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Olli T Raitakari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genetic differential susceptibility to the Parent Child Relationship quality and the life span development of compassion
Developmental Psychobiology, 2021Co-Authors: Henrik Dobewall, Olli T Raitakari, Liisa Keltikangasjarvinen, Robert C Cloninger, Aino Saarinen, Leopekka Lyytikainen, Igor ZwirAbstract:The development of compassion for others might be influenced by the social experiences made during Childhood and has a genetic component. No research has yet investigated whether the Parent-Child Relationship quality interacts with genetic variation in the oxytocin and dopamine systems in predicting compassion over the life span. In the prospective Young Finns Study (N = 2099, 43.9% men), we examined the interaction between mother-reported emotional warmth and intolerance toward their Child assessed in 1980 (age of participants, 3-18 years) and two established genetic risk scores for oxytocin levels and dopamine signaling activity. Dispositional compassion for others was measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory 1997, 2001, and 2012 (age of participants, 20-50 years). We found a gene-environment interaction (p = .031) that remained marginally significant after adjustment for multiple testing. In line with the differential susceptibility hypothesis, only participants who carry alleles associated with low dopamine signaling activity had higher levels of compassion when growing up with emotionally warm Parents, whereas they had lower levels of compassion when their Parents were emotionally cold. Children's genetic variability in the dopamine system might result in plasticity to early environmental influences that have a long-lasting effect on the development of compassion. However, our findings need replication.
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the role of oxytocinergic genes in the intergenerational transmission of Parent Child Relationship qualities
Hormones and Behavior, 2019Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Mirka Hintsanen, Henrik Dobewall, Marko Elovainio, Ilkka Seppala, Terho Lehtimaki, Olli T RaitakariAbstract:Abstract Parenting qualities are known to transmit across generations, but less is known about genetic processes that may modify how strongly Parenting quality carries across generations. We examined in prospective data whether oxytocinergic genes of offspring moderate the intergenerational transmission of warm and accepting Parent–Child Relationship qualities. The sample comprised 1167 Finnish Parents (G2, 62% female) and their mothers (G1). At the study baseline, G1 mothers (Mage = 38) reported Parent–Child Relationship qualities towards G2 Children (age range 3–18). After 28–34 years, G2 offspring reported Parent–Child Relationship qualities towards their own Children using the same questionnaire. A cumulative genetic score was computed for G2 by summing up previously identified four alleles associated with non-optimal Parenting or social impairments across OXTR (rs1042778, rs2254298, rs53576) and CD38 (rs3796863) genes. Results indicated no interaction effects of G2 cumulative genetic score on the transmission of Parent–Child Relationship qualities. Among single polymorphisms in OXTR, the interaction effects of rs53576 and rs1042778 were found. G1 maternal emotional warmth was associated with higher G2 emotional warmth among G2 participants with the OXTR rs53576 AA/AG genotype, but not among those with the GG genotype. G1 maternal acceptance was associated with higher G2 acceptance among those G2 participants with the OXTR rs1042778 GG/GT genotype, but not among those with the TT genotype. Oxytocinergic genes may influence sensitivity to quality of Parent–Child Relationship, although this needs replication in future studies.
