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Sandra Amor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the protective effects of omega 6 Fatty Acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis eae in relation to transforming growth factor beta 1 tgf β1 up regulation and increased prostaglandin e2 pge2 production
Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 2000Co-Authors: Laurence S Harbige, M M Morrisdownes, Lorna Layward, D C Dumonde, Sandra AmorAbstract:Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are known to affect the immune response and administration of the Omega-6 Fatty Acid linoleic Acid has been reported to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS) and EAE. In this study we have investigated the effects of oral feeding of plant lipid rich in the Omega-6 Fatty Acid gamma-linolenic Acid from Borago officinalis on acute and relapse disease and the immune response in EAE using SJL mice. EAE was induced by an encephalitogenic peptide (92–106) of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and mice were fed the plant lipid daily from 7 days after EAE induction to assess the effects on acute disease and from day 25 to assess the effects on disease relapse. The clinical incidence and histological manifestations of acute EAE, and the clinical relapse phase of chronic relapsing EAE (CREAE) were markedly inhibited by Omega-6 Fatty Acid feeding. A significant increase in the production of TGF-β1 in response to concanavalin A (Con A) at day 13 and a significant increase in TGF-β1 and PGE2 to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92–106) at day 21 were detected in spleen mononuclear cells from Fatty Acid-fed mice. There was no difference in interferon-gamma, IL-4 and IL-2 production between the Fatty Acid-fed and control groups. Significantly higher TGF-β mRNA expression was found in the spleens of Omega-6 Fatty Acid-fed mice at day 21. There were no differences in spleen cell proliferative response to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92–106). Biochemical analysis of spleen cell membrane Fatty Acids revealed significant increases in the eicosanoid precursor Fatty Acids dihomo-γ-linolenic Acid and arachidonic Acid in response to gamma-linolenic Acid feeding, indicating rapid metabolism to longer chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids. These results show that oral feeding of gamma-linolenic Acid-rich plant lipid markedly affects the disease course of acute EAE and CREAE and is associated with an increase in cell membrane long chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids, production of PGE2 and gene transcription and, on activation, secretion of TGF-β1.
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the protective effects of omega 6 Fatty Acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis eae in relation to transforming growth factor beta 1 tgf β1 up regulation and increased prostaglandin e2 pge2 production
Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 2000Co-Authors: Laurence S Harbige, M M Morrisdownes, Lorna Layward, D C Dumonde, Sandra AmorAbstract:Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are known to affect the immune response and administration of the Omega-6 Fatty Acid linoleic Acid has been reported to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS) and EAE. In this study we have investigated the effects of oral feeding of plant lipid rich in the Omega-6 Fatty Acid gamma-linolenic Acid from Borago officinalis on acute and relapse disease and the immune response in EAE using SJL mice. EAE was induced by an encephalitogenic peptide (92-106) of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and mice were fed the plant lipid daily from 7 days after EAE induction to assess the effects on acute disease and from day 25 to assess the effects on disease relapse. The clinical incidence and histological manifestations of acute EAE, and the clinical relapse phase of chronic relapsing EAE (CREAE) were markedly inhibited by Omega-6 Fatty Acid feeding. A significant increase in the production of TGF-beta1 in response to concanavalin A (Con A) at day 13 and a significant increase in TGF-beta1 and PGE2 to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106) at day 21 were detected in spleen mononuclear cells from Fatty Acid-fed mice. There was no difference in interferon-gamma, IL-4 and IL-2 production between the Fatty Acid-fed and control groups. Significantly higher TGF-beta mRNA expression was found in the spleens of Omega-6 Fatty Acid-fed mice at day 21. There were no differences in spleen cell proliferative response to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106). Biochemical analysis of spleen cell membrane Fatty Acids revealed significant increases in the eicosanoid precursor Fatty Acids dihomo-gamma-linolenic Acid and arachidonic Acid in response to gamma-linolenic Acid feeding, indicating rapid metabolism to longer chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids. These results show that oral feeding of gamma-linolenic Acid-rich plant lipid markedly affects the disease course of acute EAE and CREAE and is associated with an increase in cell membrane long chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids, production of PGE2 and gene transcription and, on activation, secretion of TGF-beta1.
