The Experts below are selected from a list of 315 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kentaro Arikawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Difference in dynamic properties of photoreceptors in a butterfly, Papilio xuthus: possible segregation of motion and color processing
Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 2015Co-Authors: Masashi Kawasaki, Michiyo Kinoshita, Matti Weckström, Kentaro ArikawaAbstract:The eyes of the Japanese yellow swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus , contain six spectral classes of photoreceptors, each sensitive either in the ultraviolet, violet, blue, green, red or broadband wavelength regions. The green-sensitive receptors can be divided into two subtypes, distal and proximal. Previous behavioral and anatomical studies have indicated that the distal subtype appears to be involved in motion vision, while the proximal subtype is important for color vision. Here, we studied the dynamic properties of Papilio photoreceptors using light stimulation with randomly modulated intensity and light pulses. Frequency response (gain) of all photoreceptor classes shared a general profile—a broad peak around 10 Hz with a declining slope towards higher frequency range. At 100 Hz, the mean relative gain of the distal green receptors was significantly larger than any other receptor classes, indicating that they are the fastest. Photoreceptor activities under dim light were higher in the ultraviolet and violet receptors, suggesting higher transduction sensitivities. Responses to pulse stimuli also distinguished the green receptors from others by their shorter response latencies. We thus concluded that the distal green receptors carry high frequency information in the visual system of Papilio xuthus .
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the butterfly Papilio xuthus detects visual motion using chromatic contrast
Biology Letters, 2015Co-Authors: Finlay J Stewart, Michiyo Kinoshita, Kentaro ArikawaAbstract:Many insects’ motion vision is achromatic and thus dependent on brightness rather than on colour contrast. We investigate whether this is true of the butterfly Papilio xuthus, an animal noted for i...
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Simultaneous color contrast in the foraging swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus
Journal of Experimental Biology, 2008Co-Authors: M Kinoshita, Y. Takahashi, Kentaro ArikawaAbstract:This study demonstrates that the color vision of foraging Japanese yellow swallowtail butterflies, Papilio xuthus, involves simultaneous color contrast. We trained newly emerged Papilio to select a disk of pale green among a set of differently colored disks presented on a black background. When the same set of disks was presented on blue background, the pale green-trained butterflies selected blue-green. The difference in spectra between pale green and blue green was similar to the spectrum of yellow for human vision, suggesting that blue induces yellow. Similarly, the pale green-trained Papilio selected a more bluish spring green on yellow background. We also trained Papilio with orange disks and tested on a green and violet background. The results showed that green induced violet and vice versa. Taken together, we concluded that simultaneous color contrast of Papilio is similar to the effect of complementary colors in human color vision.
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Immunohistochemical localization of Papilio RBP in the eye of butterflies.
The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2004Co-Authors: Motohiro Wakakuwa, Koichi Ozaki, Kentaro ArikawaAbstract:SUMMARY We recently identified a novel retinoid binding protein, Papilio RBP, in the soluble fraction of the eye homogenate of the butterfly Papilio xuthus , and demonstrated that the protein is involved in the visual cycle. We now have localized the protein in the Papilio eye by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using a monospecific antiserum produced against artificially expressed Papilio RBP. We found strong immunoreactivity in the primary as well as secondary pigment cells and in the tracheal cells. The pigment cells have long been regarded as an important site of the visual cycle, and this view is further supported by the present result. Interestingly, the cytoplasm and nuclei of these cells were equally labeled, indicating that the protein exists in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We conducted a survey for the existence of the Papilio RBP-like proteins in other insects including several species of butterflies, dragonflies, cicadas, grasshoppers and honeybees. Anti- Papilio RBP immunoreactivity was confirmed in the proteins isolated only from butterflies belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea and not from other species. In all insects tested, however, fluorescing proteins were clearly detected, suggesting that these insects also have similar retinol-binding proteins.
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A novel retinol‐binding protein in the retina of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus
FEBS Journal, 2003Co-Authors: Motohiro Wakakuwa, Kentaro Arikawa, Koichi OzakiAbstract:Retinoid-binding proteins are indispensable for visual cycles in both vertebrate and invertebrate retinas. These proteins stabilize and transport hydrophobic retinoids in the hydrophilic environment of plasma and cytoplasm, and allow regeneration of visual pigments. Here, we identified a novel retinol-binding protein in the eye of a butterfly, Papilio xuthus. The protein that we term Papilio retinol-binding protein (Papilio RBP) is a major component of retinal soluble proteins and exclusively binds 3-hydroxyretinol, and emits fluorescence peaking at 480 nm under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. The primary structure, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA, shows no similarity to any other lipophilic ligand-binding proteins. The molecular mass and isoelectric point of the protein estimated from the amino-acid sequence are 26.4 kDa and 4.92, respectively. The absence of any signal sequence for secretion in the N-terminus suggests that the protein exists in the cytoplasmic matrix. All-trans 3-hydroxyretinol is the major ligand of the Papilio RBP in dark-adapted eyes. Light illumination of the eyes increases the 11-cis isomer of the ligand and induces redistribution of the Papilio RBP from the proximal to the distal part of the photoreceptor layer. These results suggest that the Papilio RBP is involved in visual pigment turnover.
