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Díez Sanjuán Lucía - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sociometabolic analysis of a traditional Mediterranean agroecosystem. Historical transition and Biocultural Heritage. (Les Oluges, Catalonia, c.1860-1959-1999)
'Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona', 2019Co-Authors: Díez Sanjuán LucíaAbstract:ith the spread of the Green Revolution from the mid-20th century, large part of the agricultural systems in the world experienced a series of transformations that have ultimately led to important sustainability problems. Acknowledging the sustainability problems of modern industrial agriculture, this PhD thesis analyses the historical transition of a Mediterranean agroecosystem from a traditional organic management to an industrialised functioning. Understanding how this transformation affected the sustainability of the agroecosystem, changing its structure and functioning, provides useful knowledge for improving the sustainability of future agricultural systems. The theoretical perspective that grounds this thesis is formed by the interconnection of different approaches: Ecological Economics, Social Metabolism, Environmental History, Agroecology, Biocultural Landscapes and Biocultural Heritage, and Peasant Economy theories. Thus, a biophysical analysis of the historical transformation of the agroecosystem of Les Oluges (from the county of La Segarra in Lleida, Catalonia) is built for three points in time: i) c.1860, when the agroecosystem was functioning under a traditional organic management; ii) 1959, when the traditional management was mixed with the introduction of the first industrial technologies from the Green Revolution; iii) 1999, when the agroecosystem was under a completely industrialized functioning. Firstly, the analysis of the energy balances of Les Oluges agroecosystem is presented (Chapter 2). The results obtained for 1860 show an agroecosystem with a relatively low energy efficiency due to the need to reinvest large part of the energy produced in order to maintain the productive capacity of its funds. In 1959, the introduction of the first external inputs from industrial origin reduced the pressure on the local resources. The combination of industrial and traditional-organic management in 1959 improved the energy efficiency of the agroecosystem not only from a human perspective, but also for the maintenance of associated biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services. However, in 1999 the complete industrialization of the agroecosystem led to a decline of its energy efficiency that eroded its sustainability. The nutrient balances (Chapter 3) deepen and complement the previous energy balances analysis. At the aggregated scale, the results show a great enlargement of the volume of nutrients cycling in the agroecosystem in 1999; however, while in 1860 and 1959 the nutrient balances were relatively equilibrated, in 1999 there were important nutrient surpluses that reflect an over-fertilization inefficiency. The nutrient balances at the crop system scale show the different fertilization managements that were applied in cereals, woody crops and associated crop systems. Finally, this PhD thesis analyses some of the biocultural heritage from Les Oluges (Chapter 4): the intercropping system in which cereals were grown in between the lines of woody crops (mainly vines, but also olive and almond trees). The presence of this crop system in Les Oluges until de mid-20th century, as well as in other Mediterranean regions, indicate the existence of an important traditional ecological knowledge linked to this polyculture. In order to determine the possible advantages of this alley-cropping system I developed a multidimensional analysis that assesses agroecological and socioeconomic aspects. From the agroecological point of view, the results show that the intercropping system did not have a productive disadvantage. This can be explained by the weak competition among crops and the possible existence of mutual facilitation processes. Additionally, from the socioeconomic perspective the alley-cropping system provided savings in human and animal workforce, which were of great importance in the context of traditional-organic management in Les Oluges. The analysis of the traditional intercropping system in Les Oluges shows as well the adaptation of the agroecosystem’s management to a logic of Peasant Economy that seeks to balance multiple elements rather than maximize only one
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Sociometabolic analysis of a traditional Mediterranean agroecosystem. Historical transition and Biocultural Heritage. (Les Oluges, Catalonia, c.1860-1959-1999)
'Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona', 2019Co-Authors: Díez Sanjuán LucíaAbstract:[eng] ith the spread of the Green Revolution from the mid-20th century, large part of the agricultural systems in the world experienced a series of transformations that have ultimately led to important sustainability problems. Acknowledging the sustainability problems of modern industrial agriculture, this PhD thesis analyses the historical transition of a Mediterranean agroecosystem from a traditional organic management to an industrialised functioning. Understanding how this transformation affected the sustainability of the agroecosystem, changing its structure and functioning, provides useful knowledge for improving the sustainability of future agricultural systems. The theoretical perspective that grounds this thesis is formed by the interconnection of different approaches: Ecological Economics, Social Metabolism, Environmental History, Agroecology, Biocultural Landscapes and Biocultural Heritage, and Peasant Economy theories. Thus, a biophysical analysis of the historical transformation of the agroecosystem of Les Oluges (from the county of La Segarra in Lleida, Catalonia) is built for three points in time: i) c.1860, when the agroecosystem was functioning under a traditional organic management; ii) 1959, when the traditional management was mixed with the introduction of the first industrial technologies from the Green Revolution; iii) 1999, when the agroecosystem was under a completely industrialized functioning. Firstly, the analysis of the energy balances of Les Oluges agroecosystem is presented (Chapter 2). The results obtained for 1860 show an agroecosystem with a relatively low energy efficiency due to the need to reinvest large part of the energy produced in order to maintain the productive capacity of its funds. In 1959, the introduction of the first external inputs from industrial origin reduced the pressure on the local resources. The combination of industrial and traditional-organic management in 1959 improved the energy efficiency of the agroecosystem not only from a human perspective, but also for the maintenance of associated biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services. However, in 1999 the complete industrialization of the agroecosystem led to a decline of its energy efficiency that eroded its sustainability. The nutrient balances (Chapter 3) deepen and complement the previous energy balances analysis. At the aggregated scale, the results show a great enlargement of the volume of nutrients cycling in the agroecosystem in 1999; however, while in 1860 and 1959 the nutrient balances were relatively equilibrated, in 1999 there were important nutrient surpluses that reflect an over-fertilization inefficiency. The nutrient balances at the crop system scale show the different fertilization managements that were applied in cereals, woody crops and associated crop systems. Finally, this PhD thesis analyses some of the biocultural heritage from Les Oluges (Chapter 4): the intercropping system in which cereals were grown in between the lines of woody crops (mainly vines, but also olive and almond trees). The presence of this crop system in Les Oluges until de mid-20th century, as well as in other Mediterranean regions, indicate the existence of an important traditional ecological knowledge linked to this polyculture. In order to determine the possible advantages of this alley-cropping system I developed a multidimensional analysis that assesses agroecological and socioeconomic aspects. From the agroecological point of view, the results show that the intercropping system did not have a productive disadvantage. This can be explained by the weak competition among crops and the possible existence of mutual facilitation processes. Additionally, from the socioeconomic perspective the alley-cropping system provided savings in human and animal workforce, which were of great importance in the context of traditional-organic management in Les Oluges. The analysis of the traditional intercropping system in Les Oluges shows as well the adaptation of the agroecosystem’s management to a logic of Peasant Economy that seeks to balance multiple elements rather than maximize only one
Andréia Silva De Alcântara - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Feira livre e reprodução camponesa no município de Irará/BA
Confins, 2019Co-Authors: Andréia Silva De Alcântara, Pertile NoeliAbstract:No processo histórico de formação do município de Irará os ex-escravos reorganizaram suas táticas de resistência no campo através das diferentes formas de acesso a terra (posseiro, parceiro, arrendatário, ocupante e pequeno proprietário) e disso resultou a existência dos atuais camponeses. Este é o contexto em que foi forjado o campesinato no município de Irará que permite a continuidade da luta e a preservação do modo de vida camponês, expresso por meio da agricultura tradicional nas diversas manifestações do saber-fazer desse grupo social. Assim, grande parte da produção agropecuária municipal é comercializada na feira livre do município de Irará. A feira livre configura-se como instrumento oxigenador da economia camponesa. É onde o camponês exerce a troca de mercadorias por ele produzidas (do que excede em seu estabelecimento) por dinheiro e outros produtos fundamentais a sua subsistência. A feira livre também é o espaço das relações de sociabilidade, das manifestações culturais e do