The Experts below are selected from a list of 37956 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ethel S. Gilbert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks
2007Co-Authors: Elisabeth Cardis, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, C R Muirhead, Martine Vrijheid, Maria Blettner, John M Kaldor, Matti Hakama, Hill C, Mary K. Schubauer-beriganAbstract:Abstract Cardis, E., Vrijheid, M., Blettner, M., Gilbert, E., Hakama, M., Hill, C., Howe, G., Kaldor, J., Muirhead, C. R., Schubauer-Berigan, M., Yoshimura, T., Bermann, F., Cowper, G., Fix, J., Hacker, C., Heinmiller, B., Marshall, M., Thierry-Chef, I., Utterback, D., Ahn, Y-O., Amoros, E., Ashmore, P., Auvinen, A., Bae, J-M., Bernar, J. S., Biau, A., Combalot, E., Deboodt, P., Diez Sacristan, A., Eklof, M., Engels, H., Engholm, G., Gulis, G., Habib, R. R., Holan, K., Hyvonen, H., Kerekes, A., Kurtinaitis, J., Malker, H., Martuzzi, M., Mastauskas, A., Monnet, A., Moser, M., Pearce, M. S., Richardson, D. B., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rogel, A., Tardy, H., Telle-Lamberton, M., Turai, I., Usel, M. and Veress, K. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks. Radiat. Res. 167, 396– 416 (2007). A 15-Country collaborative cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk following protracted low d...
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the 15 country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the Nuclear Industry study of errors in dosimetry
2007Co-Authors: Isabelle Thierrychef, Ethel S. Gilbert, M Marshall, J J Fix, F Bermann, C Hacker, B Heinmiller, W Murray, Mark S Pearce, D UtterbackAbstract:Abstract Thierry-Chef, I., Marshall, M., Fix, J. J., Bermann, F., Gilbert, E. S., Hacker, C., Heinmiller, B., Murray, W., Pearce, M. S., Utterback, D., Bernar, K., Deboodt, P., Eklof, M., Griciene, B., Holan, K., Hyvonen, H., Kerekes, A., Lee, M-C., Moser, M., Pernicka, F. and Cardis, E. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Study of Errors in Dosimetry. Radiat. Res. 167, 380–395 (2007). To provide direct estimates of cancer risk after low-dose protracted exposure to ionizing radiation, a large-scale epidemiological study of Nuclear Industry workers was conducted in 15 countries. As part of this study, identification and quantification of errors in historical recorded doses was conducted based on a review of dosimetric practices and technologies in participating facilities. The main sources of errors on doses from “high-energy” photons (100–3000 keV) were identified as the response of dosimeters in workplace exposure conditions and historical ca...
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the 15 country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the Nuclear Industry design epidemiological methods and descriptive results
2007Co-Authors: Martine Vrijheid, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, C R Muirhead, Elisabeth Cardis, Maria Blettner, John M Kaldor, Matti Hakama, Catherine Hill, Mary K SchubauerberiganAbstract:Radiation protection standards are based mainly on risk estimates from studies of atomic bomb survivors in Japan. The validity of extrapolations from the relatively high-dose acute exposures in this population to the low-dose, protracted or fractionated environmental and occupational exposures of primary public health concern has long been the subject of controversy. A collaborative retrospective cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk after low-dose protracted exposures. The study included nearly 600,000 workers employed in 154 facilities in 15 countries. This paper describes the design, methods and results of descriptive analyses of the study. The main analyses included 407,391 Nuclear Industry workers employed for at least 1 year in a participating facility who were monitored individually for external radiation exposure and whose doses resulted predominantly from exposure to higher-energy photon radiation. The total duration of follow-up was 5,192,710 person-years. There were 24,158 deaths from all causes, including 6,734 deaths from cancer. The total collective dose was 7,892 Sv. The overall average cumulative recorded dose was 19.4 mSv. A strong healthy worker effect was observed in most countries. This study provides the largest body of direct evidence to date on the effects of low-dose protracted exposures to external photon radiation.