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Parent Child Relationship quality predicts offspring dispositional compassion in adulthood a prospective follow up study over three decades
Developmental Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Mirka Hintsanen, Henrik Dobewall, Olli T Raitakari, Kia Gluschkoff, Robert C Cloninger, Dacher Keltner, Aino Saarinen, Karolina Wesolowska, Sallamaarit Volanen, Laura PulkkirabackAbstract:Compassion is known to predict prosocial behavior and moral judgments related to harm. Despite the centrality of compassion to social life, factors predicting adulthood compassion are largely unknown. We examined whether qualities of Parent-Child-Relationship, namely, emotional warmth and acceptance, predict offspring compassion decades later in adulthood. We used data from the prospective population-based Young Finns Study. Our sample included 2,761 participants (55.5% women). Parent-Child-Relationship qualities were reported by each participant's Parents at baseline in 1980 (T0) when participants were between 3 and 18 years old. Compassion was self-reported 3 times: in 1997 (T1), 2001 (T2), and 2012 (T3) with the Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger, Przybeck, Svrakic, & Wetzel, 1994). By using age at the assessment as a time-variant variable, we applied multilevel modeling for repeated measurements to examine developmental trajectories of compassion from the ages of 20 (the age of the youngest cohort at T1) to 50 (the age of the oldest cohort at T3). On average, compassion increased in a curvilinear pattern with age. Higher acceptance (p = .013) and higher emotional warmth (p < .001) were related to higher compassion in adulthood. After adjusting for Childhood confounds (i.e., participant gender, birth cohort, externalizing behavior, Parental socioeconomic status, and Parental mental health problems), only emotional warmth (p < .001) remained a significant predictor of compassion. Quality of the Parent-Child-Relationship has long-term effects on offspring compassion. An emotionally warm and close Relationship, in particular, may contribute to higher offspring compassion in adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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intergenerational transmission of qualities of the Parent Child Relationship in the population based young finns study
European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Paivi Merjonen, Jorma Viikari, Olli T Raitakari, Liisa Keltikangasjarvinen, Jari Lipsanen, Mirka HintsanenAbstract:AbstractWe examined the intergenerational transmission of Parent–Child Relationship qualities in a population-based Finnish sample of 1418 participants (G2) and their mothers (G1). At baseline, G1 (Mage = 38) reported qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship in terms of emotional warmth and acceptance towards G2 (age range 3–18). After 28 years, G2 (Mage = 39) rated the qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship regarding their own Children using the same questionnaire. Emotional warmth and acceptance were transmitted across generations even after controlling for demographic and family characteristics in both generations. The transmission was stronger for emotional warmth than acceptance. For emotional warmth, intergenerational transmission was stronger for men than women. The findings provide evidence for the long-term transmission of Parenting quality across generations.
Mirka Hintsanen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the role of oxytocinergic genes in the intergenerational transmission of Parent Child Relationship qualities
Hormones and Behavior, 2019Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Mirka Hintsanen, Henrik Dobewall, Marko Elovainio, Ilkka Seppala, Terho Lehtimaki, Olli T RaitakariAbstract:Abstract Parenting qualities are known to transmit across generations, but less is known about genetic processes that may modify how strongly Parenting quality carries across generations. We examined in prospective data whether oxytocinergic genes of offspring moderate the intergenerational transmission of warm and accepting Parent–Child Relationship qualities. The sample comprised 1167 Finnish Parents (G2, 62% female) and their mothers (G1). At the study baseline, G1 mothers (Mage = 38) reported Parent–Child Relationship qualities towards G2 Children (age range 3–18). After 28–34 years, G2 offspring reported Parent–Child Relationship qualities towards their own Children using the same questionnaire. A cumulative genetic score was computed for G2 by summing up previously identified four alleles associated with non-optimal Parenting or social impairments across OXTR (rs1042778, rs2254298, rs53576) and CD38 (rs3796863) genes. Results indicated no interaction effects of G2 cumulative genetic score on the transmission of Parent–Child Relationship qualities. Among single polymorphisms in OXTR, the interaction effects of rs53576 and rs1042778 were found. G1 maternal emotional warmth was associated with higher G2 emotional warmth among G2 participants with the OXTR rs53576 AA/AG genotype, but not among those with the GG genotype. G1 maternal acceptance was associated with higher G2 acceptance among those G2 participants with the OXTR rs1042778 GG/GT genotype, but not among those with the TT genotype. Oxytocinergic genes may influence sensitivity to quality of Parent–Child Relationship, although this needs replication in future studies.
