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Naomi J. Tokar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A medical calculator to determine testicular volumes matching ultrasound values from the width of the testis obtained in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler.
    International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Juan F. Sotos, Naomi J. Tokar
    Abstract:

    The determination of the testicular volume is of considerable importance to assess the onset, progression and disorders of puberty, abnormal testicular development, and a number of other conditions; and in adults, assessment of fertility. A number of clinical methods have been used for the measurement of testicular volumes in the scrotum: a centimeter ruler, sliding calipers, and Orchidometers. All the clinical methods calculate the volumes by the ellipsoid equation, grossly overestimate ultrasound (US) volumes by 70 to 80% for adults, to 150 to 250% for prepubertal subjects, mainly because the inclusion of the scrotal skin and epididymis and may not be accurate of reproducible. Ultrasound measurements have a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility and are the standard for quantitation of testicular volume. Formulas, equivalent to the ellipsoid equations used, were developed to match ultrasound volumes, with corrections of the width and length of the testis obtained in the scrotum, to avoid the inclusion of the scrotal skin (ss) and epididymis. A calculator was developed, requiring only the identification of ① the width of the testis in cm obtained in the scrotum with a ruler (without corrections) (i.e. 0.9, 1.5, 2.0, 2.4 cm etc.) and ② the stage of genital development. The calculator will subtract the scrotal skin for the stage of genital development, from the measurement of the width provided, apply the formula and identify the testicular volume of the subject that matches the US volume. The calculator will also provide, in a Table form, the values for the different stages of genital development. Benefit: The information provided by the calculator will solve the problem of overestimation by the Orchidometers and the external measurements, problems with the reference of values to age, and Tanner stages, would permit assessment of the beginning and progression of puberty, of micro and macroorchidism, and other conditions mentioned.

  • Appraisal of testicular volumes: volumes matching ultrasound values referenced to stages of genital development.
    International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Juan F. Sotos, Naomi J. Tokar
    Abstract:

    Testicular volumes obtained with Orchidometers or external linear measurements in the scrotum (centimeter ruler or calipers) grossly over-estimate ultrasound volumes, have much variability and may not be accurate or reproducible. The reference of the values obtained by Orchidometers or US, to age or Tanner stages is not useful to determine the normal values for stages of puberty, because overlapping of ages and values. Pubertal development is determined by two events, genital and pubic hair development, that should be analyzed independently because one could be out of step with the other. The ultrasound (US) measurement of testicular volumes is the gold standard but is somewhat inconvenient, because it requires another procedure and, mainly, is costly. The solution of the problems would be to determine testicular volumes matching US values, from the width of the testis obtained in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler, by formulas recently described, and to reference them to the stages of genital development. The width and length of the testes in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler were obtained in 159 study subjects, in different stages of genital development and adults, for a total of 318 testicular determinations, from the age of 3 to 34 years. The width obtained in the scrotum was corrected by subtracting the values of the double scrotal skin (ss). The formulas were then applied and the testicular volumes matching US values were calculated. The volumes and the range of ages for different stages of genital development were determined. Penile measurements were obtained in 145 subjects and pubic and other hair recorded. Paired and unpaired 2 tail student t-test was used to compare the means of the different groups expressed as means and SD and, in addition the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Bootstrap methods for the testicular volume groups. A p value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Nationwide Children’s Hospital determined that this study did not require IRB approval. With a simple measurement of the width of the testis in the scrotum, with a centimeter ruler, testicular volumes matching US values were calculated and normative values for each stage of genital development were determined. This information should solve present problems.

  • Appraisal of testicular volumes: volumes matching ultrasound values referenced to stages of genital development
    International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Juan F. Sotos, Naomi J. Tokar
    Abstract:

