The Experts below are selected from a list of 111 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Martin Van Sint Annaland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Resource scarcity in palladium Membrane applications for carbon capture in integrated gasification combined cycle units
    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014
    Co-Authors: Arash Helmi, Fausto Gallucci, Martin Van Sint Annaland
    Abstract:

    Recently, many reviews on pre-combustion CO2 capture (CCS) in an IGCC plant have been focused on the techno-economic performance of Palladium-Based Membrane reactor modules downstream of conventional steam reforming or shift reactors. Although the determination and minimisation of the amount of palladium necessary for a specific power production capacity has been the target of many research studies, surprisingly little attention has been paid in the open literature to the availability of this metal in the large quantities required for large scale applications. To fill this gap, the scope of this work was to compare the amount of palladium needed for pre-combustion CCS with Pd-Membranes and the available production capacity of palladium. Two specific techno-economic studies with a different net IGCC power output were selected from the literature. In each case, the amount of palladium that is necessary for the plant to be in operation was compared with the world supply and demand for palladium. The results show that even for a power plant of "only" 1 GWe net electricity production utilizing Membranes with the best reported performance, a relatively large (∼0.7%) amount of palladium is required compared to the total world supply. Considering the total worldwide electricity production from fossil fuels (14,455 TWh in 2010) a tremendous increase in the world supply of Palladium would be required to redirect from the traditional IGCC power plants without CO2 capture units to the new Membrane technology. We conclude that large scale pre-combustion capture of CO2 using palladium Membranes seems to be unfeasible and research on Pd-based Membrane reactors should focus on small(er) scale applications. © 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • Modelling and systematic experimental investigation of mass transfer in supported Palladium-Based Membrane separators
    International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2012
    Co-Authors: Jurriaan Boon, Jan Wilco Dijkstra, J A Z Pieterse, Martin Van Sint Annaland
    Abstract:

    Hydrogen separation with Palladium-Based Membranes is considered as a promising technology for pre-combustion CO2 capture as well as for industrial hydrogen production. With improvements in Membrane permeance, resistances to mass transfer are becoming increasingly important. In this work, a systematic approach is followed in order to discern and account for different contributions to the overall mass transfer resistance, based on a combined experimental and modelling approach. Experiments have been performed that started with pure H2 feed, without sweep, subsequently followed by introducing N2 on the feed side, and N2 sweep gas. Using a phenomenological description for the palladium layer and the dusty gas model for the Membrane support, coupled to a 2D Navier-Stokes solver with a convection-diffusion equation to account for possible concentration polarisation, all relevant mass transfer resistances are adequately modelled. For the conditions investigated, the main resistances to mass transfer are concentration polarisation in the retentate, hydrogen permeation through the metallic palladium layer, and a diffusional resistance in the support layer. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Angelo Basile - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Encyclopedia of Membrane Science and Technology - Membrane Reactors, Applications
    Encyclopedia of Membrane Science and Technology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Angelo Basile, S. Liguori, Adolfo Iulianelli
    Abstract:

    The development of new value-added products and the application of innovative technologies are attracting considerable attention in the context of modernization of the oil-refining, chemical, and petrochemical industries,involving the treatment of aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins and the production of green energy while preserving the environment. Membrane technology can constitute a key challenge in the promotion of scale-up from fundamental research to large-scale industry owing to the offer of attractive opportunities in the design, rationalization, and optimization of, for example, energy production. Different operations can be integrated in the same industrial field, leading to important benefits of product quality, plant compactness, and lower environmental impact. As a specific case, high competitiveness and innovation are expected from integrated Membrane reactor technology in many segments of conventional industrial activities, especially in areas such as the production of hydrogen from the reforming of hydrocarbons and alcohols or from the exploitation of new greener and alternative energy sources such as biofuels. Keywords: Membrane reactor; Palladium-Based Membrane; hydrogen production; catalysis biofuels

  • Pd-based Selective Membrane State-of-the-Art
    Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production Processes, 2011
    Co-Authors: Angelo Basile, Adolfo Iulianelli, T. Longo, S. Liguori, Marcello De Falco
    Abstract:

    Dense Palladium-Based Membrane reactors represent as an alternative solution to the conventional systems for pure hydrogen production, assuring important benefits in terms of efficiency and compactness. As a main scope, this chapter will give an overview on the general classification of the Membranes, paying particular attention to the Palladium-Based Membranes and their applications, pointing out the most important benefits and the drawback due to their use. Finally, the application of Palladium-Based Membranes in the area of the Membrane reactors will be illustrated and such reaction processes in the issue of hydrogen production will be discussed.