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Parent Child Relationship quality predicts offspring dispositional compassion in adulthood a prospective follow up study over three decades
Developmental Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Mirka Hintsanen, Henrik Dobewall, Olli T Raitakari, Kia Gluschkoff, Robert C Cloninger, Dacher Keltner, Aino Saarinen, Karolina Wesolowska, Sallamaarit Volanen, Laura PulkkirabackAbstract:Compassion is known to predict prosocial behavior and moral judgments related to harm. Despite the centrality of compassion to social life, factors predicting adulthood compassion are largely unknown. We examined whether qualities of Parent-Child-Relationship, namely, emotional warmth and acceptance, predict offspring compassion decades later in adulthood. We used data from the prospective population-based Young Finns Study. Our sample included 2,761 participants (55.5% women). Parent-Child-Relationship qualities were reported by each participant's Parents at baseline in 1980 (T0) when participants were between 3 and 18 years old. Compassion was self-reported 3 times: in 1997 (T1), 2001 (T2), and 2012 (T3) with the Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger, Przybeck, Svrakic, & Wetzel, 1994). By using age at the assessment as a time-variant variable, we applied multilevel modeling for repeated measurements to examine developmental trajectories of compassion from the ages of 20 (the age of the youngest cohort at T1) to 50 (the age of the oldest cohort at T3). On average, compassion increased in a curvilinear pattern with age. Higher acceptance (p = .013) and higher emotional warmth (p < .001) were related to higher compassion in adulthood. After adjusting for Childhood confounds (i.e., participant gender, birth cohort, externalizing behavior, Parental socioeconomic status, and Parental mental health problems), only emotional warmth (p < .001) remained a significant predictor of compassion. Quality of the Parent-Child-Relationship has long-term effects on offspring compassion. An emotionally warm and close Relationship, in particular, may contribute to higher offspring compassion in adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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intergenerational transmission of qualities of the Parent Child Relationship in the population based young finns study
European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Paivi Merjonen, Jorma Viikari, Olli T Raitakari, Liisa Keltikangasjarvinen, Jari Lipsanen, Mirka HintsanenAbstract:AbstractWe examined the intergenerational transmission of Parent–Child Relationship qualities in a population-based Finnish sample of 1418 participants (G2) and their mothers (G1). At baseline, G1 (Mage = 38) reported qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship in terms of emotional warmth and acceptance towards G2 (age range 3–18). After 28 years, G2 (Mage = 39) rated the qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship regarding their own Children using the same questionnaire. Emotional warmth and acceptance were transmitted across generations even after controlling for demographic and family characteristics in both generations. The transmission was stronger for emotional warmth than acceptance. For emotional warmth, intergenerational transmission was stronger for men than women. The findings provide evidence for the long-term transmission of Parenting quality across generations.
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intergenerational continuity in qualities of the Parent Child Relationship mediating and moderating mechanisms
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2017Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Mirka Hintsanen, Paivi Merjonen, Nina Hutrikahonen, Markus Juonala, Jorma ViikariAbstract:Intergenerational continuity in Parenting quality has been demonstrated but the mechanisms underlying this continuity are less understood. This study investigated whether the offspring personality and years of education mediate the continuity in qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship and whether offspring personality moderates this association. The sample comprised 1308 Finnish offspring (G2; 62% female) and their mothers (G1). G1 (Mean age = 37.7) reported self-perceived qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship in terms of emotional warmth and acceptance towards G2 aged 3–18 years in 1980. Thirty-two years later, once having become Parents themselves, G2 (Mean age = 42.9) self-rated their own qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship towards their Children using the same scales. Between these follow-ups, G2 self-rated their personality (consisting of temperament and character traits) using the Temperament and Character Inventory and reported years of education. Results indicated that G2 character traits—Self-directedness and Cooperativeness—partially mediated the intergenerational continuity in self-perceived emotional warmth and explained 16% of this association. No mediating role of G2 temperament traits was found (all ps > .240). Character traits accounted for the indirect association better than education in a multiple mediator model. Moreover, no moderating role of either temperament or character traits was found (all ps ≥ .064). Study findings show that warm and accepting qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship in Childhood are related to offspring character traits that reflect personality maturity in adulthood, which in turn would predict their own positive Parent–Child Relationship later in life.
