The Experts below are selected from a list of 69138 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Michael N Schmitt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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responding to transnational terrorism under the jus ad bellum a Normative Framework
Social Science Research Network, 2011Co-Authors: Michael N SchmittAbstract:This chapter explores the jus ad bellum—that aspect of international law governing the resort to force by States—applicable to counterterrorist operations. It begins by considering the possibility of a mandate to conduct such operations under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, concluding that such an authorization from the Security Council would be lawful. The chapter then examines self-defense pursuant to Article 51 of the Charter (and customary international law) as a possible basis for cross-border counterterrorist operations. It argues that despite suggestions to the contrary by the International Court of Justice, self-defense is a legitimate ground for actions against non-State actors such as terrorist groups, even when such groups are located in another State’s territory. However, strict conditions apply as to when and how they may be conducted.
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computer network attack and the use of force in international law thoughts on a Normative Framework
Columbia Journal of International Law, 1999Co-Authors: Michael N SchmittAbstract:This Chapter explores the acceptability under the jus ad bellum, that body of international law governing the resort to force as an instrument of national policy, of computer network attack. Analysis centers on the United Nations Charter’s prohibition of the use of force in Article 2(4), its Chapter VII security scheme, and the inherent right to self-defense codified in Article 51. Concluding that traditional applications of the use of force prohibition fail to adequately safeguard shared community values threatened by CNA, the Chapter proposes an alternative Normative Framework based on scrutiny of the consequences caused by such operations.
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computer network attack and the use of force in international law thoughts on a Normative Framework
1999Co-Authors: Michael N SchmittAbstract:Examines computer network attack (cyber operations) from the perspective of the law governing the use of force in international law, the jus ad bello. Particular attention paid to the use of force (article 2(4) of the UN Charter) and the law of self-defense (article 51). Proposes a Framework for applying the law in the context of cyber operations.
Eugenio Oliveira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social control in a Normative Framework an adaptive deterrence approach
Web Intelligence and Agent Systems: An International Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Eugenio OliveiraAbstract:Normative environments are used to regulate multi-agent interactions, by providing means for monitoring and enforcing agents' compliance with their commitments. In business encounters, agents representing business entities make contracts including norms that prescribe what agents should do. Agent autonomy, however, gives agents the ability to decide whether to fulfill or violate their commitments. In particular, when the Normative space is imperfect, contracts to which norms apply may be unbalanced, making it individually rational for agents to exploit potential flaws to their own advantage. In this paper we present and analyze an approach for exerting social control within a Normative environment. An adaptive mechanism is proposed that enables a Normative Framework to change deterrence sanctions according to the behavior of an agent population, in order to preclude agents from exploiting potential Normative flaws. The system tries to avoid institutional control beyond what is strictly necessary, seeking to maximize agent contracting activity while ensuring a certain commitment compliance level, when agents have unknown risk and social attitudes. We analyze how the adaptive deterrence sanctioning model responds to different agent populations, which are characterized by predominant risk tolerance or social awareness degrees. We show that risk-averse or socially concerned populations cause lesser deterrence sanctions to be imposed by the Normative system.
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adaptive deterrence sanctions in a Normative Framework
IAT, 2009Co-Authors: Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Eugenio OliveiraAbstract:Normative environments are used to regulate multi-agent interactions. In business encounters, agents representing business entities make contracts including norms that prescribe what agents should do. Agent autonomy, however, gives agents the ability to decide whether they fulfill or violate their commitments. In this paper we present an adaptive mechanism that enables a Normative Framework to change deterrence sanctions according to an agent population, in order to preclude agents from exploiting potential Normative flaws. The system tries to avoid institutional control beyond what is strictly necessary, seeking to maximize agent contracting activity while ensuring a certain commitment compliance level, when agents have unknown risk and social attitudes.