    Background Testicular volumes obtained with Orchidometers or external linear measurements in the scrotum (centimeter ruler or calipers) grossly over-estimate ultrasound volumes, have much variability and may not be accurate or reproducible. The reference of the values obtained by Orchidometers or US, to age or Tanner stages is not useful to determine the normal values for stages of puberty, because overlapping of ages and values. Pubertal development is determined by two events, genital and pubic hair development, that should be analyzed independently because one could be out of step with the other. The ultrasound (US) measurement of testicular volumes is the gold standard but is somewhat inconvenient, because it requires another procedure and, mainly, is costly. The solution of the problems would be to determine testicular volumes matching US values, from the width of the testis obtained in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler, by formulas recently described, and to reference them to the stages of genital development. Methods The width and length of the testes in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler were obtained in 159 study subjects, in different stages of genital development and adults, for a total of 318 testicular determinations, from the age of 3 to 34 years. The width obtained in the scrotum was corrected by subtracting the values of the double scrotal skin (ss). The formulas were then applied and the testicular volumes matching US values were calculated. The volumes and the range of ages for different stages of genital development were determined. Penile measurements were obtained in 145 subjects and pubic and other hair recorded. Paired and unpaired 2 tail student t-test was used to compare the means of the different groups expressed as means and SD and, in addition the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Bootstrap methods for the testicular volume groups. A p value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Nationwide Children’s Hospital determined that this study did not require IRB approval. Results With a simple measurement of the width of the testis in the scrotum, with a centimeter ruler, testicular volumes matching US values were calculated and normative values for each stage of genital development were determined. Conclusion This information should solve present problems.

Hideki Yoshida - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Relationship between testicular volume and testicular function: comparison of the Prader orchidometric and ultrasonographic measurements in patients with infertility
    Asian Journal of Andrology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Hideo Sakamoto, Yoshio Ogawa, Hideki Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Aim: To evaluate the relationship between testicular function and testicular volume measured by using Prader orchidometry and ultrasonography (US) to determine the critical testicular volume indicating normal testicular function by each method. Methods: Total testicular volume (right plus left testicular volume) was measured in 794 testes in 397 men with infertility (mean age, 35.6 years) using a Prader Orchidometer and also by ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic testicular volumes were calculated as length × width × height × 0.71. To evaluate volume-function relationships, patients were divided into 10 groups representing 5-mL increments of total testicular volume by each method from below 10 mL to 50 mL or more. Results: Mean total testicular volume based on Prader orchidometry and US were 36.8 mL and 26.3 mL, respectively. Semen volume, sperm density, total sperm count, total motile sperm count, and serum FSH, LH, and testosterone all correlated significantly with total testicular volume measured by either method. Mean sperm density was in the oligozoospermic range in patients with total testicular volume below 35 mL by orchidometry or below 20 mL by ultrasonography. Mean total sperm count was subnormal in patients with total testicular volume below 30 mL by orchidometry or under 20 mL by ultrasonography. Conclusion: Testicular volume measured by either ultrasonography or Prader orchidometry correlated significantly with testicular function. However, critical total testicular volume indicating normal or nearly normal testicular function was 30 mL to 35 mL using Prader Orchidometer and 20 mL using ultrasonography. Prader orchidometry morphometrically and functionally overestimated the testicular volume in comparison to US. (Asian J Androl 2008 Mar; 10: 319–324)

  • testicular volume measurement comparison of ultrasonography orchidometry and water displacement
    Urology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Hideo Sakamoto, Katsuyuki Saito, Michiya Oohta, Katuki Inoue, Yoshio Ogawa, Hideki Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objectives To determine the accuracy of orchidometry and ultrasonography for measuring the testicular volume by comparing the resultant measurements with the actual testicular volume in humans. Methods The testicular volume of 40 testes from 20 patients with prostate cancer (mean age ± SD 74.5 ± 7.5 years) was measured using the Prader Orchidometer and ultrasonography before therapeutic bilateral orchiectomy. The ultrasound measurements of testicular volume were calculated using three formulas: length (L) × width (W) × height (H) × 0.52, L × W 2 × 0.52, and L × W × H × 0.71. The actual testicular volumes were determined by water displacement of the surgical specimen. Results The mean actual testicular volume of the 40 testes was 9.3 cm 3 (range 2.5 to 23.0). A strong correlation was found between the testicular volume calculated by the three ultrasound formulas and the actual volume ( r = 0.910 to 0.965, P r = 0.818, P 3 (7.42%). The measurements using the Prader Orchidometer correlated with the actual testicular volume and with the testicular volume calculated using the three ultrasound formulas ( r = 0.801 to 0.816, P 3 , 81.7%). Conclusions The results of this study have shown that measuring the testicular volume by ultrasonography is more accurate than by the Prader Orchidometer, and the formula L × W × H × 0.71 was the most accurate for calculating the testicular volume.