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effects of low doses and low dose rates of external ionizing radiation cancer mortality among Nuclear Industry workers in three countries
1995Co-Authors: Elisabeth Cardis, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, Valerie Beral, Lucy M Carpenter, I Kato, Bruce K Armstrong, G Cowper, A Douglas, J FixAbstract:Studies of the mortality among Nuclear Industry workforces have been carried out, and nationally combined analyses performed, in the U.S., the UK and Canada. This paper presents the results of internationally combined analyses of mortality data on 95,673 workers (85.4% men) monitored for external exposure to ionizing radiation and employed for 6 months or longer in the Nuclear Industry of one of the three countries. These analyses were undertaken to obtain a more precise direct assessment of the carcinogenic effects of protracted low-level exposure to external, predominantly gamma, radiation. The combination of the data from the various studies increases the power to study associations between radiation and specific cancers. The combined analyses covered a total of 2,124,526 person-years (PY) at risk and 15,825 deaths, 3,976 of which were due to cancer. There was no evidence of an association between radiation dose and mortality from all causes or from all cancers. Mortality from leukemia, excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)--the cause of death most strongly and consistently related to radiation dose in studies of atomic bomb survivors and other populations exposed at high dose rates--was significantly associated with cumulative external radiation dose (one-sided P value = 0.046; 119 deaths). Among the 31 other specific types of cancer studied, a significant association was observed only for multiple myeloma (one-sided P value = 0.037; 44 deaths), and this was attributable primarily to the associations reported previously between this disease and radiation dose in the Hanford (U.S.) and Sellafield (UK) cohorts. The excess relative risk (ERR) estimates for all cancers excluding leukemia, and leukemia excluding CLL, the two main groupings of causes of death for which risk estimates have been derived from studies of atomic bomb survivors, were -0.07 per Sv [90% confidence interval (CI): -0.4, 0.3] and 2.18 per Sv (90% CI: 0.1, 5.7), respectively. These values correspond to a relative risk of 0.99 for all cancers excluding leukemia and 1.22 for leukemia excluding CLL for a cumulative protracted dose of 100 mSv compared to 0 mSv. These estimates, which did not differ significantly across cohorts or between men and women, are the most comprehensive and precise direct estimates of cancer risk associated with low-dose protracted exposures obtained to date. Although they are lower than the linear estimates obtained from studies of atomic bomb survivors, they are compatible with a range of possibilities, from a reduction of risk at low doses, to risks twice those on which current radiation protection recommendations are based.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Elisabeth Cardis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks
2007Co-Authors: Elisabeth Cardis, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, C R Muirhead, Martine Vrijheid, Maria Blettner, John M Kaldor, Matti Hakama, Hill C, Mary K. Schubauer-beriganAbstract:Abstract Cardis, E., Vrijheid, M., Blettner, M., Gilbert, E., Hakama, M., Hill, C., Howe, G., Kaldor, J., Muirhead, C. R., Schubauer-Berigan, M., Yoshimura, T., Bermann, F., Cowper, G., Fix, J., Hacker, C., Heinmiller, B., Marshall, M., Thierry-Chef, I., Utterback, D., Ahn, Y-O., Amoros, E., Ashmore, P., Auvinen, A., Bae, J-M., Bernar, J. S., Biau, A., Combalot, E., Deboodt, P., Diez Sacristan, A., Eklof, M., Engels, H., Engholm, G., Gulis, G., Habib, R. R., Holan, K., Hyvonen, H., Kerekes, A., Kurtinaitis, J., Malker, H., Martuzzi, M., Mastauskas, A., Monnet, A., Moser, M., Pearce, M. S., Richardson, D. B., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rogel, A., Tardy, H., Telle-Lamberton, M., Turai, I., Usel, M. and Veress, K. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks. Radiat. Res. 167, 396– 416 (2007). A 15-Country collaborative cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk following protracted low d...