  • Hydrogen Production Using Pd-based Membrane Reactors for Fuel Cells
    Topics in Catalysis, 2008
    Co-Authors: Angelo Basile
    Abstract:

    In this review, recent progress on Palladium-Based Membrane reactors (MRs) is outlined concentrating on the production of pure hydrogen. Various aspects are presented concerning some dehydrogenation reactions as well as an analysis of the palladium based Membranes under study and the governing equations. Some critical aspects of non-palladium based Membranes are presented. Moreover, some problems related to the effect of contamination of the Pd-based Membranes and to the H_2 flux are introduced; the long-term durability problems of inorganic MRs are also discussed.

  • Ethanol steam reforming in a dense Pd–Ag Membrane reactor: A modelling work. Comparison with the traditional system
    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007
    Co-Authors: Fausto Gallucci, De M Falco, Silvano Tosti, Luigi Marrelli, Angelo Basile
    Abstract:

    The ethanol steam-reforming reaction for the production of synthesis gas has been studied theoretically. A mathematical model has been formulated for a traditional reactor packed with a Co-based catalyst and then applied to a Membrane reactor (MR) in which the hydrogen production is increased by removing the hydrogen produced from the reaction mixture through a highly selective (100%) Palladium-Based Membrane. Our simulation results show that with MR it is possible to obtain both higher conversions of ethanol and higher hydrogen selectivities compared to those obtained in a traditional reactor operating at the same experimental conditions. The theoretical analysis provides a set of parameters allowing to maximize the (pure) hydrogen production and/or ethanol conversion if adopted in an experimental device.

  • Hydrogen recovery from methanol steam reforming in a dense Membrane reactor : simulation study
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2004
    Co-Authors: Fausto Gallucci, Luca Paturzo, Angelo Basile
    Abstract:

    The methanol steam-reforming reaction to produce synthesis gas has been studied theoretically. A mathematical model has been formulated for a traditional reactor and then applied to a palladium Membrane reactor in which the hydrogen production is increased by removing the hydrogen produced from the reaction mixture through a highly selective (100%) Palladium-Based Membrane. In agreement with the literature, the results show that it is possible to obtain both higher conversions of methanol and higher hydrogen selectivities compared to those obtained in a traditional reactor operating at the same experimental conditions. The theoretical analysis provides a set of parameters that permit one to maximize the (pure) hydrogen production and/or methanol conversion if adopted in an experimental device.

Fausto Gallucci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • On concentration polarization in fluidized bed Membrane reactors
    Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018
    Co-Authors: Arash Helmi, Fausto Gallucci, R.j.w. Voncken, A.j. Raijmakers, I Ivo Roghair, M. Van Sint Annaland
    Abstract:

    Abstract Palladium-Based Membrane-assisted fluidized bed reactors have been proposed for the production of ultra-pure hydrogen at small scales. Due to the improved heat and mass transfer characteristics inside such reactors, it is commonly believed that they can outperform packed bed Membrane reactor configurations. It has been widely shown that the performance of packed bed Membrane reactors can suffer from serious mass transfer limitations from the bulk of the catalyst bed to the surface of the Membranes (concentration polarization) when using modern highly permeable Membranes. The extent of concentration polarization in fluidized bed Membrane reactors has not yet been researched in detail. In this work, we have quantified the concentration polarization effect inside fluidized bed Membrane reactors with immersed vertical Membranes with high hydrogen fluxes. A Two-Fluid Model (TFM) was used to quantify the extent of concentration polarization and to visualize the concentration profiles near the Membrane. The concentration profiles were simplified to a mass transfer boundary layer (typically 1 cm in thickness), which was implemented in a 1D fluidized bed Membrane reactor model to account for the concentration polarization effects. Predictions by the TFM and the extended 1D model showed very good agreement with experimental hydrogen flux data. The experiments and models show that concentration polarization can reduce the hydrogen flux by a factor of 3 even at low H2 concentrations in the feed (10%), which confirms that concentration polarization can also significantly affect the performance of fluidized bed Membrane reactors when integrating highly permeable Membranes, but to a somewhat lesser extent than packed bed Membrane reactors. The extraction of hydrogen also affects the gas velocity and solids hold-up profiles in the fluidized bed.

