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J. A. Luzak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Privacy Notice for Dummies? Towards European Guidelines on How to Give “Clear and Comprehensive Information” on the Cookies’ Use in Order to Protect the Internet Users’ Right to Online Privacy
Journal of Consumer Policy, 2014Co-Authors: J. A. LuzakAbstract:The reviewed ePrivacy Directive aims at ensuring internet users’ Online Privacy by requiring users to give informed consent to the gathering, storing, and processing of their data by internet service providers, e.g., through the cookies’ use. However, it is hardly possible to talk about an “informed” consent if internet users are not aware of cookies or do not understand when and how they work. Currently, European rules require internet service providers to provide internet users with a “clear and comprehensive” information on the cookies’ use without further specifying what kind of disclosure would be seen as compliant therewith. This paper assesses the need for harmonized European guidelines on transparent and readable disclosure on the cookies’ use and suggests the way forward based on comparative legal research and findings from consumer behaviour research.
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Privacy notice for dummies towards european guidelines on how to give clear and comprehensive information on the cookies use in order to protect the internet user s right to Online Privacy
Social Science Research Network, 2013Co-Authors: J. A. LuzakAbstract:Recently reviewed ePrivacy Directive aims at ensuring internet users’ Online Privacy by requiring users to give informed consent to the gathering, storing and processing of their data by internet service providers, e.g., through the cookies’ use. However, it is hardly possible to talk about an ‘informed’ consent if internet users are not aware of cookies or do not understand when and how they work. Currently, European rules require internet service providers to provide internet users with a ‘clear and comprehensive’ information on the cookies’ use without further specifying what kind of disclosure would be seen as compliant therewith. This paper assesses the need for harmonized European guidelines on transparent and readable disclosure on the cookies' use and suggests the way forward based on the comparative legal research and findings from consumer behavior research.
Anthony D. Miyazaki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Online Privacy Trustmarks: Enhancing the Perceived Ethics of Digital Advertising
Journal of Advertising Research, 2011Co-Authors: Andrea J. S. Stanaland, May O. Lwin, Anthony D. MiyazakiAbstract:ABSTRACT Consumer views of advertiser ethics are of industry concern due to growing consumer angst regarding data Privacy and behavioral advertising. several Privacy trustmarks have been created to address consumer concerns, potentially acting as seals of approval regarding Privacy practices. The authors examine whether a Privacy trustmark9s ability to influence consumer perceptions of advertiser ethics and Privacy concerns is moderated by consumer desire for Privacy and attitude toward advertising in general. using an Online advertising context, the results show that a Privacy trustmark can enhance the perceived ethics of an Online advertiser for certain market segments but not for others.
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protecting children s Privacy Online how parental mediation strategies affect website safeguard effectiveness
Journal of Retailing, 2008Co-Authors: May O. Lwin, Andrea J. S. Stanaland, Anthony D. MiyazakiAbstract:Concern toward children’s safety in an Online environment has resulted in demands for safeguards to protect their Online Privacy when involved with a wide variety of commercial websites. Unfortunately, little academic research has examined how effective safeguards are in limiting children’s disclosure of information. We fill this void by examining how proposed safeguards may interact with various types of parental involvement in limiting children’s willingness to disclose information Online. The results of two studies involving preteen, young teen, and older teen children show that safeguard effectiveness depends on both the type of parental mediation and the particular age group. Implications are presented for retailers, educators, and parents.
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Online Privacy and the disclosure of cookie use effects on consumer trust and anticipated patronage
Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 2008Co-Authors: Anthony D. MiyazakiAbstract:Abstract The use of Internet cookies by visited Web sites and third-party firms has been criticized by consumer advocates, policy makers, and even marketers themselves as a potential threat to consumer Privacy. However, surprisingly little research has examined how the interactive effects of the disclosure and practice of cookie use as a method of nonconsensual identification might influence Online users' affect or behavior. The current research addresses this lack of research by presenting the results of three studies. Study 1, a longitudinal examination of the Online environment from 2000 to 2007, finds that both cookie use and disclosure have increased, but the covert use of cookies is still a concern. Study 2 finds that consumers' negative reactions to cookie use are significantly reduced by a priori cookie disclosure by the visited Web site. Study 3 shows that consumers' Online experience and desire for Privacy act as additional moderators of reactions to cookie use. The author examines the implicati...