lazer. A feira livre do município de Irará apresenta uma diversidade de produtos, que são oriundos, em sua maior parte, das comunidades rurais do município de Irará. A diversidade desses produtos expressa a importância da agricultura camponesa no abastecimento do mercado local. Por conseguinte, a feira livre do município de Irará é o espaço onde se movimenta a economia local, é onde o trabalho do camponês se materializa em moeda de compra e troca. É o espaço que garante a reprodução camponesa e ao mesmo tempo, tece as relações entre o campo e a cidade.Dans le processus historique de formation de la municipalité d`Irará les anciens esclaves qu'ils réorganisent leurs tactiques de résistance sur le champ à travers des différentes formes d'accès à la terre (squatters, partenaire, locataire, occupant et petit propriétaire) et il a donné lieu à l'existence des paysans d'aujourd'hui. C´est le contexte dans lequel il a été forgé dans la paysannerie d´Irará qui permet la continuité de la lutte et la préservation de la vie paysanne, exprimée par l'agriculture traditionnelle dans les diverses manifestations du savoir-faire de ce groupe social. Ainsi, une grande partie de la production agricole municipale est commercialisée à la foire libre de la municipalité d'Irará. Le marché est un oxygénateur de l'économie paysanne. C'est là que le paysan porte l'échange de biens produits par lui (de ce qui dépasse dans votre établissement) de l'argent avec d'autres produits clés à leur gagne-pain. La foire est aussi l'espace des relations de sociabilité, des manifestations culturelles et des loisirs. Le marché d`Irará juste libre démontre une diversité de produits, qui sont dérivés, pour la plupart, les communautés rurales d´Irará. La diversité de la production a démontré l'importance de l'agriculture paysanne dans l'approvisionnement du marché local. Par conséquent, le marché d’Irará est l'espace où l'économie locale se déplace, est l'endroit où le travail paysan matérialise l'achat et le commerce. C'est l'espace qui garantit la reproduction paysanne et, en même temps, tisse les liens entre les champs et la ville.In the historical process of formation of the municipality of Irará the former slaves reorganized their tactics of resistance in the countryside through different forms of access to land (squatter, partner, tenant, occupant and small owner) and this resulted in the existence of the present Peasants. This is the context in which the Peasantry was forged in the municipality of Irará, which allows for the continuation of the struggle and the preservation of the Peasant way of life, expressed through traditional agriculture in the various manifestations of the know-how of this social group. Thus, much of the municipal agricultural production is marketed at the free fair of the municipality of Irará. The free fair is an oxygenator of the Peasant Economy. It is where the Peasant carries on the exchange of commodities produced by him (of what he exceeds in his establishment) for money and other commodities essential for his subsistence. The free fair is also the space of relations of sociability, cultural manifestations and leisure. The free fair of the municipality of Irará presents a diversity of products, which originate, for the most part, from the rural communities of the municipality of Irará. The diversity of these products expresses the importance of Peasant agriculture in supplying the local market. Consequently, the fair of the municipality of Irará is the space where the local Economy moves, where the work of the Peasant materializes in the currency of purchase and exchange. It is the space that guarantees Peasant reproduction and, at the same time, weaves the relations between the countryside and the city
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Feira livre e reprodução camponesa no município de Irará/BA
Confins, 2019Co-Authors: Andréia Silva De Alcântara, Noeli PertileAbstract:In the historical process of formation of the municipality of Irará the former slaves reorganized their tactics of resistance in the countryside through different forms of access to land (squatter, partner, tenant, occupant and small owner) and this resulted in the existence of the present Peasants. This is the context in which the Peasantry was forged in the municipality of Irará, which allows for the continuation of the struggle and the preservation of the Peasant way of life, expressed through traditional agriculture in the various manifestations of the know-how of this social group. Thus, much of the municipal agricultural production is marketed at the free fair of the municipality of Irará. The free fair is an oxygenator of the Peasant Economy. It is where the Peasant carries on the exchange of commodities produced by him (of what he exceeds in his establishment) for money and other commodities essential for his subsistence. The free fair is also the space of relations of sociability, cultural manifestations and leisure. The free fair of the municipality of Irará presents a diversity of products, which originate, for the most part, from the rural communities of the municipality of Irará. The diversity of these products expresses the importance of Peasant agriculture in supplying the local market. Consequently, the fair of the municipality of Irará is the space where the local Economy moves, where the work of the Peasant materializes in the currency of purchase and exchange. It is the space that guarantees Peasant reproduction and, at the same time, weaves the relations between the countryside and the city