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the 15 country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the Nuclear Industry design epidemiological methods and descriptive results
2007Co-Authors: Martine Vrijheid, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, C R Muirhead, Elisabeth Cardis, Maria Blettner, John M Kaldor, Matti Hakama, Catherine Hill, Mary K SchubauerberiganAbstract:Radiation protection standards are based mainly on risk estimates from studies of atomic bomb survivors in Japan. The validity of extrapolations from the relatively high-dose acute exposures in this population to the low-dose, protracted or fractionated environmental and occupational exposures of primary public health concern has long been the subject of controversy. A collaborative retrospective cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk after low-dose protracted exposures. The study included nearly 600,000 workers employed in 154 facilities in 15 countries. This paper describes the design, methods and results of descriptive analyses of the study. The main analyses included 407,391 Nuclear Industry workers employed for at least 1 year in a participating facility who were monitored individually for external radiation exposure and whose doses resulted predominantly from exposure to higher-energy photon radiation. The total duration of follow-up was 5,192,710 person-years. There were 24,158 deaths from all causes, including 6,734 deaths from cancer. The total collective dose was 7,892 Sv. The overall average cumulative recorded dose was 19.4 mSv. A strong healthy worker effect was observed in most countries. This study provides the largest body of direct evidence to date on the effects of low-dose protracted exposures to external photon radiation.
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effects of low doses and low dose rates of external ionizing radiation cancer mortality among Nuclear Industry workers in three countries
1995Co-Authors: Elisabeth Cardis, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, Valerie Beral, Lucy M Carpenter, I Kato, Bruce K Armstrong, G Cowper, A Douglas, J FixAbstract:Studies of the mortality among Nuclear Industry workforces have been carried out, and nationally combined analyses performed, in the U.S., the UK and Canada. This paper presents the results of internationally combined analyses of mortality data on 95,673 workers (85.4% men) monitored for external exposure to ionizing radiation and employed for 6 months or longer in the Nuclear Industry of one of the three countries. These analyses were undertaken to obtain a more precise direct assessment of the carcinogenic effects of protracted low-level exposure to external, predominantly gamma, radiation. The combination of the data from the various studies increases the power to study associations between radiation and specific cancers. The combined analyses covered a total of 2,124,526 person-years (PY) at risk and 15,825 deaths, 3,976 of which were due to cancer. There was no evidence of an association between radiation dose and mortality from all causes or from all cancers. Mortality from leukemia, excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)--the cause of death most strongly and consistently related to radiation dose in studies of atomic bomb survivors and other populations exposed at high dose rates--was significantly associated with cumulative external radiation dose (one-sided P value = 0.046; 119 deaths). Among the 31 other specific types of cancer studied, a significant association was observed only for multiple myeloma (one-sided P value = 0.037; 44 deaths), and this was attributable primarily to the associations reported previously between this disease and radiation dose in the Hanford (U.S.) and Sellafield (UK) cohorts. The excess relative risk (ERR) estimates for all cancers excluding leukemia, and leukemia excluding CLL, the two main groupings of causes of death for which risk estimates have been derived from studies of atomic bomb survivors, were -0.07 per Sv [90% confidence interval (CI): -0.4, 0.3] and 2.18 per Sv (90% CI: 0.1, 5.7), respectively. These values correspond to a relative risk of 0.99 for all cancers excluding leukemia and 1.22 for leukemia excluding CLL for a cumulative protracted dose of 100 mSv compared to 0 mSv. These estimates, which did not differ significantly across cohorts or between men and women, are the most comprehensive and precise direct estimates of cancer risk associated with low-dose protracted exposures obtained to date. Although they are lower than the linear estimates obtained from studies of atomic bomb survivors, they are compatible with a range of possibilities, from a reduction of risk at low doses, to risks twice those on which current radiation protection recommendations are based.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
John M Kaldor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks
2007Co-Authors: Elisabeth Cardis, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, C R Muirhead, Martine Vrijheid, Maria Blettner, John M Kaldor, Matti Hakama, Hill C, Mary K. Schubauer-beriganAbstract:Abstract Cardis, E., Vrijheid, M., Blettner, M., Gilbert, E., Hakama, M., Hill, C., Howe, G., Kaldor, J., Muirhead, C. R., Schubauer-Berigan, M., Yoshimura, T., Bermann, F., Cowper, G., Fix, J., Hacker, C., Heinmiller, B., Marshall, M., Thierry-Chef, I., Utterback, D., Ahn, Y-O., Amoros, E., Ashmore, P., Auvinen, A., Bae, J-M., Bernar, J. S., Biau, A., Combalot, E., Deboodt, P., Diez Sacristan, A., Eklof, M., Engels, H., Engholm, G., Gulis, G., Habib, R. R., Holan, K., Hyvonen, H., Kerekes, A., Kurtinaitis, J., Malker, H., Martuzzi, M., Mastauskas, A., Monnet, A., Moser, M., Pearce, M. S., Richardson, D. B., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rogel, A., Tardy, H., Telle-Lamberton, M., Turai, I., Usel, M. and Veress, K. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks. Radiat. Res. 167, 396– 416 (2007). A 15-Country collaborative cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk following protracted low d...