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a contract model for electronic institutions
Coordination Organizations Institutions and Norms in Agent Systems, 2007Co-Authors: Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Eugenio OliveiraAbstract:Electronic institutions are software Frameworks integrating Normative environments where agents interact to create mutual commitments. Contracts are formalizations of business commitments among a group of agents, and comprise a set of applicable norms. An electronic institution acts as a trusted third-party that monitors contract compliance, by integrating in its Normative environment the contractual norms, which are applicable to the set of contractual partners. In this paper we present and explore a contract model that facilitates contract establishment by taking advantage of an institutional Normative background. Furthermore, the model is flexible enough to enable the expansion of the underlying Normative Framework, making it applicable to a wide range of contracting situations.
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virtual enterprise Normative Framework within electronic institutions
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2005Co-Authors: Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Eugenio OliveiraAbstract:Virtual Enterprises are a major trend within the B2B scenario. Technological support towards enabling this cooperation model includes the multi-agent systems paradigm. In this paper we identify requirements of Virtual Enterprise contracts, developing a Normative Framework for contract validation and enforcement. Furthermore, we enclose this conception within the structure of an Electronic Institution, which governs and supports the interaction of agents in business scenarios, providing specific services such as brokering, reputation, negotiation mediation, and contract related services. We focus on electronic contracting as a means of establishing cooperation agreements, and we describe the institution's role on the e-contracting life-cycle.
Erkko Autio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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strategic entrepreneurial internationalization a Normative Framework
Academy of Management Proceedings, 2017Co-Authors: Erkko AutioAbstract:In spite of 20-plus years of research on international entrepreneurship, there have been few Normative insights on how INVs should harness internationalization to drive competitive advantage. This ...
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Strategic Entrepreneurial Internationalization: A Normative Framework
Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2017Co-Authors: Erkko AutioAbstract:Research summary Much of the literature on international new ventures (INVs) focuses on early internationalization and views it as an expression of firm-specific advantages that existed prior to internationalization. This article presents a Normative Framework that articulates how INVs can leverage internationalization to drive de novo competitive advantage. Drawing on the organizational capability and business model design literatures, the Framework of strategic entrepreneurial internationalization (SEI) argues that INVs that adopt an active learning orientation, harness digital infrastructures for cross-border business model experimentation, encapsulate cross-border asymmetries in their activity system, and adopt a niche orientation are more likely to succeed in building sustainable competitive advantage. Managerial summary Internationalization can be used strategically to build competitive advantage in the firm and its business model. This is because internationalization exposes the firm to different markets and different competitive environments, therefore providing a potentially rich source of learning and capability development. However, competitive advantage does not automatically follow internationalization: managers of internationalizing new ventures must actively experiment with different business models in different markets to discover ones that work best. The firm also has to make an effort to distill the lessons learned from foreign markets and adjust its business model accordingly. Learning is more effective in narrow niches. Long-term advantage can be ensured by cementing cross-border advantages into the cross-border operation. Copyright © 2017 Strategic Management Society
Henrique Lopes Cardoso - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social control in a Normative Framework an adaptive deterrence approach
Web Intelligence and Agent Systems: An International Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Eugenio OliveiraAbstract:Normative environments are used to regulate multi-agent interactions, by providing means for monitoring and enforcing agents' compliance with their commitments. In business encounters, agents representing business entities make contracts including norms that prescribe what agents should do. Agent autonomy, however, gives agents the ability to decide whether to fulfill or violate their commitments. In particular, when the Normative space is imperfect, contracts to which norms apply may be unbalanced, making it individually rational for agents to exploit potential flaws to their own advantage. In this paper we present and analyze an approach for exerting social control within a Normative environment. An adaptive mechanism is proposed that enables a Normative Framework to change deterrence sanctions according to the behavior of an agent population, in order to preclude agents from exploiting potential Normative flaws. The system tries to avoid institutional control beyond what is strictly necessary, seeking to maximize agent contracting activity while ensuring a certain commitment compliance level, when agents have unknown risk and social attitudes. We analyze how the adaptive deterrence sanctioning model responds to different agent populations, which are characterized by predominant risk tolerance or social awareness degrees. We show that risk-averse or socially concerned populations cause lesser deterrence sanctions to be imposed by the Normative system.
