The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Meg Gerrard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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protection and Vulnerability processes relevant for early onset of substance use a test among african american children
Health Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Thomas Ashby Wills, Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Gene H BrodyAbstract:This research tested predictions from a self-regulation model of factors relevant for early onset of tobacco and alcohol use with a community sample of 889 African American children (mean age = 10.5 years). Criterion variables were peer substance use, willingness to use substances, and resistance efficacy (intention to refuse substance offers). Structural modeling indicated effects of temperament dimensions were mediated through self-control and risk-taking constructs, which were related to school involvement, life events, and Perceived Vulnerability to harmful effects of substances. Peer use was predicted by life events, poor self-control, and parent-child conflict; willingness was predicted by life events, risk taking, and (inversely) parental support; and resistance efficacy was predicted by Perceived Vulnerability and (inversely) poor self-control. Findings are discussed with reference to theoretical models of early protection and Vulnerability processes.
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relation between Perceived Vulnerability to hiv and precautionary sexual behavior
Psychological Bulletin, 1996Co-Authors: Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Brad J BushmanAbstract:Although virtually all major theories of health-protective behavior assume that precautionary behavior is related to Perceived Vulnerability, the applicability of this assumption to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preventive behavior has recently been called into question. This article uses qualitative and quantitative methods to review and integrate the literature relevant to the relation between Perceived Vulnerability to HIV and precautionary sexual behavior. Specifically, the purpose of the article is to determine whether the extent research supports 2 hypotheses regarding this relation; (a) Perceptions of personal Vulnerability to HIV are reflections of current and recent risk and precautionary behavior, and (b) these perceptions motivate precautionary sexual behavior. In addition, it examines the conceptual and methodological strengths and weaknesses of the empirical literature on these questions and provides recommendations for future research.
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Effects of reviewing risk-relevant behavior on Perceived Vulnerability among women Marines.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1991Co-Authors: Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Teddy D. WarnerAbstract:People generally tend to underestimate their Vulnerability to negative life events. Such behavior stems from a tendency to focus upon ones risk-reducing behavior without considering others risk-reducing behavior and ones own risk-increasing behaviors. Questionnaires were administered to a group of women at relatively high risk for unplanned pregnancy to study the effects of reviewing subjects sexual and contraceptive behavior on Perceived Vulnerability to unplanned pregnancy. 432 women with mean age 19.6 years graduating from U.S. Marine Corps recruit training were study subjects. Respondents perceptions of the likelihood of oneself other Marines and civilians becoming pregnant and/or contracting HIV during the upcoming 12 months were queried. Further questions were also asked about sexual behavior contraceptive behavior attitudes toward pregnancy and birth control method efficacy. Prior to initiating Marine Corps training these women had an average 5.5 sex partners and engaged in intercourse an average 2.2 times/week during the 3 months prior to commencement of training. While 27% had been pregnant at least once 83% claimed to use contraceptives with 64% employing methods of greater than 85% effectiveness. Reviewing pregnancy-related behaviors decreased Perceived Vulnerability among respondents for whom unplanned pregnancy was not undesirable and those having most confidence in their contraceptive behavior. Perceived Vulnerability to HIV infection was however significantly increased. Study findings support the hypothesis that selective focus on preventive behavior is a strongly pervasive source of the illusion of inVulnerability. A complex relationship between increasing awareness of risk behaviors and decreasing illusions of unique inVulnerability is suggested.
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effects of reviewing risk relevant behavior on Perceived Vulnerability among women marines
Health Psychology, 1991Co-Authors: Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Teddy D. WarnerAbstract:People generally underestimate their own Vulnerability to negative events such as illness or accidents. It has been suggested that this illusion of "unique inVulnerability" is due to selective focus on one's own risk-reducing behaviors, to the exclusion of others' risk-reducing behaviors and one's own risk-increasing behaviors. The current study examined the effects of reviewing sexual and contraceptive behavior on Perceived Vulnerability to unplanned pregnancy. Our results indicated that review of pregnancy-related behaviors decreased Perceived Vulnerability among two groups of subjects: those who considered unplanned pregnancy to be most undesirable and those who had the most confidence in the efficacy of their contraceptive behavior. The data also support the hypothesis that selective focus is a source of the illusion of inVulnerability.