  • Testicular Volume Measurements Using Prader Orchidometer Versus Ultrasonography in Patients with Infertility
    Urology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Hideo Sakamoto, Katsuyuki Saito, Yoshio Ogawa, Hideki Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objectives To compare the accuracy of testicular volume measurements with the Prader Orchidometer versus ultrasonography. Methods The volume of 938 testes in 469 men with infertility (mean age 35.8 years) was measured using a Prader Orchidometer and by ultrasonography. The ultrasound testicular volumes were calculated using the formula length × width × height × 0.71. To compare any differences between the methods according to testicular size, the patients were divided into six groups according to the ultrasound-determined volume: less than 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 15, 15 to 20, 20 to 25, and 25 cm 3 or more. Results The mean volume by orchidometry and ultrasonography was 18.7 and 13.7 cm 3 for the right testis and 18.0 and 12.5 cm 3 for the left, respectively, and was significantly overestimated by orchidometry ( P 3 on the right and 5.5 cm 3 on the left). The largest differences between methods were observed for volumes of 10 to 15 cm 3 on the right and 5 to 10 cm 3 on the left. The difference between the methods decreased as the ultrasound-determined volume increased ( r = 0.636 on the right; r = 0.598 on the left testis). Nonetheless, the Prader orchidometric measurements showed a strong correlation with the ultrasound measurements ( r = 0.707 on the right; r = 0.746 on the left). Conclusions The testicular volume estimated by Prader orchidometry correlated closely with the measurements by ultrasonography. However, the Orchidometer overestimated the testicular volume, especially in small testes.

Juan F. Sotos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A medical calculator to determine testicular volumes matching ultrasound values from the width of the testis obtained in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler.
    International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Juan F. Sotos, Naomi J. Tokar
    Abstract:

    The determination of the testicular volume is of considerable importance to assess the onset, progression and disorders of puberty, abnormal testicular development, and a number of other conditions; and in adults, assessment of fertility. A number of clinical methods have been used for the measurement of testicular volumes in the scrotum: a centimeter ruler, sliding calipers, and Orchidometers. All the clinical methods calculate the volumes by the ellipsoid equation, grossly overestimate ultrasound (US) volumes by 70 to 80% for adults, to 150 to 250% for prepubertal subjects, mainly because the inclusion of the scrotal skin and epididymis and may not be accurate of reproducible. Ultrasound measurements have a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility and are the standard for quantitation of testicular volume. Formulas, equivalent to the ellipsoid equations used, were developed to match ultrasound volumes, with corrections of the width and length of the testis obtained in the scrotum, to avoid the inclusion of the scrotal skin (ss) and epididymis. A calculator was developed, requiring only the identification of ① the width of the testis in cm obtained in the scrotum with a ruler (without corrections) (i.e. 0.9, 1.5, 2.0, 2.4 cm etc.) and ② the stage of genital development. The calculator will subtract the scrotal skin for the stage of genital development, from the measurement of the width provided, apply the formula and identify the testicular volume of the subject that matches the US volume. The calculator will also provide, in a Table form, the values for the different stages of genital development. Benefit: The information provided by the calculator will solve the problem of overestimation by the Orchidometers and the external measurements, problems with the reference of values to age, and Tanner stages, would permit assessment of the beginning and progression of puberty, of micro and macroorchidism, and other conditions mentioned.

  • Appraisal of testicular volumes: volumes matching ultrasound values referenced to stages of genital development.
    International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Juan F. Sotos, Naomi J. Tokar
    Abstract:

    Testicular volumes obtained with Orchidometers or external linear measurements in the scrotum (centimeter ruler or calipers) grossly over-estimate ultrasound volumes, have much variability and may not be accurate or reproducible. The reference of the values obtained by Orchidometers or US, to age or Tanner stages is not useful to determine the normal values for stages of puberty, because overlapping of ages and values. Pubertal development is determined by two events, genital and pubic hair development, that should be analyzed independently because one could be out of step with the other. The ultrasound (US) measurement of testicular volumes is the gold standard but is somewhat inconvenient, because it requires another procedure and, mainly, is costly. The solution of the problems would be to determine testicular volumes matching US values, from the width of the testis obtained in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler, by formulas recently described, and to reference them to the stages of genital development. The width and length of the testes in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler were obtained in 159 study subjects, in different stages of genital development and adults, for a total of 318 testicular determinations, from the age of 3 to 34 years. The width obtained in the scrotum was corrected by subtracting the values of the double scrotal skin (ss). The formulas were then applied and the testicular volumes matching US values were calculated. The volumes and the range of ages for different stages of genital development were determined. Penile measurements were obtained in 145 subjects and pubic and other hair recorded. Paired and unpaired 2 tail student t-test was used to compare the means of the different groups expressed as means and SD and, in addition the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Bootstrap methods for the testicular volume groups. A p value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Nationwide Children’s Hospital determined that this study did not require IRB approval. With a simple measurement of the width of the testis in the scrotum, with a centimeter ruler, testicular volumes matching US values were calculated and normative values for each stage of genital development were determined. This information should solve present problems.

  • Appraisal of testicular volumes: volumes matching ultrasound values referenced to stages of genital development
    International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Juan F. Sotos, Naomi J. Tokar
    Abstract:

    Background Testicular volumes obtained with Orchidometers or external linear measurements in the scrotum (centimeter ruler or calipers) grossly over-estimate ultrasound volumes, have much variability and may not be accurate or reproducible. The reference of the values obtained by Orchidometers or US, to age or Tanner stages is not useful to determine the normal values for stages of puberty, because overlapping of ages and values. Pubertal development is determined by two events, genital and pubic hair development, that should be analyzed independently because one could be out of step with the other. The ultrasound (US) measurement of testicular volumes is the gold standard but is somewhat inconvenient, because it requires another procedure and, mainly, is costly. The solution of the problems would be to determine testicular volumes matching US values, from the width of the testis obtained in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler, by formulas recently described, and to reference them to the stages of genital development. Methods The width and length of the testes in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler were obtained in 159 study subjects, in different stages of genital development and adults, for a total of 318 testicular determinations, from the age of 3 to 34 years. The width obtained in the scrotum was corrected by subtracting the values of the double scrotal skin (ss). The formulas were then applied and the testicular volumes matching US values were calculated. The volumes and the range of ages for different stages of genital development were determined. Penile measurements were obtained in 145 subjects and pubic and other hair recorded. Paired and unpaired 2 tail student t-test was used to compare the means of the different groups expressed as means and SD and, in addition the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Bootstrap methods for the testicular volume groups. A p value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Nationwide Children’s Hospital determined that this study did not require IRB approval. Results With a simple measurement of the width of the testis in the scrotum, with a centimeter ruler, testicular volumes matching US values were calculated and normative values for each stage of genital development were determined. Conclusion This information should solve present problems.

Hideo Sakamoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Relationship between testicular volume and testicular function: comparison of the Prader orchidometric and ultrasonographic measurements in patients with infertility
    Asian Journal of Andrology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Hideo Sakamoto, Yoshio Ogawa, Hideki Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Aim: To evaluate the relationship between testicular function and testicular volume measured by using Prader orchidometry and ultrasonography (US) to determine the critical testicular volume indicating normal testicular function by each method. Methods: Total testicular volume (right plus left testicular volume) was measured in 794 testes in 397 men with infertility (mean age, 35.6 years) using a Prader Orchidometer and also by ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic testicular volumes were calculated as length × width × height × 0.71. To evaluate volume-function relationships, patients were divided into 10 groups representing 5-mL increments of total testicular volume by each method from below 10 mL to 50 mL or more. Results: Mean total testicular volume based on Prader orchidometry and US were 36.8 mL and 26.3 mL, respectively. Semen volume, sperm density, total sperm count, total motile sperm count, and serum FSH, LH, and testosterone all correlated significantly with total testicular volume measured by either method. Mean sperm density was in the oligozoospermic range in patients with total testicular volume below 35 mL by orchidometry or below 20 mL by ultrasonography. Mean total sperm count was subnormal in patients with total testicular volume below 30 mL by orchidometry or under 20 mL by ultrasonography. Conclusion: Testicular volume measured by either ultrasonography or Prader orchidometry correlated significantly with testicular function. However, critical total testicular volume indicating normal or nearly normal testicular function was 30 mL to 35 mL using Prader Orchidometer and 20 mL using ultrasonography. Prader orchidometry morphometrically and functionally overestimated the testicular volume in comparison to US. (Asian J Androl 2008 Mar; 10: 319–324)