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adaptive deterrence sanctions in a Normative Framework
IAT, 2009Co-Authors: Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Eugenio OliveiraAbstract:Normative environments are used to regulate multi-agent interactions. In business encounters, agents representing business entities make contracts including norms that prescribe what agents should do. Agent autonomy, however, gives agents the ability to decide whether they fulfill or violate their commitments. In this paper we present an adaptive mechanism that enables a Normative Framework to change deterrence sanctions according to an agent population, in order to preclude agents from exploiting potential Normative flaws. The system tries to avoid institutional control beyond what is strictly necessary, seeking to maximize agent contracting activity while ensuring a certain commitment compliance level, when agents have unknown risk and social attitudes.
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a contract model for electronic institutions
Coordination Organizations Institutions and Norms in Agent Systems, 2007Co-Authors: Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Eugenio OliveiraAbstract:Electronic institutions are software Frameworks integrating Normative environments where agents interact to create mutual commitments. Contracts are formalizations of business commitments among a group of agents, and comprise a set of applicable norms. An electronic institution acts as a trusted third-party that monitors contract compliance, by integrating in its Normative environment the contractual norms, which are applicable to the set of contractual partners. In this paper we present and explore a contract model that facilitates contract establishment by taking advantage of an institutional Normative background. Furthermore, the model is flexible enough to enable the expansion of the underlying Normative Framework, making it applicable to a wide range of contracting situations.
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virtual enterprise Normative Framework within electronic institutions
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2005Co-Authors: Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Eugenio OliveiraAbstract:Virtual Enterprises are a major trend within the B2B scenario. Technological support towards enabling this cooperation model includes the multi-agent systems paradigm. In this paper we identify requirements of Virtual Enterprise contracts, developing a Normative Framework for contract validation and enforcement. Furthermore, we enclose this conception within the structure of an Electronic Institution, which governs and supports the interaction of agents in business scenarios, providing specific services such as brokering, reputation, negotiation mediation, and contract related services. We focus on electronic contracting as a means of establishing cooperation agreements, and we describe the institution's role on the e-contracting life-cycle.
Deprez Christophe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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La recevabilité des requêtes multiples dans le contentieux des droits humains : Strasbourg et Genève comparés
2019Co-Authors: Deprez ChristopheAbstract:This article seeks to provide a comparative and up-to-date overview of the applicable rules and relevant practice of the European Court of Human Rights and of the United Nations Human Rights Committee on forum duplication in international human rights litigation. While specific inadmissibility clauses have been included in both the European Convention on Human Rights and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights with a view to preventing multiple human rights petitions in relation to the same matter, their respective scopes differ. Moreover, the applicable Normative Framework has led to important—and diverging—judicial developments in Strasbourg and in Geneva, which may be of great significance in human rights practice and therefore deserve to be thoroughly addressed.Peer reviewe
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La recevabilité des requêtes multiples dans le contentieux des droits humains : Strasbourg et Genève comparés
'Oxford University Press (OUP)', 2019Co-Authors: Deprez ChristopheAbstract:peer reviewedaudience: researcher, professionalThis article seeks to provide a comparative and up-to-date overview of the applicable rules and relevant practice of the European Court of Human Rights and of the United Nations Human Rights Committee on forum duplication in international human rights litigation. While specific inadmissibility clauses have been included in both the European Convention on Human Rights and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights with a view to preventing multiple human rights petitions in relation to the same matter, their respective scopes differ. Moreover, the applicable Normative Framework has led to important—and diverging—judicial developments in Strasbourg and in Geneva, which may be of great significance in human rights practice and therefore deserve to be thoroughly addressed