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The protective effects of omega‐6 Fatty Acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in relation to transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) up‐regulation and increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production
Clinical and experimental immunology, 2000Co-Authors: Laurence S Harbige, Lorna Layward, D C Dumonde, M M Morris-downes, Sandra AmorAbstract:Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are known to affect the immune response and administration of the Omega-6 Fatty Acid linoleic Acid has been reported to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS) and EAE. In this study we have investigated the effects of oral feeding of plant lipid rich in the Omega-6 Fatty Acid gamma-linolenic Acid from Borago officinalis on acute and relapse disease and the immune response in EAE using SJL mice. EAE was induced by an encephalitogenic peptide (92-106) of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and mice were fed the plant lipid daily from 7 days after EAE induction to assess the effects on acute disease and from day 25 to assess the effects on disease relapse. The clinical incidence and histological manifestations of acute EAE, and the clinical relapse phase of chronic relapsing EAE (CREAE) were markedly inhibited by Omega-6 Fatty Acid feeding. A significant increase in the production of TGF-beta1 in response to concanavalin A (Con A) at day 13 and a significant increase in TGF-beta1 and PGE2 to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106) at day 21 were detected in spleen mononuclear cells from Fatty Acid-fed mice. There was no difference in interferon-gamma, IL-4 and IL-2 production between the Fatty Acid-fed and control groups. Significantly higher TGF-beta mRNA expression was found in the spleens of Omega-6 Fatty Acid-fed mice at day 21. There were no differences in spleen cell proliferative response to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106). Biochemical analysis of spleen cell membrane Fatty Acids revealed significant increases in the eicosanoid precursor Fatty Acids dihomo-gamma-linolenic Acid and arachidonic Acid in response to gamma-linolenic Acid feeding, indicating rapid metabolism to longer chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids. These results show that oral feeding of gamma-linolenic Acid-rich plant lipid markedly affects the disease course of acute EAE and CREAE and is associated with an increase in cell membrane long chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids, production of PGE2 and gene transcription and, on activation, secretion of TGF-beta1.
Matti Marklund - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biomarkers of dietary omega 6 Fatty Acids and incident cardiovascular disease and mortality an individual level pooled analysis of 30 cohort studies
Circulation, 2019Co-Authors: Matti Marklund, Fumiaki Imamura, Liana C Del Gobbo, Amanda M Fretts, Janette De Goede, Peili Shi, Natha L Tintle, Maria Wennberg, Stella AslibekyaAbstract:BACKGROUND: Global dietary recommendations for and cardiovascular effects of linoleic Acid, the major dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acid, and its major metabolite, arachidonic Acid, remain controversial. T ...