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Internet Seals of Approval: Effects on Online Privacy Policies and Consumer Perceptions
2005Co-Authors: Anthony D. Miyazaki, Sandeep KrishnamurthyAbstract:The use of Internet seal of approval programs has been touted recently as an alternative to potential legislation concerning consumer-related Online Privacy practices. Questions have been raised, however, regarding the effectiveness of such programs with respect to maintaining Privacy standards and aiding Online consumers. The authors examine these issues in a series of four studies, the first of which examines Internet seal of approval logo usage in the current marketplace. The next study applies Federal Trade Commission Privacy standards to various Online Privacy policies in an effort to determine the ability of seal of approval program participation to act as a valid cue to a firm's state Privacy practices. The last two studies are experiments designed to ascertain how Online firm participation in Internet seal of approval programs affect consumers. Implications for policy and industry are also discussed.
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Internet Seals of Approval: Effects on Online Privacy Policies and Consumer Perceptions
Journal of Consumer Affairs, 2002Co-Authors: Anthony D. Miyazaki, Sandeep KrishnamurthyAbstract:The use of Internet seal of approval programs has been touted as an alternative to potential legislation concerning consumer-related Online Privacy practices. Questions have been raised, however, regarding the effectiveness of such programs with respect to maintaining Privacy standards and aiding Online consumers. The authors examine these issues in a series of three studies, the first of which is an exploratory application of Federal Trade Commission Privacy standards to various Online Privacy policies in an effort to determine the ability of seal of approval program participation to act as a valid cue to a firm's stated Privacy practices. The second and third studies are experiments designed to ascertain how Online firm participation in Internet seal of approval programs affects consumers. Implications for consumer policy are discussed.
Alessandro Acquisti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effect of Online Privacy information on purchasing behavior an experimental study
Information Systems Research, 2011Co-Authors: Janice Y Tsai, Lorrie Faith Cranor, Serge Egelman, Alessandro AcquistiAbstract:Although Online retailers detail their Privacy practices in Online Privacy policies, this information often remains invisible to consumers, who seldom make the effort to read and understand those policies. This paper reports on research undertaken to determine whether a more prominent display of Privacy information will cause consumers to incorporate Privacy considerations into their Online purchasing decisions. We designed an experiment in which a shopping search engine interface clearly and compactly displays Privacy policy information. When such information is made available, consumers tend to purchase from Online retailers who better protect their Privacy. In fact, our study indicates that when Privacy information is made more salient and accessible, some consumers are willing to pay a premium to purchase from Privacy protective websites. This result suggests that businesses may be able to leverage Privacy protection as a selling point.
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the effect of Online Privacy information on purchasing behavior an experimental study
2011Co-Authors: Janice Tsai, Lorrie Faith Cranor, Serge Egelman, Alessandro AcquistiAbstract:Although Online retailers detail their Privacy practices in Online Privacy policies, this information often remains invisible to consumers, who seldom make the effort to read and understand those policies. This paper reports on research undertaken to determine whether a more prominent display of Privacy information will cause consumers to incorporate Privacy considerations into their Online purchasing decisions. We designed an experiment in which a shopping search engine interface clearly and compactly displays Privacy policy information. When such information is made available, consumers tend to purchase from Online retailers who better protect their Privacy. In fact, our study indicates that when Privacy information is made more salient and accessible, some consumers are willing to pay a premium to purchase from Privacy protective websites. This result suggests that businesses may be able to leverage Privacy protection.