  • Palladium based Membrane reactors for hydrogen production
    2015
    Co-Authors: E. Fernandez Gesalaga, A. Helmi Siasi Farimani, J.a. Medrano Jimenez, A. Arratibel Plazaola, Jose Luis Viviente, J. Zuniga, M. Van Sint Annaland, D.a. Pacheco Tanaka, Fausto Gallucci
    Abstract:

    The application of Membrane reactors has been widely studied for methane steam reforming and water gas shift using Pd-alloy Membranes. The integration of reaction and separation allows obtaining higher conversion degrees, smaller reactor volumes and higher efficiencies compared with conventional systems. In the last decade, much thinner dense Pd-based Membranes have been produced that can be used in Membrane reactors. However, the thinner the Membranes the higher the flux and the higher the effect of concentration polarization in packed beds. A reactor concept that can circumvent (or at least strongly reduce) concentration polarization is the fluidized bed Membrane reactor configuration, and also can improve the heat transfer. Tecnalia and TU/e are involved in four European projects that are related to development of fluidized bed Membrane reactors for hydrogen production using thin Pd-Ag (

  • Resource scarcity in palladium Membrane applications for carbon capture in integrated gasification combined cycle units
    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014
    Co-Authors: Arash Helmi, Fausto Gallucci, Martin Van Sint Annaland
    Abstract:

    Abstract Recently, many reviews on pre-combustion CO 2 capture (CCS) in an IGCC plant have been focused on the techno-economic performance of Palladium-Based Membrane reactor modules downstream of conventional steam reforming or shift reactors. Although the determination and minimisation of the amount of palladium necessary for a specific power production capacity has been the target of many research studies, surprisingly little attention has been paid in the open literature to the availability of this metal in the large quantities required for large scale applications. To fill this gap, the scope of this work was to compare the amount of palladium needed for pre-combustion CCS with Pd-Membranes and the available production capacity of palladium. Two specific techno-economic studies with a different net IGCC power output were selected from the literature. In each case, the amount of palladium that is necessary for the plant to be in operation was compared with the world supply and demand for palladium. The results show that even for a power plant of “only” 1 GWe net electricity production utilizing Membranes with the best reported performance, a relatively large (∼0.7%) amount of palladium is required compared to the total world supply. Considering the total worldwide electricity production from fossil fuels (14,455 TWh in 2010) a tremendous increase in the world supply of Palladium would be required to redirect from the traditional IGCC power plants without CO 2 capture units to the new Membrane technology. We conclude that large scale pre-combustion capture of CO 2 using palladium Membranes seems to be unfeasible and research on Pd-based Membrane reactors should focus on small(er) scale applications.

  • Resource scarcity in palladium Membrane applications for carbon capture in integrated gasification combined cycle units
    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014
    Co-Authors: Arash Helmi, Fausto Gallucci, Martin Van Sint Annaland
    Abstract:

    Recently, many reviews on pre-combustion CO2 capture (CCS) in an IGCC plant have been focused on the techno-economic performance of Palladium-Based Membrane reactor modules downstream of conventional steam reforming or shift reactors. Although the determination and minimisation of the amount of palladium necessary for a specific power production capacity has been the target of many research studies, surprisingly little attention has been paid in the open literature to the availability of this metal in the large quantities required for large scale applications. To fill this gap, the scope of this work was to compare the amount of palladium needed for pre-combustion CCS with Pd-Membranes and the available production capacity of palladium. Two specific techno-economic studies with a different net IGCC power output were selected from the literature. In each case, the amount of palladium that is necessary for the plant to be in operation was compared with the world supply and demand for palladium. The results show that even for a power plant of "only" 1 GWe net electricity production utilizing Membranes with the best reported performance, a relatively large (∼0.7%) amount of palladium is required compared to the total world supply. Considering the total worldwide electricity production from fossil fuels (14,455 TWh in 2010) a tremendous increase in the world supply of Palladium would be required to redirect from the traditional IGCC power plants without CO2 capture units to the new Membrane technology. We conclude that large scale pre-combustion capture of CO2 using palladium Membranes seems to be unfeasible and research on Pd-based Membrane reactors should focus on small(er) scale applications. © 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • Ethanol steam reforming in a dense Pd–Ag Membrane reactor: A modelling work. Comparison with the traditional system
    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007
    Co-Authors: Fausto Gallucci, De M Falco, Silvano Tosti, Luigi Marrelli, Angelo Basile
    Abstract:

    The ethanol steam-reforming reaction for the production of synthesis gas has been studied theoretically. A mathematical model has been formulated for a traditional reactor packed with a Co-based catalyst and then applied to a Membrane reactor (MR) in which the hydrogen production is increased by removing the hydrogen produced from the reaction mixture through a highly selective (100%) Palladium-Based Membrane. Our simulation results show that with MR it is possible to obtain both higher conversions of ethanol and higher hydrogen selectivities compared to those obtained in a traditional reactor operating at the same experimental conditions. The theoretical analysis provides a set of parameters allowing to maximize the (pure) hydrogen production and/or ethanol conversion if adopted in an experimental device.