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omega 6 Fatty Acid biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes pooled analysis of individual level data for 39 740 adults from 20 prospective cohort studies
The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2017Co-Authors: Jason H Y Wu, Matti Marklund, Fumiaki Imamura, Janette De Goede, Natha L Tintle, Andres Ardisson V Korat, Xia Zhou, Wei Sin Yang, Marcia C De Oliveira Otto, Janine KrogerAbstract:Summary Background The metabolic effects of Omega-6 polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) remain contentious, and little evidence is available regarding their potential role in primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to assess the associations of linoleic Acid and arachidonic Acid biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes. Methods We did a pooled analysis of new, harmonised, individual-level analyses for the biomarkers linoleic Acid and its metabolite arachidonic Acid and incident type 2 diabetes. We analysed data from 20 prospective cohort studies from ten countries (Iceland, the Netherlands, the USA, Taiwan, the UK, Germany, Finland, Australia, Sweden, and France), with biomarkers sampled between 1970 and 2010. Participants included in the analyses were aged 18 years or older and had data available for linoleic Acid and arachidonic Acid biomarkers at baseline. We excluded participants with type 2 diabetes at baseline. The main outcome was the association between Omega-6 PUFA biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes. We assessed the relative risk of type 2 diabetes prospectively for each cohort and lipid compartment separately using a prespecified analytic plan for exposures, covariates, effect modifiers, and analysis, and the findings were then pooled using inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis. Findings Participants were 39 740 adults, aged (range of cohort means) 49–76 years with a BMI (range of cohort means) of 23·3–28·4 kg/m 2 , who did not have type 2 diabetes at baseline. During a follow-up of 366 073 person-years, we identified 4347 cases of incident type 2 diabetes. In multivariable-adjusted pooled analyses, higher proportions of linoleic Acid biomarkers as percentages of total Fatty Acid were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes overall (risk ratio [RR] per interquintile range 0·65, 95% CI 0·60–0·72, p I 2 =53·9%, p heterogeneity =0·002). The associations between linoleic Acid biomarkers and type 2 diabetes were generally similar in different lipid compartments, including phospholipids, plasma, cholesterol esters, and adipose tissue. Levels of arachidonic Acid biomarker were not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes risk overall (RR per interquintile range 0·96, 95% CI 0·88–1·05; p=0·38; I 2 =63·0%, p heterogeneity FADS gene; all p heterogeneity ≥0·13). Interpretation Findings suggest that linoleic Acid has long-term benefits for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and that arachidonic Acid is not harmful. Funding Funders are shown in the appendix.
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Articles Omega-6 Fatty Acid biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of individual-level data for 39 740 adults from 20 prospective cohort studies
Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 2017Co-Authors: Matti Marklund, Fumiaki Imamura, Janette De Goede, Andres Ardisson V Korat, Xia Zhou, Wei Sin Yang, Marcia C De Oliveira Otto, Janine Kroger, Nathan Tintle, Waqas QureshiAbstract:BACKGROUND: The metabolic effects of Omega-6 polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) remain contentious, and little evidence is available regarding their potential role in primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to assess the associations of linoleic Acid and arachidonic Acid biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We did a pooled analysis of new, harmonised, individual-level analyses for the biomarkers linoleic Acid and its metabolite arachidonic Acid and incident type 2 diabetes. We analysed data from 20 prospective cohort studies from ten countries (Iceland, the Netherlands, the USA, Taiwan, the UK, Germany, Finland, Australia, Sweden, and France), with biomarkers sampled between 1970 and 2010. Participants included in the analyses were aged 18 years or older and had data available for linoleic Acid and arachidonic Acid biomarkers at baseline. We excluded participants with type 2 diabetes at baseline. The main outcome was the association between Omega-6 PUFA biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes. We assessed the relative risk of type 2 diabetes prospectively for each cohort and lipid compartment separately using a prespecified analytic plan for exposures, covariates, effect modifiers, and analysis, and the findings were then pooled using inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis. FINDINGS: Participants were 39 740 adults, aged (range of cohort means) 49-76 years with a BMI (range of cohort means) of 23·3-28·4 kg/m2, who did not have type 2 diabetes at baseline. During a follow-up of 366 073 person-years, we identified 4347 cases of incident type 2 diabetes. In multivariable-adjusted pooled analyses, higher proportions of linoleic Acid biomarkers as percentages of total Fatty Acid were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes overall (risk ratio [RR] per interquintile range 0·65, 95% CI 0·60-0·72, p
Katrine Riklund - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Detection of polyunsaturated Omega-6 Fatty Acid in human malignant prostate tissue by 1D and 2D high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy
Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics Biology and Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Katarina Stenman, Jón B. Hauksson, Gerhard Gröbner, Pär Stattin, Anders Bergh, Katrine RiklundAbstract:Object Polyunsaturated Omega-6 Fatty Acids (PUFAs) have been shown to promote prostate cancer. Here, we describe the use of HRMAS NMR spectroscopy to detect Omega-6 PUFA species in prostate tissues. Materials and methods Samples originating from non-malignant ( n = 54) and malignant ( n = 27) prostate tissues (from 27 prostatectomized men) were studied by 1D ^1H, 2D ^1H–^1H and ^1H–^13C HRMAS NMR spectroscopy followed by histopathological characterization. Results HRMAS NMR proved to be a powerful, non-destructive method to identify and characterize PUFAs. The Omega-6 PUFA was found in 15% of examined human prostate tumors. Conclusion It is possible to detect PUFAs in prostate tissues using our NMR-based spectroscopic approach.