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timing is everything the effects of timing and placement of Online Privacy indicators
Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2009Co-Authors: Serge Egelman, Lorrie Faith Cranor, Janice Tsai, Alessandro AcquistiAbstract:Many commerce websites post Privacy policies to address Internet shoppers' Privacy concerns. However, few users read or understand them. Iconic Privacy indicators may make Privacy policies more accessible and easier for users to understand: in this paper, we examine whether the timing and placement of Online Privacy indicators impact Internet users' browsing and purchasing decisions. We conducted a laboratory study where we controlled the placement of Privacy information, the timing of its appearance, the Privacy level of each website, and the price and items being purchased. We found that the timing of Privacy information had a significant impact on how much of a premium users were willing to pay for Privacy. We also found that timing had less impact when users were willing to examine multiple websites. Finally, we found that users paid more attention to Privacy indicators when purchasing Privacy-sensitive items than when purchasing items that raised minimal Privacy concerns.
Mary J Culnan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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strategies for reducing Online Privacy risks why consumers read or don t read Online Privacy notices
Journal of Interactive Marketing, 2004Co-Authors: George R. Milne, Mary J CulnanAbstract:Online Privacy notices are intended to promote consumer choice and reduce the risks of disclosing personal information Online. However, these effects result only if consumers read and use the information contained in the notices. This study used an Online survey of 2,468 U.S. adult Internet users to investigate why Online consumers read Privacy notices across a variety of situations. We found that reading is related to concern for Privacy, positive perceptions about notice comprehension, and higher levels of trust in the notice. This suggests that effective Privacy notices serve an important function in addressing risk issues related to e-commerce. We further found that reading Privacy notices is only one element in an overall strategy consumers use to manage the risks of disclosing personal information Online.
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using the content of Online Privacy notices to inform public policy a longitudinal analysis of the 1998 2001 u s web surveys
The Information Society, 2002Co-Authors: George R. Milne, Mary J CulnanAbstract:In the United States, Congress has had a long-standing interest in consumer Privacy and the extent to which company practices are based on fair information practices. Previously, public policy was largely informed by anecdotal evidence about the effectiveness of industry self-regulatory programs. However, the Internet has made it possible to unobtrusively sample web sites and their Privacy disclosures in a way that is not feasible in the offline world. Beginning in 1998, the Federal Trade Commission relied upon a series of three surveys of web sites to assess whether organizations post Online Privacy disclosures and whether these disclosures represent the U.S. definition of fair information practices. While each year's survey has provided an important snapshot of U.S. web-site practices, there has been no longitudinal analysis of the multiyear trends. This study compares a subset of equivalent individual-level web-site data for the 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001 web surveys. Implications for using this type o...