Frederick X. Gibbons - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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protection and Vulnerability processes relevant for early onset of substance use a test among african american children
Health Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Thomas Ashby Wills, Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Gene H BrodyAbstract:This research tested predictions from a self-regulation model of factors relevant for early onset of tobacco and alcohol use with a community sample of 889 African American children (mean age = 10.5 years). Criterion variables were peer substance use, willingness to use substances, and resistance efficacy (intention to refuse substance offers). Structural modeling indicated effects of temperament dimensions were mediated through self-control and risk-taking constructs, which were related to school involvement, life events, and Perceived Vulnerability to harmful effects of substances. Peer use was predicted by life events, poor self-control, and parent-child conflict; willingness was predicted by life events, risk taking, and (inversely) parental support; and resistance efficacy was predicted by Perceived Vulnerability and (inversely) poor self-control. Findings are discussed with reference to theoretical models of early protection and Vulnerability processes.
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relation between Perceived Vulnerability to hiv and precautionary sexual behavior
Psychological Bulletin, 1996Co-Authors: Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Brad J BushmanAbstract:Although virtually all major theories of health-protective behavior assume that precautionary behavior is related to Perceived Vulnerability, the applicability of this assumption to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preventive behavior has recently been called into question. This article uses qualitative and quantitative methods to review and integrate the literature relevant to the relation between Perceived Vulnerability to HIV and precautionary sexual behavior. Specifically, the purpose of the article is to determine whether the extent research supports 2 hypotheses regarding this relation; (a) Perceptions of personal Vulnerability to HIV are reflections of current and recent risk and precautionary behavior, and (b) these perceptions motivate precautionary sexual behavior. In addition, it examines the conceptual and methodological strengths and weaknesses of the empirical literature on these questions and provides recommendations for future research.
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Effects of reviewing risk-relevant behavior on Perceived Vulnerability among women Marines.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1991Co-Authors: Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Teddy D. WarnerAbstract:People generally tend to underestimate their Vulnerability to negative life events. Such behavior stems from a tendency to focus upon ones risk-reducing behavior without considering others risk-reducing behavior and ones own risk-increasing behaviors. Questionnaires were administered to a group of women at relatively high risk for unplanned pregnancy to study the effects of reviewing subjects sexual and contraceptive behavior on Perceived Vulnerability to unplanned pregnancy. 432 women with mean age 19.6 years graduating from U.S. Marine Corps recruit training were study subjects. Respondents perceptions of the likelihood of oneself other Marines and civilians becoming pregnant and/or contracting HIV during the upcoming 12 months were queried. Further questions were also asked about sexual behavior contraceptive behavior attitudes toward pregnancy and birth control method efficacy. Prior to initiating Marine Corps training these women had an average 5.5 sex partners and engaged in intercourse an average 2.2 times/week during the 3 months prior to commencement of training. While 27% had been pregnant at least once 83% claimed to use contraceptives with 64% employing methods of greater than 85% effectiveness. Reviewing pregnancy-related behaviors decreased Perceived Vulnerability among respondents for whom unplanned pregnancy was not undesirable and those having most confidence in their contraceptive behavior. Perceived Vulnerability to HIV infection was however significantly increased. Study findings support the hypothesis that selective focus on preventive behavior is a strongly pervasive source of the illusion of inVulnerability. A complex relationship between increasing awareness of risk behaviors and decreasing illusions of unique inVulnerability is suggested.
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effects of reviewing risk relevant behavior on Perceived Vulnerability among women marines
Health Psychology, 1991Co-Authors: Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Teddy D. WarnerAbstract:People generally underestimate their own Vulnerability to negative events such as illness or accidents. It has been suggested that this illusion of "unique inVulnerability" is due to selective focus on one's own risk-reducing behaviors, to the exclusion of others' risk-reducing behaviors and one's own risk-increasing behaviors. The current study examined the effects of reviewing sexual and contraceptive behavior on Perceived Vulnerability to unplanned pregnancy. Our results indicated that review of pregnancy-related behaviors decreased Perceived Vulnerability among two groups of subjects: those who considered unplanned pregnancy to be most undesirable and those who had the most confidence in the efficacy of their contraceptive behavior. The data also support the hypothesis that selective focus is a source of the illusion of inVulnerability.