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detection of polyunsaturated omega 6 Fatty Acid in human malignant prostate tissue by 1d and 2d high resolution magic angle spinning nmr spectroscopy
Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics Biology and Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Katarina Stenman, Jón B. Hauksson, Gerhard Gröbner, Pär Stattin, Anders Bergh, Katrine RiklundAbstract:Object Polyunsaturated Omega-6 Fatty Acids (PUFAs) have been shown to promote prostate cancer. Here, we describe the use of HRMAS NMR spectroscopy to detect Omega-6 PUFA species in prostate tissues.
Janine Kroger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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omega 6 Fatty Acid biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes pooled analysis of individual level data for 39 740 adults from 20 prospective cohort studies
The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2017Co-Authors: Jason H Y Wu, Matti Marklund, Fumiaki Imamura, Janette De Goede, Natha L Tintle, Andres Ardisson V Korat, Xia Zhou, Wei Sin Yang, Marcia C De Oliveira Otto, Janine KrogerAbstract:Summary Background The metabolic effects of Omega-6 polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) remain contentious, and little evidence is available regarding their potential role in primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to assess the associations of linoleic Acid and arachidonic Acid biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes. Methods We did a pooled analysis of new, harmonised, individual-level analyses for the biomarkers linoleic Acid and its metabolite arachidonic Acid and incident type 2 diabetes. We analysed data from 20 prospective cohort studies from ten countries (Iceland, the Netherlands, the USA, Taiwan, the UK, Germany, Finland, Australia, Sweden, and France), with biomarkers sampled between 1970 and 2010. Participants included in the analyses were aged 18 years or older and had data available for linoleic Acid and arachidonic Acid biomarkers at baseline. We excluded participants with type 2 diabetes at baseline. The main outcome was the association between Omega-6 PUFA biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes. We assessed the relative risk of type 2 diabetes prospectively for each cohort and lipid compartment separately using a prespecified analytic plan for exposures, covariates, effect modifiers, and analysis, and the findings were then pooled using inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis. Findings Participants were 39 740 adults, aged (range of cohort means) 49–76 years with a BMI (range of cohort means) of 23·3–28·4 kg/m 2 , who did not have type 2 diabetes at baseline. During a follow-up of 366 073 person-years, we identified 4347 cases of incident type 2 diabetes. In multivariable-adjusted pooled analyses, higher proportions of linoleic Acid biomarkers as percentages of total Fatty Acid were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes overall (risk ratio [RR] per interquintile range 0·65, 95% CI 0·60–0·72, p I 2 =53·9%, p heterogeneity =0·002). The associations between linoleic Acid biomarkers and type 2 diabetes were generally similar in different lipid compartments, including phospholipids, plasma, cholesterol esters, and adipose tissue. Levels of arachidonic Acid biomarker were not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes risk overall (RR per interquintile range 0·96, 95% CI 0·88–1·05; p=0·38; I 2 =63·0%, p heterogeneity FADS gene; all p heterogeneity ≥0·13). Interpretation Findings suggest that linoleic Acid has long-term benefits for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and that arachidonic Acid is not harmful. Funding Funders are shown in the appendix.