Lauren M Papp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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psychological well being and Parent Child Relationship quality in relation to Child autism an actor partner modeling approach
Family Process, 2020Co-Authors: Emily J Hickey, Sigan L Hartley, Lauren M PappAbstract:Parents of Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often report poor psychological well-being, including a high level of Parenting stress and depressive symptoms. Little is known about the extent to which poor Parent psychological well-being alters the emotional quality of the Parent-Child Relationship in a context of Child ASD. This study examined the association between actor (one's own) and partner (one's partner's) level of Parenting stress and depressive symptoms and the emotional quality of the Parent-Child Relationship using a Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) in 150 families of Children with ASD, aged 5-12 years (85.7% male). Mothers and fathers were aged 38.69 (SD = 5.62) and 40.76 (SD = 6.19), respectively; 76% of mothers and 68% of fathers had a college degree. Structural equation modeling, using Analysis of Moment Structures software, was used to test Actor-Partner Interdependence Models. Results indicated that mother's level of Parenting stress and depressive symptoms were associated with her own FMSS Warmth and Criticism toward the Child with ASD 12 months later in negative and positive directions. Mother's level of Parenting stress was also negatively associated with father's FMSS Warmth toward the Child with ASD 12 months later. Finally, father's level of Parenting stress was positively associated with his FMSS Criticism toward the Child with ASD. Overall, findings indicate that the mother-Child and father-Child Relationship are both impacted by Parent psychological well-being in families of Children with ASD; however, actor effects are stronger for mothers and partner effects were only found for fathers. Implications for interventions are discussed.
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spillover between marital quality and Parent Child Relationship quality Parental depressive symptoms as moderators
Journal of Family Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Chrystyna D Kouros, Lauren M Papp, Marcie C Goekemorey, Mark E CummingsAbstract:Using a daily diary method, this study examined concurrent and time-lagged relations between marital and Parent-Child Relationship qualities, providing a test of the spillover and compensatory hypotheses. In addition, this study tested both mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms as moderators of these daily linkages. Participants were 203 families, in which mothers and fathers completed daily diaries for 15 days. At the end of each reporting day, Parents independently rated the emotional quality of their Relationship with their spouse and with their Child that day. Controlling for global levels of marital satisfaction, marital conflict, and Parenting, a positive association was found between mothers' and fathers' daily ratings of marital quality and their ratings of Parent-Child Relationship quality, supporting the spillover hypothesis. When considering time-lagged relations, support was found for the compensatory hypothesis for mothers: lower levels of marital quality were related to increases in mother-Child Relationship quality from one day to the next. Furthermore, both maternal and paternal depressive symptoms moderated the link between marital quality and the other Parent's Relationship quality with their Child. Whereas maternal depressive symptoms strengthened spillover relations for fathers on the next day, paternal depression was related to less spillover for mothers on the same day. Alternative models did not find evidence for Parent-Child Relationship quality as a predictor of changes in marital quality on the next day. The findings underscore the importance of the quality of the marital Relationship for predicting the quality of other family Relationships.
Laura Pulkkiraback - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the role of oxytocinergic genes in the intergenerational transmission of Parent Child Relationship qualities
Hormones and Behavior, 2019Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Mirka Hintsanen, Henrik Dobewall, Marko Elovainio, Ilkka Seppala, Terho Lehtimaki, Olli T RaitakariAbstract:Abstract Parenting qualities are known to transmit across generations, but less is known about genetic processes that may modify how strongly Parenting quality carries across generations. We examined in prospective data whether oxytocinergic genes of offspring moderate the intergenerational transmission of warm and accepting Parent–Child Relationship qualities. The sample comprised 1167 Finnish Parents (G2, 62% female) and their mothers (G1). At the study baseline, G1 mothers (Mage = 38) reported Parent–Child Relationship qualities towards G2 Children (age range 3–18). After 28–34 years, G2 offspring reported Parent–Child Relationship qualities towards their own Children using the same questionnaire. A cumulative genetic score was computed for G2 by summing up previously identified four alleles associated with non-optimal Parenting or social impairments across OXTR (rs1042778, rs2254298, rs53576) and CD38 (rs3796863) genes. Results indicated no interaction effects of G2 cumulative genetic score on the transmission of Parent–Child Relationship qualities. Among single polymorphisms in OXTR, the interaction effects of rs53576 and rs1042778 were found. G1 maternal emotional warmth was associated with higher G2 emotional warmth among G2 participants with the OXTR rs53576 AA/AG genotype, but not among those with the GG genotype. G1 maternal acceptance was associated with higher G2 acceptance among those G2 participants with the OXTR rs1042778 GG/GT genotype, but not among those with the TT genotype. Oxytocinergic genes may influence sensitivity to quality of Parent–Child Relationship, although this needs replication in future studies.