Alfried P Vogler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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independent evolution of sexual dimorphism and female limited mimicry in swallowtail butterflies Papilio dardanus and Papilio phorcas
Molecular Ecology, 2017Co-Authors: Martijn J T N Timmermans, M J Thompson, Steve C Collins, Alfried P VoglerAbstract:Several species of Swallowtail butterflies (genus Papilio) are Batesian mimics that express multiple mimetic female forms, while the males are monomorphic and non-mimetic. The evolution of such sex-limited mimicry may involve sexual dimorphism arising first and mimicry subsequently. Such a stepwise scenario through a non-mimetic, sexually dimorphic stage has been proposed for two closely related sexually dimorphic species; P. phorcas, a non-mimetic species with two female forms, and P. dardanus, a female-limited polymorphic mimetic species. Their close relationship indicates that female-limited polymorphism could be a shared derived character of the two species. Here we present a phylogenomic analysis of the dardanus group using 3964 nuclear loci and whole mitochondrial genomes showing that they are not sister species, and thus that the sexually-dimorphic state has arisen independently in the two species. Non-homology of the female polymorphism in both species is supported by population genetic analysis of engrailed, the presumed mimicry switch locus in P. dardanus. McDonald-Kreitman tests performed on SNPs in engrailed showed the signature of balancing selection in a polymorphic population of P. dardanus, but not in monomorphic populations, nor in the non-mimetic P. phorcas. Hence the wing polymorphism does not balance polymorphisms in engrailed in P. phorcas. Equally, unlike in P. dardanus, none of the SNPs in P. phorcas engrailed were associated with either female morph. We conclude that sexual dimorphism due to female polymorphism evolved independently in both species from monomorphic, non-mimetic states. While sexual selection may drive male-female dimorphism in non-mimetic species, in mimetic Papilios natural selection for protection from predators in females is an alternative route to sexual dimorphism.
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colour pattern specification in the mocker swallowtail Papilio dardanus the transcription factor invected is a candidate for the mimicry locus h
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2008Co-Authors: Rebecca I Clark, Steve C Collins, Sarah M Brown, Chris D Jiggins, David G Heckel, Alfried P VoglerAbstract:The swallowtail butterfly, Papilio dardanus, is an iconic example of a polymorphic Batesian mimic. The expression of various female-limited colour forms is thought to be controlled by a single auto...
Michiyo Kinoshita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Difference in dynamic properties of photoreceptors in a butterfly, Papilio xuthus: possible segregation of motion and color processing
Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 2015Co-Authors: Masashi Kawasaki, Michiyo Kinoshita, Matti Weckström, Kentaro ArikawaAbstract:The eyes of the Japanese yellow swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus , contain six spectral classes of photoreceptors, each sensitive either in the ultraviolet, violet, blue, green, red or broadband wavelength regions. The green-sensitive receptors can be divided into two subtypes, distal and proximal. Previous behavioral and anatomical studies have indicated that the distal subtype appears to be involved in motion vision, while the proximal subtype is important for color vision. Here, we studied the dynamic properties of Papilio photoreceptors using light stimulation with randomly modulated intensity and light pulses. Frequency response (gain) of all photoreceptor classes shared a general profile—a broad peak around 10 Hz with a declining slope towards higher frequency range. At 100 Hz, the mean relative gain of the distal green receptors was significantly larger than any other receptor classes, indicating that they are the fastest. Photoreceptor activities under dim light were higher in the ultraviolet and violet receptors, suggesting higher transduction sensitivities. Responses to pulse stimuli also distinguished the green receptors from others by their shorter response latencies. We thus concluded that the distal green receptors carry high frequency information in the visual system of Papilio xuthus .
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the butterfly Papilio xuthus detects visual motion using chromatic contrast
Biology Letters, 2015Co-Authors: Finlay J Stewart, Michiyo Kinoshita, Kentaro ArikawaAbstract:Many insects’ motion vision is achromatic and thus dependent on brightness rather than on colour contrast. We investigate whether this is true of the butterfly Papilio xuthus, an animal noted for i...
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colour constancy of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus
The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2000Co-Authors: Michiyo Kinoshita, Kentaro ArikawaAbstract:We have recently shown that the Japanese yellow swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus uses colour vision when searching for food. In the field, these butterflies feed on nectar provided by flowers of various colours not only in direct sunlight but also in shaded places and on cloudy days, suggesting that they have colour constancy. Here, we tested this hypothesis. We trained newly emerged Papilio xuthus to feed on sucrose solution on a paper patch of a certain colour under white illumination. The butterflies were then tested under both white and coloured illumination. Under white illumination, yellow- and red-trained butterflies selected the correctly coloured patch from a four-colour pattern and from a colour Mondrian collage. Under four different colours of illumination, we obtained results that were fundamentally similar to those under white illumination. Moreover, we performed critical tests using sets of two similar colours, which were also correctly discriminated by trained butterflies under coloured illumination. Taken together, we conclude that the butterfly Papilio xuthus exhibits some degree of colour constancy when searching for food.