  • testicular volume measurement comparison of ultrasonography orchidometry and water displacement
    Urology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Hideo Sakamoto, Katsuyuki Saito, Michiya Oohta, Katuki Inoue, Yoshio Ogawa, Hideki Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objectives To determine the accuracy of orchidometry and ultrasonography for measuring the testicular volume by comparing the resultant measurements with the actual testicular volume in humans. Methods The testicular volume of 40 testes from 20 patients with prostate cancer (mean age ± SD 74.5 ± 7.5 years) was measured using the Prader Orchidometer and ultrasonography before therapeutic bilateral orchiectomy. The ultrasound measurements of testicular volume were calculated using three formulas: length (L) × width (W) × height (H) × 0.52, L × W 2 × 0.52, and L × W × H × 0.71. The actual testicular volumes were determined by water displacement of the surgical specimen. Results The mean actual testicular volume of the 40 testes was 9.3 cm 3 (range 2.5 to 23.0). A strong correlation was found between the testicular volume calculated by the three ultrasound formulas and the actual volume ( r = 0.910 to 0.965, P r = 0.818, P 3 (7.42%). The measurements using the Prader Orchidometer correlated with the actual testicular volume and with the testicular volume calculated using the three ultrasound formulas ( r = 0.801 to 0.816, P 3 , 81.7%). Conclusions The results of this study have shown that measuring the testicular volume by ultrasonography is more accurate than by the Prader Orchidometer, and the formula L × W × H × 0.71 was the most accurate for calculating the testicular volume.

  • Testicular Volume Measurements Using Prader Orchidometer Versus Ultrasonography in Patients with Infertility
    Urology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Hideo Sakamoto, Katsuyuki Saito, Yoshio Ogawa, Hideki Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objectives To compare the accuracy of testicular volume measurements with the Prader Orchidometer versus ultrasonography. Methods The volume of 938 testes in 469 men with infertility (mean age 35.8 years) was measured using a Prader Orchidometer and by ultrasonography. The ultrasound testicular volumes were calculated using the formula length × width × height × 0.71. To compare any differences between the methods according to testicular size, the patients were divided into six groups according to the ultrasound-determined volume: less than 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 15, 15 to 20, 20 to 25, and 25 cm 3 or more. Results The mean volume by orchidometry and ultrasonography was 18.7 and 13.7 cm 3 for the right testis and 18.0 and 12.5 cm 3 for the left, respectively, and was significantly overestimated by orchidometry ( P 3 on the right and 5.5 cm 3 on the left). The largest differences between methods were observed for volumes of 10 to 15 cm 3 on the right and 5 to 10 cm 3 on the left. The difference between the methods decreased as the ultrasound-determined volume increased ( r = 0.636 on the right; r = 0.598 on the left testis). Nonetheless, the Prader orchidometric measurements showed a strong correlation with the ultrasound measurements ( r = 0.707 on the right; r = 0.746 on the left). Conclusions The testicular volume estimated by Prader orchidometry correlated closely with the measurements by ultrasonography. However, the Orchidometer overestimated the testicular volume, especially in small testes.