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Parent Child Relationship quality predicts offspring dispositional compassion in adulthood a prospective follow up study over three decades
Developmental Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Mirka Hintsanen, Henrik Dobewall, Olli T Raitakari, Kia Gluschkoff, Robert C Cloninger, Dacher Keltner, Aino Saarinen, Karolina Wesolowska, Sallamaarit Volanen, Laura PulkkirabackAbstract:Compassion is known to predict prosocial behavior and moral judgments related to harm. Despite the centrality of compassion to social life, factors predicting adulthood compassion are largely unknown. We examined whether qualities of Parent-Child-Relationship, namely, emotional warmth and acceptance, predict offspring compassion decades later in adulthood. We used data from the prospective population-based Young Finns Study. Our sample included 2,761 participants (55.5% women). Parent-Child-Relationship qualities were reported by each participant's Parents at baseline in 1980 (T0) when participants were between 3 and 18 years old. Compassion was self-reported 3 times: in 1997 (T1), 2001 (T2), and 2012 (T3) with the Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger, Przybeck, Svrakic, & Wetzel, 1994). By using age at the assessment as a time-variant variable, we applied multilevel modeling for repeated measurements to examine developmental trajectories of compassion from the ages of 20 (the age of the youngest cohort at T1) to 50 (the age of the oldest cohort at T3). On average, compassion increased in a curvilinear pattern with age. Higher acceptance (p = .013) and higher emotional warmth (p < .001) were related to higher compassion in adulthood. After adjusting for Childhood confounds (i.e., participant gender, birth cohort, externalizing behavior, Parental socioeconomic status, and Parental mental health problems), only emotional warmth (p < .001) remained a significant predictor of compassion. Quality of the Parent-Child-Relationship has long-term effects on offspring compassion. An emotionally warm and close Relationship, in particular, may contribute to higher offspring compassion in adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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intergenerational transmission of qualities of the Parent Child Relationship in the population based young finns study
European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Paivi Merjonen, Jorma Viikari, Olli T Raitakari, Liisa Keltikangasjarvinen, Jari Lipsanen, Mirka HintsanenAbstract:AbstractWe examined the intergenerational transmission of Parent–Child Relationship qualities in a population-based Finnish sample of 1418 participants (G2) and their mothers (G1). At baseline, G1 (Mage = 38) reported qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship in terms of emotional warmth and acceptance towards G2 (age range 3–18). After 28 years, G2 (Mage = 39) rated the qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship regarding their own Children using the same questionnaire. Emotional warmth and acceptance were transmitted across generations even after controlling for demographic and family characteristics in both generations. The transmission was stronger for emotional warmth than acceptance. For emotional warmth, intergenerational transmission was stronger for men than women. The findings provide evidence for the long-term transmission of Parenting quality across generations.
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intergenerational continuity in qualities of the Parent Child Relationship mediating and moderating mechanisms
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2017Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Mirka Hintsanen, Paivi Merjonen, Nina Hutrikahonen, Markus Juonala, Jorma ViikariAbstract:Intergenerational continuity in Parenting quality has been demonstrated but the mechanisms underlying this continuity are less understood. This study investigated whether the offspring personality and years of education mediate the continuity in qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship and whether offspring personality moderates this association. The sample comprised 1308 Finnish offspring (G2; 62% female) and their mothers (G1). G1 (Mean age = 37.7) reported self-perceived qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship in terms of emotional warmth and acceptance towards G2 aged 3–18 years in 1980. Thirty-two years later, once having become Parents themselves, G2 (Mean age = 42.9) self-rated their own qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship towards their Children using the same scales. Between these follow-ups, G2 self-rated their personality (consisting of temperament and character traits) using the Temperament and Character Inventory and reported years of education. Results indicated that G2 character traits—Self-directedness and Cooperativeness—partially mediated the intergenerational continuity in self-perceived emotional warmth and explained 16% of this association. No mediating role of G2 temperament traits was found (all ps > .240). Character traits accounted for the indirect association better than education in a multiple mediator model. Moreover, no moderating role of either temperament or character traits was found (all ps ≥ .064). Study findings show that warm and accepting qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship in Childhood are related to offspring character traits that reflect personality maturity in adulthood, which in turn would predict their own positive Parent–Child Relationship later in life.