Steve C Collins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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independent evolution of sexual dimorphism and female limited mimicry in swallowtail butterflies Papilio dardanus and Papilio phorcas
Molecular Ecology, 2017Co-Authors: Martijn J T N Timmermans, M J Thompson, Steve C Collins, Alfried P VoglerAbstract:Several species of Swallowtail butterflies (genus Papilio) are Batesian mimics that express multiple mimetic female forms, while the males are monomorphic and non-mimetic. The evolution of such sex-limited mimicry may involve sexual dimorphism arising first and mimicry subsequently. Such a stepwise scenario through a non-mimetic, sexually dimorphic stage has been proposed for two closely related sexually dimorphic species; P. phorcas, a non-mimetic species with two female forms, and P. dardanus, a female-limited polymorphic mimetic species. Their close relationship indicates that female-limited polymorphism could be a shared derived character of the two species. Here we present a phylogenomic analysis of the dardanus group using 3964 nuclear loci and whole mitochondrial genomes showing that they are not sister species, and thus that the sexually-dimorphic state has arisen independently in the two species. Non-homology of the female polymorphism in both species is supported by population genetic analysis of engrailed, the presumed mimicry switch locus in P. dardanus. McDonald-Kreitman tests performed on SNPs in engrailed showed the signature of balancing selection in a polymorphic population of P. dardanus, but not in monomorphic populations, nor in the non-mimetic P. phorcas. Hence the wing polymorphism does not balance polymorphisms in engrailed in P. phorcas. Equally, unlike in P. dardanus, none of the SNPs in P. phorcas engrailed were associated with either female morph. We conclude that sexual dimorphism due to female polymorphism evolved independently in both species from monomorphic, non-mimetic states. While sexual selection may drive male-female dimorphism in non-mimetic species, in mimetic Papilios natural selection for protection from predators in females is an alternative route to sexual dimorphism.
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colour pattern specification in the mocker swallowtail Papilio dardanus the transcription factor invected is a candidate for the mimicry locus h
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2008Co-Authors: Rebecca I Clark, Steve C Collins, Sarah M Brown, Chris D Jiggins, David G Heckel, Alfried P VoglerAbstract:The swallowtail butterfly, Papilio dardanus, is an iconic example of a polymorphic Batesian mimic. The expression of various female-limited colour forms is thought to be controlled by a single auto...
Nick V Grishin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the complete mitochondrial genome of Papilio glaucus and its phylogenetic implications
Meta Gene, 2015Co-Authors: Jinhui Shen, Qian Cong, Nick V GrishinAbstract:Due to the intriguing morphology, lifecycle, and diversity of butterflies and moths, Lepidoptera are emerging as model organisms for the study of genetics, evolution and speciation. The progress of these studies relies on decoding Lepidoptera genomes, both nuclear and mitochondrial. Here we describe a protocol to obtain mitogenomes from Next Generation Sequencing reads performed for whole-genome sequencing and report the complete mitogenome of Papilio (Pterourus) glaucus. The circular mitogenome is 15,306 bp in length and rich in A and T. It contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer-RNA-coding genes (tRNA), and 2 ribosomal-RNA-coding genes (rRNA), with a gene order typical for mitogenomes of Lepidoptera. We performed phylogenetic analyses based on PCG and RNA-coding genes or protein sequences using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods. The phylogenetic trees consistently show that among species with available mitogenomes Papilio glaucus is the closest to Papilio (Agehana) maraho from Asia.
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tiger swallowtail genome reveals mechanisms for speciation and caterpillar chemical defense
Cell Reports, 2015Co-Authors: Qian Cong, Dominika Borek, Zbyszek Otwinowski, Nick V GrishinAbstract:Summary Predicting phenotype from genotype represents the epitome of biological questions. Comparative genomics of appropriate model organisms holds the promise of making it possible. However, the high heterozygosity of many Eukaryotes currently prohibits assembling their genomes. Here, we report the 376 Mb genome sequence of Papilio glaucus ( Pgl ), the first sequenced genome from the Papilionidae family. We obtained the genome from a wild-caught specimen using a cost-effective strategy that overcomes the high (2%) heterozygosity problem. Comparative analyses suggest the molecular bases of various phenotypic traits, including terpene production in the Papilionidae-specific organ, osmeterium. Comparison of Pgl and Papilio canadensis transcriptomes reveals mutation hotspots (4% genes) associated with their divergence: four key circadian clock proteins are enriched in inter-species mutations and likely responsible for the difference in pupal diapause. Finally, the Pgl genome confirms Papilio appalachiensis as a hybrid of Pgl and Pca , but suggests it inherited 3/4 of its genes from Pca .