Teddy D. Warner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of reviewing risk-relevant behavior on Perceived Vulnerability among women Marines.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1991Co-Authors: Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Teddy D. WarnerAbstract:People generally tend to underestimate their Vulnerability to negative life events. Such behavior stems from a tendency to focus upon ones risk-reducing behavior without considering others risk-reducing behavior and ones own risk-increasing behaviors. Questionnaires were administered to a group of women at relatively high risk for unplanned pregnancy to study the effects of reviewing subjects sexual and contraceptive behavior on Perceived Vulnerability to unplanned pregnancy. 432 women with mean age 19.6 years graduating from U.S. Marine Corps recruit training were study subjects. Respondents perceptions of the likelihood of oneself other Marines and civilians becoming pregnant and/or contracting HIV during the upcoming 12 months were queried. Further questions were also asked about sexual behavior contraceptive behavior attitudes toward pregnancy and birth control method efficacy. Prior to initiating Marine Corps training these women had an average 5.5 sex partners and engaged in intercourse an average 2.2 times/week during the 3 months prior to commencement of training. While 27% had been pregnant at least once 83% claimed to use contraceptives with 64% employing methods of greater than 85% effectiveness. Reviewing pregnancy-related behaviors decreased Perceived Vulnerability among respondents for whom unplanned pregnancy was not undesirable and those having most confidence in their contraceptive behavior. Perceived Vulnerability to HIV infection was however significantly increased. Study findings support the hypothesis that selective focus on preventive behavior is a strongly pervasive source of the illusion of inVulnerability. A complex relationship between increasing awareness of risk behaviors and decreasing illusions of unique inVulnerability is suggested.
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effects of reviewing risk relevant behavior on Perceived Vulnerability among women marines
Health Psychology, 1991Co-Authors: Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Teddy D. WarnerAbstract:People generally underestimate their own Vulnerability to negative events such as illness or accidents. It has been suggested that this illusion of "unique inVulnerability" is due to selective focus on one's own risk-reducing behaviors, to the exclusion of others' risk-reducing behaviors and one's own risk-increasing behaviors. The current study examined the effects of reviewing sexual and contraceptive behavior on Perceived Vulnerability to unplanned pregnancy. Our results indicated that review of pregnancy-related behaviors decreased Perceived Vulnerability among two groups of subjects: those who considered unplanned pregnancy to be most undesirable and those who had the most confidence in the efficacy of their contraceptive behavior. The data also support the hypothesis that selective focus is a source of the illusion of inVulnerability.
Thomas W Barkley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hiv testing Perceived Vulnerability and correlates of hiv sexual risk behaviours of latino and african american young male gang members
International Journal of Std & Aids, 2011Co-Authors: Ronald A Brooks, Sungjae Lee, Gabriel N Stover, Thomas W BarkleyAbstract:This study examined HIV testing behaviours, Perceived Vulnerability to HIV and correlates of sexual risk behaviours of young adult Latino and African American male gang members in Los Angeles, California. Data were collected from 249 gang members aged 18-26 years. The majority (59%) of gang members reported unprotected vaginal intercourse (UVI) in the past 12 months. Only one-third (33.2%) of gang members had ever been tested for HIV. In our multivariate analysis, gang members who reported UVI were more likely to have engaged in the following behaviours: had sex with someone they just met (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.51), had sex with someone they think or know had a sexually transmitted infection (STI; AOR = 4.67) or had sex while incarcerated (AOR = 8.92). In addition, gang members with a higher Perceived Vulnerability to HIV were less likely to report UVI in the previous 12 months (AOR = 0.75). These findings offer implications for development of an HIV prevention intervention for young Latino and African American male gang members.
