2015Co-Authors: Marcel Simon, Erik RodnerAbstract:Part models of object categories are essential for challenging recognition tasks, where differences in categories are subtle and only reflected in appearances of small parts of the object. We present an approach that is able to learn part models in a completely unsupervised manner, without part annotations and even without given bounding boxes during learning. The key idea is to find constellations of Neural Activation patterns computed using convolutional Neural networks. In our experiments, we outperform existing approaches for fine-grained recognition on the CUB200-2011, Oxford PETS, and Oxford Flowers dataset in case no part or bounding box annotations are available and achieve state-of-the-art performance for the Stanford Dog dataset. We also show the benefits of Neural constellation models as a data augmentation technique for fine-tuning. Furthermore, our paper unites the areas of generic and fine-grained classification, since our approach is suitable for both scenarios.
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Neural Activation constellations unsupervised part model discovery with convolutional networks
arXiv: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2015Co-Authors: Marcel Simon, Erik RodnerAbstract:Part models of object categories are essential for challenging recognition tasks, where differences in categories are subtle and only reflected in appearances of small parts of the object. We present an approach that is able to learn part models in a completely unsupervised manner, without part annotations and even without given bounding boxes during learning. The key idea is to find constellations of Neural Activation patterns computed using convolutional Neural networks. In our experiments, we outperform existing approaches for fine-grained recognition on the CUB200-2011, NA birds, Oxford PETS, and Oxford Flowers dataset in case no part or bounding box annotations are available and achieve state-of-the-art performance for the Stanford Dog dataset. We also show the benefits of Neural constellation models as a data augmentation technique for fine-tuning. Furthermore, our paper unites the areas of generic and fine-grained classification, since our approach is suitable for both scenarios. The source code of our method is available online at this http URL
Jeffrey G. Malins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dual language experience enhances Neural Activation variability during an fMRI reading and language task
2018Co-Authors: Jeffrey G. Malins, Stephen J. Frost, Kenneth R. Pugh, H. D’silva, G. Luk, A.e. Hernandez, W.e. Mencl, Chintan M. Mehta, Joan Bosson-heenan, Jeffrey R. GruenAbstract:Previous work has shown that experience speaking more than one language in childhood is associated with decreased intra-individual Neural variability in electrophysiological responses during a low-level speech perception task. However, no study has yet evaluated the impact of dual language experience on variability in fMRI responses during a higher-level spoken and written language processing task. In the current study, we calculated trial-by-trial variability in Neural Activation during an fMRI task that involved deciding whether spoken or printed English words matched pictures of items. We compared trial-by-trial Neural Activation variability between two groups of 8-15 year-old children: a group of dual language learners (N = 24; 11 female) who were Spanish-dominant and acquiring English, and a group of monolingual learners who were English-dominant (N = 17; 9 female). We found that when controlling for a variety of language, general cognitive, and demographic measures, Neural Activation variability for printed words was greater in the dual language learners compared to the monolingual learners in the right middle frontal gyrus, a brain region previously associated with attentional control. This finding highlights how Neural variability offers a window of opportunity to examine experience-dependent mechanisms during human development, and motivates future research on bilingual language processing.
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individual differences in reading skill are related to trial by trial Neural Activation variability in the reading network
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2018Co-Authors: Stephen J. Frost, Jeffrey G. Malins, Kenneth R. Pugh, Einar W Mencl, Nicole Landi, Bonnie Buis, Fumiko HoeftAbstract:Recent work has suggested that variability in levels of Neural Activation may be related to behavioral and cognitive performance across a number of domains and may offer information that is not captured by more traditional measures that use the average level of brain Activation. We examined the relationship between reading skill in school-aged children and Neural Activation variability during a functional MRI reading task after taking into account average levels of activity. The reading task involved matching printed and spoken words to pictures of items. Single trial Activation estimates were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of children9s responses to print and speech stimuli; multiple regression analyses evaluated the relationship between reading skill and trial-by-trial Activation variability. The reliability of observed findings from the discovery sample (n = 44; ages 8–11; 18 female) was then confirmed in an independent sample of children (n = 32; ages 8–11; 14 female). Across the two samples, reading skill was positively related to trial-by-trial variability in the Activation response to print in the left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis. This relationship held even when accounting for mean levels of Activation. This finding suggests that intrasubject variability in trial-by-trial fMRI Activation responses to printed words accounts for individual differences in human reading ability that are not fully captured by traditional mean levels of brain activity. Furthermore, this positive relationship between trial-by-trial Activation variability and reading skill may provide evidence that Neural variability plays a beneficial role during early reading development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent work has suggested that Neural Activation variability, or moment-to-moment changes in the engagement of brain regions, is related to individual differences in behavioral and cognitive performance across multiple domains. However, differences in Neural Activation variability have not yet been evaluated in relation to reading skill. In the current study, we analyzed data from two independent groups of children who performed an fMRI task involving reading and listening to words. Across both samples, reading skill was positively related to trial-by-trial variability in Activation to print stimuli in the left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis, even when accounting for the more conventional measure of mean levels of brain activity. This finding suggests that Neural variability could be beneficial in developing readers.