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the 15 country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the Nuclear Industry design epidemiological methods and descriptive results
2007Co-Authors: Martine Vrijheid, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, C R Muirhead, Elisabeth Cardis, Maria Blettner, John M Kaldor, Matti Hakama, Catherine Hill, Mary K SchubauerberiganAbstract:Radiation protection standards are based mainly on risk estimates from studies of atomic bomb survivors in Japan. The validity of extrapolations from the relatively high-dose acute exposures in this population to the low-dose, protracted or fractionated environmental and occupational exposures of primary public health concern has long been the subject of controversy. A collaborative retrospective cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk after low-dose protracted exposures. The study included nearly 600,000 workers employed in 154 facilities in 15 countries. This paper describes the design, methods and results of descriptive analyses of the study. The main analyses included 407,391 Nuclear Industry workers employed for at least 1 year in a participating facility who were monitored individually for external radiation exposure and whose doses resulted predominantly from exposure to higher-energy photon radiation. The total duration of follow-up was 5,192,710 person-years. There were 24,158 deaths from all causes, including 6,734 deaths from cancer. The total collective dose was 7,892 Sv. The overall average cumulative recorded dose was 19.4 mSv. A strong healthy worker effect was observed in most countries. This study provides the largest body of direct evidence to date on the effects of low-dose protracted exposures to external photon radiation.
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mortality rates among Nuclear Industry workers at lucas heights science and technology centre
2005Co-Authors: Rima R Habib, Samer M Abdallah, Matthew Law, John M KaldorAbstract:Objectives: To assess whether workers at Lucas Heights Science and Technology Centre (LHSTC) have different levels of mortality from the New South Wales (NSW) and Australian populations. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken at LHSTC. Data on 7,076 workers employed between 1957-98 were abstracted from personnel, dosimetry, and medical files. Deaths registrations in the cohort were identified to 1998 through electronic linkage of records with NSW and national registers of cancer incidence and mortality. Two inception cohorts were defined as including 4,717 and 3,543 workers in employment between 1972-98 and 1980-98, to examine cancer mortality and all-cause mortality respectively. Results: All-cause mortality was 31% lower than the national rates; all-cancer mortality was 19% below the NSW rate. Of 37 specific cancers and groups of cancers examined, statistically significant excesses relative to NSW rates were observed only for pleural cancer mortality (SMR=21.11; 95% Cl 8.79-50.72). Conclusions: The observed increase in the risk of cancer of the pleura was probably due to unmeasured exposures, given the lack of an established association with radiation exposure and the strong link to asbestos exposure.