Kateryna Savelieva - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the role of oxytocinergic genes in the intergenerational transmission of Parent Child Relationship qualities
Hormones and Behavior, 2019Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Mirka Hintsanen, Henrik Dobewall, Marko Elovainio, Ilkka Seppala, Terho Lehtimaki, Olli T RaitakariAbstract:Abstract Parenting qualities are known to transmit across generations, but less is known about genetic processes that may modify how strongly Parenting quality carries across generations. We examined in prospective data whether oxytocinergic genes of offspring moderate the intergenerational transmission of warm and accepting Parent–Child Relationship qualities. The sample comprised 1167 Finnish Parents (G2, 62% female) and their mothers (G1). At the study baseline, G1 mothers (Mage = 38) reported Parent–Child Relationship qualities towards G2 Children (age range 3–18). After 28–34 years, G2 offspring reported Parent–Child Relationship qualities towards their own Children using the same questionnaire. A cumulative genetic score was computed for G2 by summing up previously identified four alleles associated with non-optimal Parenting or social impairments across OXTR (rs1042778, rs2254298, rs53576) and CD38 (rs3796863) genes. Results indicated no interaction effects of G2 cumulative genetic score on the transmission of Parent–Child Relationship qualities. Among single polymorphisms in OXTR, the interaction effects of rs53576 and rs1042778 were found. G1 maternal emotional warmth was associated with higher G2 emotional warmth among G2 participants with the OXTR rs53576 AA/AG genotype, but not among those with the GG genotype. G1 maternal acceptance was associated with higher G2 acceptance among those G2 participants with the OXTR rs1042778 GG/GT genotype, but not among those with the TT genotype. Oxytocinergic genes may influence sensitivity to quality of Parent–Child Relationship, although this needs replication in future studies.
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intergenerational transmission of qualities of the Parent Child Relationship in the population based young finns study
European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Paivi Merjonen, Jorma Viikari, Olli T Raitakari, Liisa Keltikangasjarvinen, Jari Lipsanen, Mirka HintsanenAbstract:AbstractWe examined the intergenerational transmission of Parent–Child Relationship qualities in a population-based Finnish sample of 1418 participants (G2) and their mothers (G1). At baseline, G1 (Mage = 38) reported qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship in terms of emotional warmth and acceptance towards G2 (age range 3–18). After 28 years, G2 (Mage = 39) rated the qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship regarding their own Children using the same questionnaire. Emotional warmth and acceptance were transmitted across generations even after controlling for demographic and family characteristics in both generations. The transmission was stronger for emotional warmth than acceptance. For emotional warmth, intergenerational transmission was stronger for men than women. The findings provide evidence for the long-term transmission of Parenting quality across generations.
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intergenerational continuity in qualities of the Parent Child Relationship mediating and moderating mechanisms
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2017Co-Authors: Kateryna Savelieva, Laura Pulkkiraback, Markus Jokela, Mirka Hintsanen, Paivi Merjonen, Nina Hutrikahonen, Markus Juonala, Jorma ViikariAbstract:Intergenerational continuity in Parenting quality has been demonstrated but the mechanisms underlying this continuity are less understood. This study investigated whether the offspring personality and years of education mediate the continuity in qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship and whether offspring personality moderates this association. The sample comprised 1308 Finnish offspring (G2; 62% female) and their mothers (G1). G1 (Mean age = 37.7) reported self-perceived qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship in terms of emotional warmth and acceptance towards G2 aged 3–18 years in 1980. Thirty-two years later, once having become Parents themselves, G2 (Mean age = 42.9) self-rated their own qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship towards their Children using the same scales. Between these follow-ups, G2 self-rated their personality (consisting of temperament and character traits) using the Temperament and Character Inventory and reported years of education. Results indicated that G2 character traits—Self-directedness and Cooperativeness—partially mediated the intergenerational continuity in self-perceived emotional warmth and explained 16% of this association. No mediating role of G2 temperament traits was found (all ps > .240). Character traits accounted for the indirect association better than education in a multiple mediator model. Moreover, no moderating role of either temperament or character traits was found (all ps ≥ .064). Study findings show that warm and accepting qualities of the Parent–Child Relationship in Childhood are related to offspring character traits that reflect personality maturity in adulthood, which in turn would predict their own positive Parent–Child Relationship later in life.