Pertile Noeli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Feira livre e reprodução camponesa no município de Irará/BA
Confins, 2019Co-Authors: Andréia Silva De Alcântara, Pertile NoeliAbstract:No processo histórico de formação do município de Irará os ex-escravos reorganizaram suas táticas de resistência no campo através das diferentes formas de acesso a terra (posseiro, parceiro, arrendatário, ocupante e pequeno proprietário) e disso resultou a existência dos atuais camponeses. Este é o contexto em que foi forjado o campesinato no município de Irará que permite a continuidade da luta e a preservação do modo de vida camponês, expresso por meio da agricultura tradicional nas diversas manifestações do saber-fazer desse grupo social. Assim, grande parte da produção agropecuária municipal é comercializada na feira livre do município de Irará. A feira livre configura-se como instrumento oxigenador da economia camponesa. É onde o camponês exerce a troca de mercadorias por ele produzidas (do que excede em seu estabelecimento) por dinheiro e outros produtos fundamentais a sua subsistência. A feira livre também é o espaço das relações de sociabilidade, das manifestações culturais e do lazer. A feira livre do município de Irará apresenta uma diversidade de produtos, que são oriundos, em sua maior parte, das comunidades rurais do município de Irará. A diversidade desses produtos expressa a importância da agricultura camponesa no abastecimento do mercado local. Por conseguinte, a feira livre do município de Irará é o espaço onde se movimenta a economia local, é onde o trabalho do camponês se materializa em moeda de compra e troca. É o espaço que garante a reprodução camponesa e ao mesmo tempo, tece as relações entre o campo e a cidade.Dans le processus historique de formation de la municipalité d`Irará les anciens esclaves qu'ils réorganisent leurs tactiques de résistance sur le champ à travers des différentes formes d'accès à la terre (squatters, partenaire, locataire, occupant et petit propriétaire) et il a donné lieu à l'existence des paysans d'aujourd'hui. C´est le contexte dans lequel il a été forgé dans la paysannerie d´Irará qui permet la continuité de la lutte et la préservation de la vie paysanne, exprimée par l'agriculture traditionnelle dans les diverses manifestations du savoir-faire de ce groupe social. Ainsi, une grande partie de la production agricole municipale est commercialisée à la foire libre de la municipalité d'Irará. Le marché est un oxygénateur de l'économie paysanne. C'est là que le paysan porte l'échange de biens produits par lui (de ce qui dépasse dans votre établissement) de l'argent avec d'autres produits clés à leur gagne-pain. La foire est aussi l'espace des relations de sociabilité, des manifestations culturelles et des loisirs. Le marché d`Irará juste libre démontre une diversité de produits, qui sont dérivés, pour la plupart, les communautés rurales d´Irará. La diversité de la production a démontré l'importance de l'agriculture paysanne dans l'approvisionnement du marché local. Par conséquent, le marché d’Irará est l'espace où l'économie locale se déplace, est l'endroit où le travail paysan matérialise l'achat et le commerce. C'est l'espace qui garantit la reproduction paysanne et, en même temps, tisse les liens entre les champs et la ville.In the historical process of formation of the municipality of Irará the former slaves reorganized their tactics of resistance in the countryside through different forms of access to land (squatter, partner, tenant, occupant and small owner) and this resulted in the existence of the present Peasants. This is the context in which the Peasantry was forged in the municipality of Irará, which allows for the continuation of the struggle and the preservation of the Peasant way of life, expressed through traditional agriculture in the various manifestations of the know-how of this social group. Thus, much of the municipal agricultural production is marketed at the free fair of the municipality of Irará. The free fair is an oxygenator of the Peasant Economy. It is where the Peasant carries on the exchange of commodities produced by him (of what he exceeds in his establishment) for money and other commodities essential for his subsistence. The free fair is also the space of relations of sociability, cultural manifestations and leisure. The free fair of the municipality of Irará presents a diversity of products, which originate, for the most part, from the rural communities of the municipality of Irará. The diversity of these products expresses the importance of Peasant agriculture in supplying the local market. Consequently, the fair of the municipality of Irará is the space where the local Economy moves, where the work of the Peasant materializes in the currency of purchase and exchange. It is the space that guarantees Peasant reproduction and, at the same time, weaves the relations between the countryside and the city