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mortality rates among Nuclear Industry workers at lucas heights science and technology centre
2005Co-Authors: Rima R Habib, Samer M Abdallah, Matthew Law, John M KaldorAbstract:ACQUAVELLA JF, 1985, HEALTH PHYS, V48, P735, DOI 10.1097-00004032-198506000-00002; Artalejo FR, 1997, OCCUP ENVIRON MED, V54, P202; Ashmore JP, 1998, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V148, P564; BERAL V, 1985, BRIT MED J, V291, P440; BERAL V, 1988, BRIT MED J, V297, P757; BINKS K, 1989, RADIATION PROTECTION - THEORY AND PRACTICE, P49; CARDIS E, 1998, SEGURIDAD NUCL, V6, P31; CARPENTER L, 1994, RADIAT RES, V138, P224, DOI 10.2307-3578592; CARPENTER L, 1990, BRIT J IND MED, V47, P248; Checkoway H., 1989, MONOGRAPHS EPIDEMIOL, V13; CHECKOWAY H, 1988, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V127, P255; CLAYTON D, 1997, STATA TECHNICAL B, V40, P27; Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Board on Radiation Effects Research Commission on Life Sciences and National Research Council, 1990, HLTH EFF EXP LOW LEV; CRAGLE DL, 1988, AM J IND MED, V14, P379, DOI 10.1002-ajim.4700140404; DOUGLAS AJ, 1994, BRIT J CANCER, V70, P1232, DOI 10.1038-bjc.1994.479; DUPREE EA, 1987, SCAND J WORK ENV HEA, V13, P100; FELLEGI IP, 1969, J AM STAT ASSOC, V64, P1183, DOI 10.2307-2286061; FERGUSON D, 1979, SURVEY HLTH EMPLOYEE; FERGUSON D, 1978, 1 U SYDN DEP OCC ENV; FOX AJ, 1976, BRIT J PREV SOC MED, V30, P225; FRASER P, 1993, BRIT J CANCER, V67, P615, DOI 10.1038-bjc.1993.113; Frome EL, 1997, RADIAT RES, V148, P64, DOI 10.2307-3579540; FROME EL, 1990, RADIAT RES, V123, P138, DOI 10.2307-3577538; GILBERT ES, 1989, HEALTH PHYS, V56, P11, DOI 10.1097-00004032-198901000-00001; GILBERT ES, 1993, HEALTH PHYS, V64, P577, DOI 10.1097-00004032-199306000-00001; GILBERT ES, 1982, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V116, P177; GRIBBIN MA, 1993, RADIAT RES, V133, P375, DOI 10.2307-3578225; HABIB RR, 1999, P 3 C NUCL SCI ENG A; HABIB RR, 1998, P 6 INT S EP OCC RIS; HABIB RR, 2001, THESIS U NEW S WALES; HADJIMICHAEL OC, 1983, J OCCUP ENVIRON MED, V25, P48, DOI 10.1097-00043764-198301000-00015; HILL DJ, 1991, MED J AUSTRALIA, V154, P797; HOWE GR, 1988, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V128, P1364; HOWE GR, 1987, STUDY HLTH EMPL AT E; *INT AG RES CANC, 1990, 90001A IARC WHO; *INT AG RES CANC, 1988, 88001 IARC WHO; *INT AG RES CANC, 1992, 92001 IARC INT AG RE; *INT AG RES CANC, 1987, IARC MONOGRAPH, V1; *INT AG RES CANC, 1986, IARC MON, V38; *INT AG RES CANC, 1992, 92001 IARC WHO; KENDALL GM, 1992, BRIT MED J, V304, P220; LANCASTER P, 1993, FUTURE REACTION APPE, P81; Loomis DP, 1996, AM J IND MED, V29, P131, DOI 10.1002-(SICI)1097-0274(199602)29:2131::AID-AJIM33.0.CO;2-V; MARTUZZI M, 1996, REV GEN NUCLEAIRE, V6, P42; MCGEOGHEGAN D, 1999, P 6 SOC RAD PROT INT, P261; MCMICHAEL AJ, 1976, J OCCUP ENVIRON MED, V18, P165, DOI 10.1097-00043764-197603000-00009; Muirhead C. R., 1999, Journal of Radiological Protection, V19, P3, DOI 10.1088-0952-4746-19-1-002; *NAT HLTH MED RES, 1995, REP 1995 ETH WORKSH; *NAT HLTH MED RES, 1995, ASP PRIV MED RES INF; Omar RZ, 1999, BRIT J CANCER, V79, P1288, DOI 10.1038-sj.bjc.6690207; PEARCE N, 1986, SCAND J WORK ENV HEA, V12, P97; POLEDNAK AP, 1981, J OCCUP ENVIRON MED, V23, P169; RINSKY RA, 1981, LANCET, V1, P231; Ritz B, 1999, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V10, P531, DOI 10.1097-00001648-199909000-00012; Ritz B, 1999, AM J IND MED, V35, P21; SMITH PG, 1986, BRIT MED J, V293, P845; TAYLOR R, 1993, FUTURE REACTION APPE, P183; WIGGS LD, 1991, J OCCUP ENVIRON MED, V33, P632; WIGGS LD, 1994, HEALTH PHYS, V67, P577, DOI 10.1097-00004032-199412000-00001; WILKINSON GS, 1987, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V125, P231; WING S, 1991, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V265, P1397, DOI 10.1001-jama.265.11.1397; World Health Organisation (WHO), 1977, INT CLASS DIS INJ CA