Yoshio Ogawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Relationship between testicular volume and testicular function: comparison of the Prader orchidometric and ultrasonographic measurements in patients with infertility
    Asian Journal of Andrology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Hideo Sakamoto, Yoshio Ogawa, Hideki Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Aim: To evaluate the relationship between testicular function and testicular volume measured by using Prader orchidometry and ultrasonography (US) to determine the critical testicular volume indicating normal testicular function by each method. Methods: Total testicular volume (right plus left testicular volume) was measured in 794 testes in 397 men with infertility (mean age, 35.6 years) using a Prader Orchidometer and also by ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic testicular volumes were calculated as length × width × height × 0.71. To evaluate volume-function relationships, patients were divided into 10 groups representing 5-mL increments of total testicular volume by each method from below 10 mL to 50 mL or more. Results: Mean total testicular volume based on Prader orchidometry and US were 36.8 mL and 26.3 mL, respectively. Semen volume, sperm density, total sperm count, total motile sperm count, and serum FSH, LH, and testosterone all correlated significantly with total testicular volume measured by either method. Mean sperm density was in the oligozoospermic range in patients with total testicular volume below 35 mL by orchidometry or below 20 mL by ultrasonography. Mean total sperm count was subnormal in patients with total testicular volume below 30 mL by orchidometry or under 20 mL by ultrasonography. Conclusion: Testicular volume measured by either ultrasonography or Prader orchidometry correlated significantly with testicular function. However, critical total testicular volume indicating normal or nearly normal testicular function was 30 mL to 35 mL using Prader Orchidometer and 20 mL using ultrasonography. Prader orchidometry morphometrically and functionally overestimated the testicular volume in comparison to US. (Asian J Androl 2008 Mar; 10: 319–324)

  • testicular volume measurement comparison of ultrasonography orchidometry and water displacement
    Urology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Hideo Sakamoto, Katsuyuki Saito, Michiya Oohta, Katuki Inoue, Yoshio Ogawa, Hideki Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objectives To determine the accuracy of orchidometry and ultrasonography for measuring the testicular volume by comparing the resultant measurements with the actual testicular volume in humans. Methods The testicular volume of 40 testes from 20 patients with prostate cancer (mean age ± SD 74.5 ± 7.5 years) was measured using the Prader Orchidometer and ultrasonography before therapeutic bilateral orchiectomy. The ultrasound measurements of testicular volume were calculated using three formulas: length (L) × width (W) × height (H) × 0.52, L × W 2 × 0.52, and L × W × H × 0.71. The actual testicular volumes were determined by water displacement of the surgical specimen. Results The mean actual testicular volume of the 40 testes was 9.3 cm 3 (range 2.5 to 23.0). A strong correlation was found between the testicular volume calculated by the three ultrasound formulas and the actual volume ( r = 0.910 to 0.965, P r = 0.818, P 3 (7.42%). The measurements using the Prader Orchidometer correlated with the actual testicular volume and with the testicular volume calculated using the three ultrasound formulas ( r = 0.801 to 0.816, P 3 , 81.7%). Conclusions The results of this study have shown that measuring the testicular volume by ultrasonography is more accurate than by the Prader Orchidometer, and the formula L × W × H × 0.71 was the most accurate for calculating the testicular volume.

  • Testicular Volume Measurements Using Prader Orchidometer Versus Ultrasonography in Patients with Infertility
    Urology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Hideo Sakamoto, Katsuyuki Saito, Yoshio Ogawa, Hideki Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objectives To compare the accuracy of testicular volume measurements with the Prader Orchidometer versus ultrasonography. Methods The volume of 938 testes in 469 men with infertility (mean age 35.8 years) was measured using a Prader Orchidometer and by ultrasonography. The ultrasound testicular volumes were calculated using the formula length × width × height × 0.71. To compare any differences between the methods according to testicular size, the patients were divided into six groups according to the ultrasound-determined volume: less than 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 15, 15 to 20, 20 to 25, and 25 cm 3 or more. Results The mean volume by orchidometry and ultrasonography was 18.7 and 13.7 cm 3 for the right testis and 18.0 and 12.5 cm 3 for the left, respectively, and was significantly overestimated by orchidometry ( P 3 on the right and 5.5 cm 3 on the left). The largest differences between methods were observed for volumes of 10 to 15 cm 3 on the right and 5 to 10 cm 3 on the left. The difference between the methods decreased as the ultrasound-determined volume increased ( r = 0.636 on the right; r = 0.598 on the left testis). Nonetheless, the Prader orchidometric measurements showed a strong correlation with the ultrasound measurements ( r = 0.707 on the right; r = 0.746 on the left). Conclusions The testicular volume estimated by Prader orchidometry correlated closely with the measurements by ultrasonography. However, the Orchidometer overestimated the testicular volume, especially in small testes.