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Articles Omega-6 Fatty Acid biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of individual-level data for 39 740 adults from 20 prospective cohort studies
Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 2017Co-Authors: Matti Marklund, Fumiaki Imamura, Janette De Goede, Andres Ardisson V Korat, Xia Zhou, Wei Sin Yang, Marcia C De Oliveira Otto, Janine Kroger, Nathan Tintle, Waqas QureshiAbstract:BACKGROUND: The metabolic effects of Omega-6 polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) remain contentious, and little evidence is available regarding their potential role in primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to assess the associations of linoleic Acid and arachidonic Acid biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We did a pooled analysis of new, harmonised, individual-level analyses for the biomarkers linoleic Acid and its metabolite arachidonic Acid and incident type 2 diabetes. We analysed data from 20 prospective cohort studies from ten countries (Iceland, the Netherlands, the USA, Taiwan, the UK, Germany, Finland, Australia, Sweden, and France), with biomarkers sampled between 1970 and 2010. Participants included in the analyses were aged 18 years or older and had data available for linoleic Acid and arachidonic Acid biomarkers at baseline. We excluded participants with type 2 diabetes at baseline. The main outcome was the association between Omega-6 PUFA biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes. We assessed the relative risk of type 2 diabetes prospectively for each cohort and lipid compartment separately using a prespecified analytic plan for exposures, covariates, effect modifiers, and analysis, and the findings were then pooled using inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis. FINDINGS: Participants were 39 740 adults, aged (range of cohort means) 49-76 years with a BMI (range of cohort means) of 23·3-28·4 kg/m2, who did not have type 2 diabetes at baseline. During a follow-up of 366 073 person-years, we identified 4347 cases of incident type 2 diabetes. In multivariable-adjusted pooled analyses, higher proportions of linoleic Acid biomarkers as percentages of total Fatty Acid were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes overall (risk ratio [RR] per interquintile range 0·65, 95% CI 0·60-0·72, p
Laurence S Harbige - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the protective effects of omega 6 Fatty Acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis eae in relation to transforming growth factor beta 1 tgf β1 up regulation and increased prostaglandin e2 pge2 production
Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 2000Co-Authors: Laurence S Harbige, M M Morrisdownes, Lorna Layward, D C Dumonde, Sandra AmorAbstract:Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are known to affect the immune response and administration of the Omega-6 Fatty Acid linoleic Acid has been reported to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS) and EAE. In this study we have investigated the effects of oral feeding of plant lipid rich in the Omega-6 Fatty Acid gamma-linolenic Acid from Borago officinalis on acute and relapse disease and the immune response in EAE using SJL mice. EAE was induced by an encephalitogenic peptide (92–106) of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and mice were fed the plant lipid daily from 7 days after EAE induction to assess the effects on acute disease and from day 25 to assess the effects on disease relapse. The clinical incidence and histological manifestations of acute EAE, and the clinical relapse phase of chronic relapsing EAE (CREAE) were markedly inhibited by Omega-6 Fatty Acid feeding. A significant increase in the production of TGF-β1 in response to concanavalin A (Con A) at day 13 and a significant increase in TGF-β1 and PGE2 to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92–106) at day 21 were detected in spleen mononuclear cells from Fatty Acid-fed mice. There was no difference in interferon-gamma, IL-4 and IL-2 production between the Fatty Acid-fed and control groups. Significantly higher TGF-β mRNA expression was found in the spleens of Omega-6 Fatty Acid-fed mice at day 21. There were no differences in spleen cell proliferative response to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92–106). Biochemical analysis of spleen cell membrane Fatty Acids revealed significant increases in the eicosanoid precursor Fatty Acids dihomo-γ-linolenic Acid and arachidonic Acid in response to gamma-linolenic Acid feeding, indicating rapid metabolism to longer chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids. These results show that oral feeding of gamma-linolenic Acid-rich plant lipid markedly affects the disease course of acute EAE and CREAE and is associated with an increase in cell membrane long chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids, production of PGE2 and gene transcription and, on activation, secretion of TGF-β1.