Geoffrey R. Howe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks
2007Co-Authors: Elisabeth Cardis, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, C R Muirhead, Martine Vrijheid, Maria Blettner, John M Kaldor, Matti Hakama, Hill C, Mary K. Schubauer-beriganAbstract:Abstract Cardis, E., Vrijheid, M., Blettner, M., Gilbert, E., Hakama, M., Hill, C., Howe, G., Kaldor, J., Muirhead, C. R., Schubauer-Berigan, M., Yoshimura, T., Bermann, F., Cowper, G., Fix, J., Hacker, C., Heinmiller, B., Marshall, M., Thierry-Chef, I., Utterback, D., Ahn, Y-O., Amoros, E., Ashmore, P., Auvinen, A., Bae, J-M., Bernar, J. S., Biau, A., Combalot, E., Deboodt, P., Diez Sacristan, A., Eklof, M., Engels, H., Engholm, G., Gulis, G., Habib, R. R., Holan, K., Hyvonen, H., Kerekes, A., Kurtinaitis, J., Malker, H., Martuzzi, M., Mastauskas, A., Monnet, A., Moser, M., Pearce, M. S., Richardson, D. B., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rogel, A., Tardy, H., Telle-Lamberton, M., Turai, I., Usel, M. and Veress, K. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks. Radiat. Res. 167, 396– 416 (2007). A 15-Country collaborative cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk following protracted low d...
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the 15 country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the Nuclear Industry design epidemiological methods and descriptive results
2007Co-Authors: Martine Vrijheid, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, C R Muirhead, Elisabeth Cardis, Maria Blettner, John M Kaldor, Matti Hakama, Catherine Hill, Mary K SchubauerberiganAbstract:Radiation protection standards are based mainly on risk estimates from studies of atomic bomb survivors in Japan. The validity of extrapolations from the relatively high-dose acute exposures in this population to the low-dose, protracted or fractionated environmental and occupational exposures of primary public health concern has long been the subject of controversy. A collaborative retrospective cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk after low-dose protracted exposures. The study included nearly 600,000 workers employed in 154 facilities in 15 countries. This paper describes the design, methods and results of descriptive analyses of the study. The main analyses included 407,391 Nuclear Industry workers employed for at least 1 year in a participating facility who were monitored individually for external radiation exposure and whose doses resulted predominantly from exposure to higher-energy photon radiation. The total duration of follow-up was 5,192,710 person-years. There were 24,158 deaths from all causes, including 6,734 deaths from cancer. The total collective dose was 7,892 Sv. The overall average cumulative recorded dose was 19.4 mSv. A strong healthy worker effect was observed in most countries. This study provides the largest body of direct evidence to date on the effects of low-dose protracted exposures to external photon radiation.