George R. Milne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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consumers protection of Online Privacy and identity
Journal of Consumer Affairs, 2004Co-Authors: George R. Milne, Andrew J Rohm, Shalini BahlAbstract:This article examines Online behaviors that increase or reduce risk of Online identity theft. The authors report results from three consumer surveys that indicate the propensity to protect oneself from Online identity theft varies by population. The authors then examine attitudinal, behavioral, and demographic antecedents that predict the tendency to protect one's Privacy and identity Online. Implications and suggestions for managers, public policy makers, and consumers related to protecting Online Privacy and identity theft are provided. ********** Identity theft, defined as the appropriation of someone else's personal or financial identity to commit fraud or theft, is one of the fastest growing crimes in the United States (Federal Trade Commission 2001) and is increasingly affecting consumers' Online transactions. In the discussion of identity theft, the Internet represents an important research context. Because of its ability to accumulate and disseminate vast amounts of information electronically, the Internet may make theft of personal or financial identity easier. Indeed, Online transactions pose several new threats that consumers need to be vigilant of, such as the placement of cookies, hacking into hard drives, intercepting transactions, and observing Online behavior via spyware (Cohen 2001). Online identity theft through the use of computers does not necessarily have real space analogs as exemplifed by techniques of IP spoofing and page jacking (Katyal 2001). Recent instances of Online identity theft appearing in the popular press include a teenager who used e-mail and a bogus Web page to gain access to individuals' credit card data and steal thousands of dollars from consumers (New York Times 2003), and cyber-thieves who were able to access tens of thousands of personal credit reports Online (Salkever 2002). The purpose of this article, as depicted in Figure 1, is to explore the extent to which consumers are controlling their information Online and whether Privacy attitudes, offline data behaviors, Online experience and consumer background predict the level of Online protection practiced. There is an explicit link being made by Privacy advocates that suggests controlling one's information is a step toward protecting oneself from identity theft (Cohen 2001; Federal Trade Commission 2001). To evaluate the level of customer protection, we analyze survey results of consumer Online behaviors, many of which are depicted in Figure 1, and investigate their relationship to antecedent conditions suggested in the literature. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] In particular, we address the following research questions: What is the relationship between offline data protection practices and Online protection behavior? What is the relationship between Online shopping behaviors and Online protection behavior? What is the relationship between Privacy attitudes and Online protection behavior? What is the relationship between demographics and Online protection behavior? The remainder of this article is organized in four sections. We begin in the first section by reviewing the risks consumers face Online and the steps they can take to minimize their risk of Privacy invasion and identity theft. In the second section, we describe three surveys of consumers' Online behaviors related to Online Privacy and identity theft. We discuss the results in the third section and implications for managers, public policy makers, and consumers in the fourth and final section. Online Privacy AND IDENTITY THEFT While identity theft has caught the government's, businesses', and the public's attention (Hemphill 2001; Milne 2003), the empirical scholarly literature in this area is limited to the closely related issue of Online Privacy. Research has measured consumers' concern for Online Privacy (Sheehan and Hoy 2000), their ability to opt out of Online relationships (Milne and Rohm 2000), and the extent to which businesses have implemented fair information practices through the posting of their Online Privacy notices (Culnan 2000; Miyazaki and Fernandez 2001; Milne and Culnan 2002). …
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strategies for reducing Online Privacy risks why consumers read or don t read Online Privacy notices
Journal of Interactive Marketing, 2004Co-Authors: George R. Milne, Mary J CulnanAbstract:Online Privacy notices are intended to promote consumer choice and reduce the risks of disclosing personal information Online. However, these effects result only if consumers read and use the information contained in the notices. This study used an Online survey of 2,468 U.S. adult Internet users to investigate why Online consumers read Privacy notices across a variety of situations. We found that reading is related to concern for Privacy, positive perceptions about notice comprehension, and higher levels of trust in the notice. This suggests that effective Privacy notices serve an important function in addressing risk issues related to e-commerce. We further found that reading Privacy notices is only one element in an overall strategy consumers use to manage the risks of disclosing personal information Online.
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using the content of Online Privacy notices to inform public policy a longitudinal analysis of the 1998 2001 u s web surveys
The Information Society, 2002Co-Authors: George R. Milne, Mary J CulnanAbstract:In the United States, Congress has had a long-standing interest in consumer Privacy and the extent to which company practices are based on fair information practices. Previously, public policy was largely informed by anecdotal evidence about the effectiveness of industry self-regulatory programs. However, the Internet has made it possible to unobtrusively sample web sites and their Privacy disclosures in a way that is not feasible in the offline world. Beginning in 1998, the Federal Trade Commission relied upon a series of three surveys of web sites to assess whether organizations post Online Privacy disclosures and whether these disclosures represent the U.S. definition of fair information practices. While each year's survey has provided an important snapshot of U.S. web-site practices, there has been no longitudinal analysis of the multiyear trends. This study compares a subset of equivalent individual-level web-site data for the 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001 web surveys. Implications for using this type o...