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condom attitudes Perceived Vulnerability and sexual risk behaviors of young latino male urban street gang members implications for hiv prevention
Aids Education and Prevention, 2009Co-Authors: Ronald A Brooks, Sungjae Lee, Gabriel N Stover, Thomas W BarkleyAbstract:We examined condom attitudes, Perceived Vulnerability to HIV, HIV testing experiences, and sexual and substance use risk behaviors of 161 active Latino male gang members, aged 18–26 years old, living in Los Angeles, California. Gang members reported negative condom attitudes and a Perceived Vulnerability to HIV. The majority (53%) of gang members reported unprotected vaginal intercourse (UVI) in the previous 12 months. Multivariate analyses indicated that participants who engaged in the following behaviors were more likely to report UVI: had sex with someone they just met (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.66), received money or drugs for sex (AOR = 5.05), or had sex with someone who had a sexually transmitted disease (AOR = 4.99). Participants with a higher Perceived Vulnerability to HIV were less likely to report UVI (AOR = 0.82). Our findings offer implications for development of an HIV prevention intervention for Latino male gang members.
Brian E Roe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Perceived Vulnerability to covid 19 infection from event attendance results from louisiana usa two weeks preceding the national emergency declaration
BMC Public Health, 2020Co-Authors: Bingcheng Yang, Jerrod Penn, Bailey Houghtaling, Juan Chen, Witoon Prinyawiwatkul, Brian E RoeAbstract:Individual perceptions of personal and national threats posed by COVID-19 shaped initial response to the pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in residents’ awareness about COVID-19 and to characterize those who were more aware and responsive during the early stages of the pandemic in Louisiana. In response to the mounting threat of COVID-19, we added questions to an ongoing food preference study held at Louisiana State University from March 3rd through March 12th, 2020. We asked how likely it was that the spread of the coronavirus will cause a national public health crisis and participants’ level of concern about contracting COVID-19 by attending campus events. We used regression and classification tree analysis to identify correlations between these responses and (a) national and local COVID case counts; (b) personal characteristics and (c) randomly assigned information treatments provided as part of the food preference study. We found participants expressed a higher likelihood of an impending national crisis as the number of national and local confirmed cases increased. However, concerns about contracting COVID-19 by attending campus events rose more slowly in response to the increasing national and local confirmed case count. By the end of this study on March 12th, 2020 although 89% of participants agreed that COVID-19 would likely cause a public health crisis, only 65% of the participants expressed concerns about contracting COVID-19 from event attendance. These participants were significantly more likely to be younger students, in the highest income group, and to have participated in the study by responding to same-day, in-person flyer distribution. These results provide initial insights about the perceptions of the COVID-19 public health crisis during its early stages in Louisiana. We concluded with suggestions for universities and similar institutions as in-person activities resume in the absence of widespread vaccination.
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Perceived Vulnerability to covid 19 infection from event attendance results from louisiana usa two weeks preceding the national emergency declaration
medRxiv, 2020Co-Authors: Bingcheng Yang, Jerrod Penn, Bailey Houghtaling, Juan Chen, Witoon Prinyawiwatkul, Brian E RoeAbstract:In response to the mounting threat of COVID-19, we added questions to an ongoing food preference study held at Louisiana State University from March 3-12 of 2020. We asked 356 participants: (1) In your opinion, how likely is it that the spread of COVID-19 (the coronavirus) will cause a public health crisis in the United States? (2) How concerned are you that you will contract COVID-19 by attending events on campus? Participants9 estimates of an impending national health crisis increased significantly during the study9s second week (March 9-12) while concern about personally contracting COVID-19 from attending campus events increased only marginally during the study9s final days. We find those expressing a higher likelihood of an impending national crisis were more concerned about contracting COVID-19 by attending campus events, suggesting a possible transmission from perceptions of national-level events to Perceived personal Vulnerability via local exposure. However, about 30% of participants Perceived that COVID-19 would likely cause a public health crisis yet did not express concern about contracting COVID-19 from event attendance. These participants were significantly more likely to be younger students who agreed to participate in response to recruitment using same-day flyer distribution. Women expressed a higher likelihood of an emerging national health crisis, although they were not more concerned than men that attending campus events would result in virus contraction. Other groups (e.g., white, students younger than 25, highest income group) displayed similar concern about a national-level crisis, yet were significantly less concerned about contracting COVID-19 from attending campus events than others. Also, participants randomly assigned to information emphasizing the national impacts of food waste expressed significantly greater concern of contracting COVID-19 by attending campus events. These results provide some initial insight about how people Perceived national and personal risks in the early stages of the COVID-19 crisis in Louisiana.