Stephen J. Frost - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dual language experience enhances Neural Activation variability during an fMRI reading and language task
2018Co-Authors: Jeffrey G. Malins, Stephen J. Frost, Kenneth R. Pugh, H. D’silva, G. Luk, A.e. Hernandez, W.e. Mencl, Chintan M. Mehta, Joan Bosson-heenan, Jeffrey R. GruenAbstract:Previous work has shown that experience speaking more than one language in childhood is associated with decreased intra-individual Neural variability in electrophysiological responses during a low-level speech perception task. However, no study has yet evaluated the impact of dual language experience on variability in fMRI responses during a higher-level spoken and written language processing task. In the current study, we calculated trial-by-trial variability in Neural Activation during an fMRI task that involved deciding whether spoken or printed English words matched pictures of items. We compared trial-by-trial Neural Activation variability between two groups of 8-15 year-old children: a group of dual language learners (N = 24; 11 female) who were Spanish-dominant and acquiring English, and a group of monolingual learners who were English-dominant (N = 17; 9 female). We found that when controlling for a variety of language, general cognitive, and demographic measures, Neural Activation variability for printed words was greater in the dual language learners compared to the monolingual learners in the right middle frontal gyrus, a brain region previously associated with attentional control. This finding highlights how Neural variability offers a window of opportunity to examine experience-dependent mechanisms during human development, and motivates future research on bilingual language processing.
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individual differences in reading skill are related to trial by trial Neural Activation variability in the reading network
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2018Co-Authors: Stephen J. Frost, Jeffrey G. Malins, Kenneth R. Pugh, Einar W Mencl, Nicole Landi, Bonnie Buis, Fumiko HoeftAbstract:Recent work has suggested that variability in levels of Neural Activation may be related to behavioral and cognitive performance across a number of domains and may offer information that is not captured by more traditional measures that use the average level of brain Activation. We examined the relationship between reading skill in school-aged children and Neural Activation variability during a functional MRI reading task after taking into account average levels of activity. The reading task involved matching printed and spoken words to pictures of items. Single trial Activation estimates were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of children9s responses to print and speech stimuli; multiple regression analyses evaluated the relationship between reading skill and trial-by-trial Activation variability. The reliability of observed findings from the discovery sample (n = 44; ages 8–11; 18 female) was then confirmed in an independent sample of children (n = 32; ages 8–11; 14 female). Across the two samples, reading skill was positively related to trial-by-trial variability in the Activation response to print in the left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis. This relationship held even when accounting for mean levels of Activation. This finding suggests that intrasubject variability in trial-by-trial fMRI Activation responses to printed words accounts for individual differences in human reading ability that are not fully captured by traditional mean levels of brain activity. Furthermore, this positive relationship between trial-by-trial Activation variability and reading skill may provide evidence that Neural variability plays a beneficial role during early reading development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent work has suggested that Neural Activation variability, or moment-to-moment changes in the engagement of brain regions, is related to individual differences in behavioral and cognitive performance across multiple domains. However, differences in Neural Activation variability have not yet been evaluated in relation to reading skill. In the current study, we analyzed data from two independent groups of children who performed an fMRI task involving reading and listening to words. Across both samples, reading skill was positively related to trial-by-trial variability in Activation to print stimuli in the left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis, even when accounting for the more conventional measure of mean levels of brain activity. This finding suggests that Neural variability could be beneficial in developing readers.
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The BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism Influences Reading Ability and Patterns of Neural Activation in Children.
PloS one, 2016Co-Authors: Kaja K. Jasińska, Stephen J. Frost, Kenneth R. Pugh, Peter J. Molfese, Sergey A. Kornilov, W. Einar Mencl, Maria Lee, Elena L. Grigorenko, Nicole LandiAbstract:Understanding how genes impact the brain’s functional Activation for learning and cognition during development remains limited. We asked whether a common genetic variant in the BDNF gene (the Val66Met polymorphism) modulates Neural Activation in the young brain during a critical period for the emergence and maturation of the Neural circuitry for reading. In animal models, the bdnf variation has been shown to be associated with the structure and function of the developing brain and in humans it has been associated with multiple aspects of cognition, particularly memory, which are relevant for the development of skilled reading. Yet, little is known about the impact of the Val66Met polymorphism on functional brain Activation in development, either in animal models or in humans. Here, we examined whether the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (dbSNP rs6265) is associated with children’s (age 6–10) Neural Activation patterns during a reading task (n = 81) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), genotyping, and standardized behavioral assessments of cognitive and reading development. Children homozygous for the Val allele at the SNP rs6265 of the BDNF gene outperformed Met allele carriers on reading comprehension and phonological memory, tasks that have a strong memory component. Consistent with these behavioral findings, Met allele carriers showed greater Activation in reading–related brain regions including the fusiform gyrus, the left inferior frontal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus as well as greater Activation in the hippocampus during a word and pseudoword reading task. Increased engagement of memory and spoken language regions for Met allele carriers relative to Val/Val homozygotes during reading suggests that Met carriers have to exert greater effort required to retrieve phonological codes.