Natalia P. Nosova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The State and Peasantry of Soviet Russia. Search for the Model of Interaction (Analysis of Discussions from the 1920s)
2020Co-Authors: Носова, Наталья Петровна, Natalia P. NosovaAbstract:Анализируемый в статье материал позволяет показать, что после взятия большевиками государственной власти формирование принципов государственного управления сельским хозяйством проходило в сложной напряженной обстановке разрушения старой экономической системы и создания хозяйственного механизма, соответствовавшего политической модели нового строя. Постепенно на основе принципов, которые нащупывались в ходе практической реализации идеи создания новой экономики, формировалась политика, которая часто вступала в конфликт с реальной экономикой. Этот поиск был сложным и болезненным. В статье проанализирован широчайший диапазон теоретических дискуссий 1920-х годов: о роли рынка и товарно-денежных отношений в экономике социализма, об эволюции крестьянского хозяйства, источниках накопления, темпах экономического роста и др. Показано, что в рамках каждой дискуссии существовала возможность мнений от откровенно враждебных правящему режиму, до ортодоксально большевистских. К концу рассматриваемого периода позиции ученых, не вписывающиеся в ортодоксальный марксизм, приходят в противоречие с господствующей идеологией, когда мировоззрение (научное, политическое) того или иного специалиста отождествлялось с предметом его профессиональной деятельности. Экономические дискуссии 1920-х годов показали ряд возможных вариантов развития. Однако наиболее предпочтительным оказался путь усиления контроля государства во всех сферах жизни общества, особенно в среде «мелкобуржуазного крестьянства», постоянно создававшего угрозу власти. Этот вариант развития не появился как окончательное и бесповоротное решение. Не смотря на «режим наибольшего благоприятствования» со стороны правящей партии, он долго пробивал себе дорогу в поворотах и отступлениях экономической политики, в спорах и дискуссиях. Но именно здесь, как показало исследование, и наметился тот поворотный рубеж нэпа, когда складываются необратимые механизмы административно-командной системы, которая к концу 1920-х годов оформляется в отлаженную систему . The material which is analyzed in the article allows to show that after the Bolsheviks captured the state power, the formation of the state agriculture management principles took place in a complex environment of intense destruction of the old economic system and the creation of the economic mechanism, which matched the political model of the new system. Gradually, on the basis of the principles founded in the practical realization of the idea of creating a new Economy, policies evolved that are often in conflict with the real Economy. This search has been difficult and painful. The article analyzes a wide range of theoretical discussions of the 1920s: the role of the market and commodity-money relations in the socialist Economy, the evolution of the Peasant Economy, the accumulation of sources, economic growth, etc. It is shown that, within each discussion there were opinions ranging from openly hostile to the regime, to the Bolshevik orthodoxy. By the end of the reporting period, the position of scientists who did not fit the orthodox Marxism, came into conflict with the dominant ideology, when the world (scientific, political) of a specialist was identified with the subject of their professional activity. The economic debate of the 1920s showed a number of possible options for development. However, the most preferred way turned out to be gaining control of the state in all spheres of society, especially among the “petty-bourgeois Peasantry”, which constantly created a threat to the authorities. This option did not appear as the final and irrevocable decision. Despite the “regime of the most-favored” followed by the ruling party, it has long pursued its way in the turns and retreats of the economic policies in debates and discussions. Yet right there, as the study has found, the turning line of NEP was defined, when irreversible mechanisms of administrative-command system came into being, which by the end of 1920 was issued in the streamlined system of totalitarianism
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From the Tsarism to the New Economic Policy. The Regulation Problems of the Multistructure Peasant Economy of Soviet Russia in the Discourse of the State Power