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effects of low doses and low dose rates of external ionizing radiation cancer mortality among Nuclear Industry workers in three countries
1995Co-Authors: Elisabeth Cardis, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, Valerie Beral, Lucy M Carpenter, I Kato, Bruce K Armstrong, G Cowper, A Douglas, J FixAbstract:Studies of the mortality among Nuclear Industry workforces have been carried out, and nationally combined analyses performed, in the U.S., the UK and Canada. This paper presents the results of internationally combined analyses of mortality data on 95,673 workers (85.4% men) monitored for external exposure to ionizing radiation and employed for 6 months or longer in the Nuclear Industry of one of the three countries. These analyses were undertaken to obtain a more precise direct assessment of the carcinogenic effects of protracted low-level exposure to external, predominantly gamma, radiation. The combination of the data from the various studies increases the power to study associations between radiation and specific cancers. The combined analyses covered a total of 2,124,526 person-years (PY) at risk and 15,825 deaths, 3,976 of which were due to cancer. There was no evidence of an association between radiation dose and mortality from all causes or from all cancers. Mortality from leukemia, excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)--the cause of death most strongly and consistently related to radiation dose in studies of atomic bomb survivors and other populations exposed at high dose rates--was significantly associated with cumulative external radiation dose (one-sided P value = 0.046; 119 deaths). Among the 31 other specific types of cancer studied, a significant association was observed only for multiple myeloma (one-sided P value = 0.037; 44 deaths), and this was attributable primarily to the associations reported previously between this disease and radiation dose in the Hanford (U.S.) and Sellafield (UK) cohorts. The excess relative risk (ERR) estimates for all cancers excluding leukemia, and leukemia excluding CLL, the two main groupings of causes of death for which risk estimates have been derived from studies of atomic bomb survivors, were -0.07 per Sv [90% confidence interval (CI): -0.4, 0.3] and 2.18 per Sv (90% CI: 0.1, 5.7), respectively. These values correspond to a relative risk of 0.99 for all cancers excluding leukemia and 1.22 for leukemia excluding CLL for a cumulative protracted dose of 100 mSv compared to 0 mSv. These estimates, which did not differ significantly across cohorts or between men and women, are the most comprehensive and precise direct estimates of cancer risk associated with low-dose protracted exposures obtained to date. Although they are lower than the linear estimates obtained from studies of atomic bomb survivors, they are compatible with a range of possibilities, from a reduction of risk at low doses, to risks twice those on which current radiation protection recommendations are based.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Martine Vrijheid - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks
2007Co-Authors: Elisabeth Cardis, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, C R Muirhead, Martine Vrijheid, Maria Blettner, John M Kaldor, Matti Hakama, Hill C, Mary K. Schubauer-beriganAbstract:Abstract Cardis, E., Vrijheid, M., Blettner, M., Gilbert, E., Hakama, M., Hill, C., Howe, G., Kaldor, J., Muirhead, C. R., Schubauer-Berigan, M., Yoshimura, T., Bermann, F., Cowper, G., Fix, J., Hacker, C., Heinmiller, B., Marshall, M., Thierry-Chef, I., Utterback, D., Ahn, Y-O., Amoros, E., Ashmore, P., Auvinen, A., Bae, J-M., Bernar, J. S., Biau, A., Combalot, E., Deboodt, P., Diez Sacristan, A., Eklof, M., Engels, H., Engholm, G., Gulis, G., Habib, R. R., Holan, K., Hyvonen, H., Kerekes, A., Kurtinaitis, J., Malker, H., Martuzzi, M., Mastauskas, A., Monnet, A., Moser, M., Pearce, M. S., Richardson, D. B., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rogel, A., Tardy, H., Telle-Lamberton, M., Turai, I., Usel, M. and Veress, K. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks. Radiat. Res. 167, 396– 416 (2007). A 15-Country collaborative cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk following protracted low d...
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the 15 country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the Nuclear Industry design epidemiological methods and descriptive results
2007Co-Authors: Martine Vrijheid, Ethel S. Gilbert, Geoffrey R. Howe, C R Muirhead, Elisabeth Cardis, Maria Blettner, John M Kaldor, Matti Hakama, Catherine Hill, Mary K SchubauerberiganAbstract:Radiation protection standards are based mainly on risk estimates from studies of atomic bomb survivors in Japan. The validity of extrapolations from the relatively high-dose acute exposures in this population to the low-dose, protracted or fractionated environmental and occupational exposures of primary public health concern has long been the subject of controversy. A collaborative retrospective cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk after low-dose protracted exposures. The study included nearly 600,000 workers employed in 154 facilities in 15 countries. This paper describes the design, methods and results of descriptive analyses of the study. The main analyses included 407,391 Nuclear Industry workers employed for at least 1 year in a participating facility who were monitored individually for external radiation exposure and whose doses resulted predominantly from exposure to higher-energy photon radiation. The total duration of follow-up was 5,192,710 person-years. There were 24,158 deaths from all causes, including 6,734 deaths from cancer. The total collective dose was 7,892 Sv. The overall average cumulative recorded dose was 19.4 mSv. A strong healthy worker effect was observed in most countries. This study provides the largest body of direct evidence to date on the effects of low-dose protracted exposures to external photon radiation.