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the protective effects of omega 6 Fatty Acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis eae in relation to transforming growth factor beta 1 tgf β1 up regulation and increased prostaglandin e2 pge2 production
Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 2000Co-Authors: Laurence S Harbige, M M Morrisdownes, Lorna Layward, D C Dumonde, Sandra AmorAbstract:Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are known to affect the immune response and administration of the Omega-6 Fatty Acid linoleic Acid has been reported to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS) and EAE. In this study we have investigated the effects of oral feeding of plant lipid rich in the Omega-6 Fatty Acid gamma-linolenic Acid from Borago officinalis on acute and relapse disease and the immune response in EAE using SJL mice. EAE was induced by an encephalitogenic peptide (92-106) of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and mice were fed the plant lipid daily from 7 days after EAE induction to assess the effects on acute disease and from day 25 to assess the effects on disease relapse. The clinical incidence and histological manifestations of acute EAE, and the clinical relapse phase of chronic relapsing EAE (CREAE) were markedly inhibited by Omega-6 Fatty Acid feeding. A significant increase in the production of TGF-beta1 in response to concanavalin A (Con A) at day 13 and a significant increase in TGF-beta1 and PGE2 to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106) at day 21 were detected in spleen mononuclear cells from Fatty Acid-fed mice. There was no difference in interferon-gamma, IL-4 and IL-2 production between the Fatty Acid-fed and control groups. Significantly higher TGF-beta mRNA expression was found in the spleens of Omega-6 Fatty Acid-fed mice at day 21. There were no differences in spleen cell proliferative response to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106). Biochemical analysis of spleen cell membrane Fatty Acids revealed significant increases in the eicosanoid precursor Fatty Acids dihomo-gamma-linolenic Acid and arachidonic Acid in response to gamma-linolenic Acid feeding, indicating rapid metabolism to longer chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids. These results show that oral feeding of gamma-linolenic Acid-rich plant lipid markedly affects the disease course of acute EAE and CREAE and is associated with an increase in cell membrane long chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids, production of PGE2 and gene transcription and, on activation, secretion of TGF-beta1.
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The protective effects of omega‐6 Fatty Acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in relation to transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) up‐regulation and increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production
Clinical and experimental immunology, 2000Co-Authors: Laurence S Harbige, Lorna Layward, D C Dumonde, M M Morris-downes, Sandra AmorAbstract:Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are known to affect the immune response and administration of the Omega-6 Fatty Acid linoleic Acid has been reported to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS) and EAE. In this study we have investigated the effects of oral feeding of plant lipid rich in the Omega-6 Fatty Acid gamma-linolenic Acid from Borago officinalis on acute and relapse disease and the immune response in EAE using SJL mice. EAE was induced by an encephalitogenic peptide (92-106) of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and mice were fed the plant lipid daily from 7 days after EAE induction to assess the effects on acute disease and from day 25 to assess the effects on disease relapse. The clinical incidence and histological manifestations of acute EAE, and the clinical relapse phase of chronic relapsing EAE (CREAE) were markedly inhibited by Omega-6 Fatty Acid feeding. A significant increase in the production of TGF-beta1 in response to concanavalin A (Con A) at day 13 and a significant increase in TGF-beta1 and PGE2 to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106) at day 21 were detected in spleen mononuclear cells from Fatty Acid-fed mice. There was no difference in interferon-gamma, IL-4 and IL-2 production between the Fatty Acid-fed and control groups. Significantly higher TGF-beta mRNA expression was found in the spleens of Omega-6 Fatty Acid-fed mice at day 21. There were no differences in spleen cell proliferative response to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106). Biochemical analysis of spleen cell membrane Fatty Acids revealed significant increases in the eicosanoid precursor Fatty Acids dihomo-gamma-linolenic Acid and arachidonic Acid in response to gamma-linolenic Acid feeding, indicating rapid metabolism to longer chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids. These results show that oral feeding of gamma-linolenic Acid-rich plant lipid markedly affects the disease course of acute EAE and CREAE and is associated with an increase in cell membrane long chain Omega-6 Fatty Acids, production of PGE2 and gene transcription and, on activation, secretion of TGF-beta1.