Jurriaan Boon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Modelling and systematic experimental investigation of mass transfer in supported Palladium-Based Membrane separators
    International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2012
    Co-Authors: Jurriaan Boon, Jan Wilco Dijkstra, J A Z Pieterse, Van M Martin Sint Annaland
    Abstract:

    Hydrogen separation with Palladium-Based Membranes is considered as a promising technology for pre-combustion CO2 capture as well as for industrial hydrogen production. With improvements in Membrane permeance, resistances to mass transfer are becoming increasingly important. In this work, a systematic approach is followed in order to discern and account for different contributions to the overall mass transfer resistance, based on a combined experimental and modelling approach. Experiments have been performed that started with pure H2 feed, without sweep, subsequently followed by introducing N2 on the feed side, and N2 sweep gas. Using a phenomenological description for the palladium layer and the dusty gas model for the Membrane support, coupled to a 2D Navier–Stokes solver with a convection-diffusion equation to account for possible concentration polarisation, all relevant mass transfer resistances are adequately modelled. For the conditions investigated, the main resistances to mass transfer are concentration polarisation in the retentate, hydrogen permeation through the metallic palladium layer, and a diffusional resistance in the support layer.

  • Modelling and systematic experimental investigation of mass transfer in supported Palladium-Based Membrane separators
    International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2012
    Co-Authors: Jurriaan Boon, Jan Wilco Dijkstra, J A Z Pieterse, Martin Van Sint Annaland
    Abstract:

    Hydrogen separation with Palladium-Based Membranes is considered as a promising technology for pre-combustion CO2 capture as well as for industrial hydrogen production. With improvements in Membrane permeance, resistances to mass transfer are becoming increasingly important. In this work, a systematic approach is followed in order to discern and account for different contributions to the overall mass transfer resistance, based on a combined experimental and modelling approach. Experiments have been performed that started with pure H2 feed, without sweep, subsequently followed by introducing N2 on the feed side, and N2 sweep gas. Using a phenomenological description for the palladium layer and the dusty gas model for the Membrane support, coupled to a 2D Navier-Stokes solver with a convection-diffusion equation to account for possible concentration polarisation, all relevant mass transfer resistances are adequately modelled. For the conditions investigated, the main resistances to mass transfer are concentration polarisation in the retentate, hydrogen permeation through the metallic palladium layer, and a diffusional resistance in the support layer. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Leonardo Roses - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of Membrane reactors: simulation of a Palladium-Based Membrane reactor in fuel cell micro-cogenerator system
    Handbook of Membrane Reactors, 2014
    Co-Authors: Leonardo Roses, Stefano Campanari, Giampaolo Manzolini
    Abstract:

    Abstract: This chapter presents a bi-dimensional CFD simulation applied to a steam methane reformer coupled with a Palladium-Based hydrogen-permeable Membrane, the so-called ‘Membrane reformer’ (MREF). The interest of this configuration relies on the possibility of implementing this technology within a polymer electrolyte Membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)-based micro-cogenerator (also micro-Combined Heat and Power (CHP)) with a net electrical power output in the range of 1–2 kW. A bi-dimensional CFD simulation is important to correctly predict MREF performances due to the coupling of several phenomena in the reactor, such as reaction rate, heat and mass transfer: the reforming reaction heat is supplied by a stream of hot gas coming from the combustion of the unconverted fuel and the unpermeated hydrogen. Through detailed analyses of temperatures, species concentration and reaction rate profiles along the Membrane and within the catalyst bed, we study their impact on reactor performance.