2020Co-Authors: Носова, Наталья Петровна, Natalia P. NosovaAbstract:В статье предпринята попытка выявления специфики управления многоукладной крестьянской экономикой с точки зрения изучения особенностей формирования парадигмы — модели взаимоотношений государства с большинством населения страны, не являвшимся политической основой власти. Проблема рассматривается в методологии, прежде всего, политического дискурса как анализа явных и скрытых политических смыслов становления новой власти. Проведенный анализ показал, что в течение всего исследуемого периода оба сектора крестьянской экономики — и индивидуальный, и социалистический — развивались. Однако возможности их развития оказались неодинаковыми. В экстремальных условиях революции и гражданской войны сложилась «военно-коммунистическая» система управления, которая состояла из вынужденных элементов, диктуемых обстоятельствами, и элементов социалистического штурма. Поиски компромисса с крестьянством в конце гражданской войны привели к возрождению товарно-денежных отношений, рынка. Успехи в оживлении и восстановлении сельского хозяйства были очевидны. Анализируемый в статье материал позволяет показать, что к концу 1920-х гг. государство возвращается к мерам самой крайней регламентации индивидуального крестьянского хозяйства, подготовив тем самым «решительный бросок» в сторону его уничтожения. Будущее ошибочно связывалось с крупным индустриальным производством, в том числе и в сельском хозяйстве. Мелкое же хозяйство объявлялось неперспективным. Результатом стало стремление к огосударствлению всех сфер крестьянской экономики, переход от наметившихся рыночных отношений к государственной контрактации, форсирование развития социалистического сектора при отсутствии экономической и психологической готовности крестьян, составлявших большинство населения . This article attempts to identify the specifics of the multistructure Peasant economies management from the point of view of studying the features of the paradigm shaping — a model of relationship with the majority of the population that does not form political background. First of all, the problem is considered within the scope of the methodology of political discourse as the analysis of the explicit and implicit political meanings of the emergence of a new power. The analysis reveals that both sectors of the Peasant Economy — individual and socialist — were developed during the entire period under investigation. However, the opportunities for their development were not equal. A “military-communist” management system was formed in the extreme conditions of the revolution and civil war. It employed forced methods, dictated by circumstances, and elements of a socialist assault. The search for a compromise with the Peasantry led to a revival of commodity-money relations and the market at the end of the Civil War. Success in revitalizing and restoring agriculture was obvious. The material, which is analyzed in the article, shows that by the end of the 1920s the state returned to the measures of the most extreme regulation of the individual Peasant Economy and prepared a “decisive throw” towards its destruction. The future was mistakenly associated with large-scale industrial production, including agriculture. Small-scale farming was declared as non perspective. As a result, these measures led to the nationalisation of all spheres of the Peasant Economy, transition from the emerging market relations to the state contracting, forcing the socialist sector development in the absence of economic and psychological readiness of the Peasants, who constituted the majority of the population
Noeli Pertile - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Feira livre e reprodução camponesa no município de Irará/BA
Confins, 2019Co-Authors: Andréia Silva De Alcântara, Noeli PertileAbstract:In the historical process of formation of the municipality of Irará the former slaves reorganized their tactics of resistance in the countryside through different forms of access to land (squatter, partner, tenant, occupant and small owner) and this resulted in the existence of the present Peasants. This is the context in which the Peasantry was forged in the municipality of Irará, which allows for the continuation of the struggle and the preservation of the Peasant way of life, expressed through traditional agriculture in the various manifestations of the know-how of this social group. Thus, much of the municipal agricultural production is marketed at the free fair of the municipality of Irará. The free fair is an oxygenator of the Peasant Economy. It is where the Peasant carries on the exchange of commodities produced by him (of what he exceeds in his establishment) for money and other commodities essential for his subsistence. The free fair is also the space of relations of sociability, cultural manifestations and leisure. The free fair of the municipality of Irará presents a diversity of products, which originate, for the most part, from the rural communities of the municipality of Irará. The diversity of these products expresses the importance of Peasant agriculture in supplying the local market. Consequently, the fair of the municipality of Irará is the space where the local Economy moves, where the work of the Peasant materializes in the currency of purchase and exchange. It is the space that guarantees Peasant reproduction and, at the same time, weaves the relations between the countryside and the city