  • Techno-economic Assessment of Membrane Reactor Technologies for Pure Hydrogen Production for Fuel Cell Vehicle Fleets
    Energy & Fuels, 2013
    Co-Authors: Leonardo Roses, Ellart De Wit, Stefano Campanari, Michael Walter
    Abstract:

    In the evolution toward a ?carbon-neutral? energy economy, among the most promising solutions for replacing today?s greenhouse gas (GHG)-emitting vehicles is the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier. In the pathway toward a future infrastructure based on renewable energy sources, a medium-term step would rely on the use of fossil fuels for on-site production of hydrogen, feeding small fleets of fuel cell vehicles. Great interest is on natural gas as a primary source because of its high hydrogen/carbon ratio. State of the art technology for the production of hydrogen from natural gas includes a series of reacting steps typically involving steam reforming (at 800 °C or above), a water-gas shift reactor, and a final purification of hydrogen through pressure swing adsorption (PSA). An alternative that has been the subject of growing interest is the use of thin (2?50 ?m thick) Pd-alloy materials as hydrogen perm-selective Membranes for the embedded extraction of pure hydrogen from the chemical reactor; this system is usually known as the ?Membrane reactor?. This paper studies the adoption of Palladium-Based Membrane reactor technologies for pure hydrogen production from natural gas. In particular, three system layouts are analyzed and compared to the traditional option: (i) autothermal reforming Membrane reactor, (ii) steam reforming Membrane reactor (externally heated), and (iii) water-gas shift Membrane reactor downstream of a steam reformer. The comparison is made in terms of performances and techno-economic considerations for the design of compact systems for on-site production of hydrogen at filling stations. The systems are designed for 50 m3/h (1766 cfh) of hydrogen, which corresponds to refilling 25 vehicles a day with 4 kg of hydrogen (approximately 418 km driving range on fuel cell vehicles with a 70 MPa storage tank).\nIn the evolution toward a ?carbon-neutral? energy economy, among the most promising solutions for replacing today?s greenhouse gas (GHG)-emitting vehicles is the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier. In the pathway toward a future infrastructure based on renewable energy sources, a medium-term step would rely on the use of fossil fuels for on-site production of hydrogen, feeding small fleets of fuel cell vehicles. Great interest is on natural gas as a primary source because of its high hydrogen/carbon ratio. State of the art technology for the production of hydrogen from natural gas includes a series of reacting steps typically involving steam reforming (at 800 °C or above), a water-gas shift reactor, and a final purification of hydrogen through pressure swing adsorption (PSA). An alternative that has been the subject of growing interest is the use of thin (2?50 ?m thick) Pd-alloy materials as hydrogen perm-selective Membranes for the embedded extraction of pure hydrogen from the chemical reactor; this system is usually known as the ?Membrane reactor?. This paper studies the adoption of Palladium-Based Membrane reactor technologies for pure hydrogen production from natural gas. In particular, three system layouts are analyzed and compared to the traditional option: (i) autothermal reforming Membrane reactor, (ii) steam reforming Membrane reactor (externally heated), and (iii) water-gas shift Membrane reactor downstream of a steam reformer. The comparison is made in terms of performances and techno-economic considerations for the design of compact systems for on-site production of hydrogen at filling stations. The systems are designed for 50 m3/h (1766 cfh) of hydrogen, which corresponds to refilling 25 vehicles a day with 4 kg of hydrogen (approximately 418 km driving range on fuel cell vehicles with a 70 MPa storage tank).

  • Simulation Comparison of PEMFC Micro-Cogeneration Units With Conventional and Innovative Fuel Processing
    ASME 2010 8th International Fuel Cell Science Engineering and Technology Conference: Volume 1, 2010
    Co-Authors: Leonardo Roses, Stefano Campanari, Davide Bonalumi, Paolo Iora, Giampaolo Manzolini
    Abstract:

    This paper deals with the performance comparison over simulated micro-cogeneration units based on polymer electrolyte Membrane fuel cells (PEMFC or PEM), when the fuel is processed by means of two contrasting techniques. On the one hand with the use of conventional natural gas steam reforming (SR), and on the other, the adoption of an innovative palladium based Membrane-reformer. After the definition of the plant layout, which reflects the results of previous studies and includes all the components of a 4 kW PEM for combined heat and power production, the comparison among the plant performances is carried out with two approaches: (i) using a in-house developed code (GS), able to calculate mass and energy balances, as well as a number of specific component parameters, already applied to a large variety of plant simulations, and (ii) using a commercial code (Aspen Plus®). The comparison allows to validate the simulated performance results as well as to evidence the advantages of the two approaches and to assess the effects of different simulation assumptions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME