The Experts below are selected from a list of 273 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nigel D Paul - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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variation in the responses of litter and Phylloplane fungi to uv b radiation 290 315 nm
Fungal Biology, 1999Co-Authors: Sandra A Moody, Kevin K Newsham, P G Ayres, Nigel D PaulAbstract:The development of 12 litter and seven Phylloplane fungal species was examined from spore germination to colony sporulation across a series of environmentally relevant UV-B doses. For the litter fungi all aspects of fungal development and morphology studied were affected. On the basis of the responses of mycelial extension rate and spore germination to increasing UV-B, the 12 litter fungi were divided into two groups. Group A ( Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium hordei, P. janczewskii, P. spinulosum and P. purpurogenum ) were sensitive to UV-B, with the predicted effects of a 15% ozone depletion resulting in 22–44% reductions in spore germination. Mycelial extension rate on the agar surface was similarly affected, with reductions ranging from 15 to 25%. In contrast group B ( Mucor hiemalis, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, Trichoderma viride, Ulocladium consortiale , the Verticillium state of Nectria inventa and Marasmius androsaceus ) were relatively insensitive to UV-B, with significant, but small, reductions in mycelial extension rate (l 5%) and spore germination (0–22%). Spore production in response to UV-B in the litter species was very variable, reductions ranging from 5% to complete inhibition. Only P. hordei showed a significant increase in spore production in response to UV-B dose. In contrast, in all seven Phylloplane species, spore germination was unaffected by increasing dose. Mycelial extension rate was slightly (2–12%), but significantly, inhibited by UV-B for the four Phylloplane fungi tested. The contrasting responses of Phylloplane and litter fungi to UV-B are discussed along with the implications for resource capture by competing fungal species and the possible effects of UV-B on decomposition processes.
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Variation in the responses of litter and Phylloplane fungi to UV-B radiation.
1999Co-Authors: Sandra A Moody, Kevin K Newsham, P G Ayres, Nigel D PaulAbstract:The development of 12 litter and seven Phylloplane fungal species was examined from spore germination to colony sporulation across a series of environmentally relevant UV-B doses. For the litter fungi all aspects of fungal development and morphology studied were affected. On the basis of the responses of mycelial extension rate and spore germination to increasing UV-B, the 12 litter fungi were divided into two groups. Group A (Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium hordei, P. janczewskii, P. spinulosum and P. purpurogenum) were sensitive to UV-B, with the predicted effects of a 15% ozone depletion resulting in 22–44% reductions in spore germination. Mycelial extension rate on the agar surface was similarly affected, with reductions ranging from 15 to 25%. In contrast group B (Mucor hiemalis, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, Trichoderma viride, Ulocladium consortiale, the Verticillium state of Nectria inventa and Marasmius androsaceus) were relatively insensitive to UV-B, with significant, but small, reductions in mycelial extension rate (< 5%) and spore germination (0–22%). Spore production in response to UV-B in the litter species was very variable, reductions ranging from 5% to complete inhibition. Only P. hordei showed a significant increase in spore production in response to UV-B dose. In contrast, in all seven Phylloplane species, spore germination was unaffected by increasing dose. Mycelial extension rate was slightly (2–12%), but significantly, inhibited by UV-B for the four Phylloplane fungi tested. The contrasting responses of Phylloplane and litter fungi to UV-B are discussed along with the implications for resource capture by competing fungal species and the possible effects of UV-B on decomposition processes.
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Variation in the responses of litter and Phylloplane fungi to UV-B radiation (290–315 nm)
Fungal Biology, 1999Co-Authors: Sandra A Moody, Kevin K Newsham, P G Ayres, Nigel D PaulAbstract:The development of 12 litter and seven Phylloplane fungal species was examined from spore germination to colony sporulation across a series of environmentally relevant UV-B doses. For the litter fungi all aspects of fungal development and morphology studied were affected. On the basis of the responses of mycelial extension rate and spore germination to increasing UV-B, the 12 litter fungi were divided into two groups. Group A ( Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium hordei, P. janczewskii, P. spinulosum and P. purpurogenum ) were sensitive to UV-B, with the predicted effects of a 15% ozone depletion resulting in 22–44% reductions in spore germination. Mycelial extension rate on the agar surface was similarly affected, with reductions ranging from 15 to 25%. In contrast group B ( Mucor hiemalis, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, Trichoderma viride, Ulocladium consortiale , the Verticillium state of Nectria inventa and Marasmius androsaceus ) were relatively insensitive to UV-B, with significant, but small, reductions in mycelial extension rate (l 5%) and spore germination (0–22%). Spore production in response to UV-B in the litter species was very variable, reductions ranging from 5% to complete inhibition. Only P. hordei showed a significant increase in spore production in response to UV-B dose. In contrast, in all seven Phylloplane species, spore germination was unaffected by increasing dose. Mycelial extension rate was slightly (2–12%), but significantly, inhibited by UV-B for the four Phylloplane fungi tested. The contrasting responses of Phylloplane and litter fungi to UV-B are discussed along with the implications for resource capture by competing fungal species and the possible effects of UV-B on decomposition processes.
Isabel Spencermartins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessment of Phylloplane yeasts on selected mediterranean plants by fish with group and species specific oligonucleotide probes
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2010Co-Authors: Joao Inacio, Wolfgang Ludwig, Isabel Spencermartins, Alvaro FonsecaAbstract:A previous culture-dependent survey of Phylloplane yeasts from selected Mediterranean plants showed that a few species were present in high densities in almost all leaf samples, regardless of the plant type, location or sampling season. However, a few species appeared to be restricted to Cistus albidus leaves, namely Cryptococcus cistialbidi. Here, we describe a culture-independent FISH assay to detect and quantify whole yeast cells in leaf washings. After optimization, the technique was used to check the apparent association between C. albidus leaves and C. cistialbidi and the abundance and ubiquity of other basidiomycetous yeast species such as Erythrobasidium hasegawianum and Sporobolomyces spp. in leaf samples from this and other neighboring plants (Acer monspessulanum and Quercus faginea). No yeast cells were detected in Pistacia lentiscus leaf samples. We were also able to demonstrate that three Phylloplane yeasts (C. cistialbidi, E. hasegawianum and Sporobolomyces spp.) appeared to be log-normally distributed among individual C. albidus leaves. The log-normal distribution has important implications for the quantification of Phylloplane yeasts based on the washing and plating of bulk leaf samples, which will tend to overestimate the size of the respective populations and become an error source in yeast surveys or related biocontrol studies.
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estimation and diversity of Phylloplane mycobiota on selected plants in a mediterranean type ecosystem in portugal
Microbial Ecology, 2002Co-Authors: Joao Inacio, Alvaro Fonseca, Pablo Tavares Pereira, Marcelo R De Carvalho, M T Amaralcollaco, Isabel SpencermartinsAbstract:Mediterranean ecosystems have not been consistently investigated as natural habitats for microbes in general, and fungi in particular. Here we present the results of a survey of epiphytic mycobiota (filamentous fungi and yeasts) on the Phylloplane of selected plants in the Arrabida Natural Park, an ecosystem of Mediterranean characteristics in Portugal, using conventional culture-dependent isolation methods. Leaves from the species Acer monspessulanum and Quercus faginea (deciduous trees) and Cistus albidus, Pistacia lentiscus, and Osyris quadripartita (evergreen shrubs) were collected twice a year for two consecutive years, at two distinct locations of Serra da Arrabida: the more humid northern slope and the drier southern slope. A total of 1029 strains of filamentous fungi and 540 strains of yeasts were isolated, which represented at least 36 and 46 distinct species, respectively. Total counts were higher on the plants from the northern slope and there was a general increase from spring to autumn, notably on the deciduous trees for the yeasts. Plant species that had higher numbers of leaf colonists (A. monspessulanum, C. albidus, and Q. faginea) also yielded a wider range of species. Among the filamentous fungi there was a predominance of species of ascomycetous affinity, whereas basidiomycetous species dominated among yeast isolates. Some of the taxa recovered were common to other Phylloplane studies (e.g., ubiquitous molds and yeasts such as Cladosporium spp. and Cryptococcus spp., respectively), but less common species were also found, some of which appeared to represent undescribed taxa. Interestingly, a few species seemed to be associated with a particular plant, notably in the case of the evergreen shrub C. albidus. However, for a considerable number of fungi and yeasts the same taxon was recovered throughout the year from more than one plant and at both sites, suggesting that such species might be genuine Phylloplane inhabitants (or at least of aerial plant surfaces) even though they appeared not to display host specificity.
Joao Inacio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessment of Phylloplane yeasts on selected mediterranean plants by fish with group and species specific oligonucleotide probes
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2010Co-Authors: Joao Inacio, Wolfgang Ludwig, Isabel Spencermartins, Alvaro FonsecaAbstract:A previous culture-dependent survey of Phylloplane yeasts from selected Mediterranean plants showed that a few species were present in high densities in almost all leaf samples, regardless of the plant type, location or sampling season. However, a few species appeared to be restricted to Cistus albidus leaves, namely Cryptococcus cistialbidi. Here, we describe a culture-independent FISH assay to detect and quantify whole yeast cells in leaf washings. After optimization, the technique was used to check the apparent association between C. albidus leaves and C. cistialbidi and the abundance and ubiquity of other basidiomycetous yeast species such as Erythrobasidium hasegawianum and Sporobolomyces spp. in leaf samples from this and other neighboring plants (Acer monspessulanum and Quercus faginea). No yeast cells were detected in Pistacia lentiscus leaf samples. We were also able to demonstrate that three Phylloplane yeasts (C. cistialbidi, E. hasegawianum and Sporobolomyces spp.) appeared to be log-normally distributed among individual C. albidus leaves. The log-normal distribution has important implications for the quantification of Phylloplane yeasts based on the washing and plating of bulk leaf samples, which will tend to overestimate the size of the respective populations and become an error source in yeast surveys or related biocontrol studies.
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estimation and diversity of Phylloplane mycobiota on selected plants in a mediterranean type ecosystem in portugal
Microbial Ecology, 2002Co-Authors: Joao Inacio, Alvaro Fonseca, Pablo Tavares Pereira, Marcelo R De Carvalho, M T Amaralcollaco, Isabel SpencermartinsAbstract:Mediterranean ecosystems have not been consistently investigated as natural habitats for microbes in general, and fungi in particular. Here we present the results of a survey of epiphytic mycobiota (filamentous fungi and yeasts) on the Phylloplane of selected plants in the Arrabida Natural Park, an ecosystem of Mediterranean characteristics in Portugal, using conventional culture-dependent isolation methods. Leaves from the species Acer monspessulanum and Quercus faginea (deciduous trees) and Cistus albidus, Pistacia lentiscus, and Osyris quadripartita (evergreen shrubs) were collected twice a year for two consecutive years, at two distinct locations of Serra da Arrabida: the more humid northern slope and the drier southern slope. A total of 1029 strains of filamentous fungi and 540 strains of yeasts were isolated, which represented at least 36 and 46 distinct species, respectively. Total counts were higher on the plants from the northern slope and there was a general increase from spring to autumn, notably on the deciduous trees for the yeasts. Plant species that had higher numbers of leaf colonists (A. monspessulanum, C. albidus, and Q. faginea) also yielded a wider range of species. Among the filamentous fungi there was a predominance of species of ascomycetous affinity, whereas basidiomycetous species dominated among yeast isolates. Some of the taxa recovered were common to other Phylloplane studies (e.g., ubiquitous molds and yeasts such as Cladosporium spp. and Cryptococcus spp., respectively), but less common species were also found, some of which appeared to represent undescribed taxa. Interestingly, a few species seemed to be associated with a particular plant, notably in the case of the evergreen shrub C. albidus. However, for a considerable number of fungi and yeasts the same taxon was recovered throughout the year from more than one plant and at both sites, suggesting that such species might be genuine Phylloplane inhabitants (or at least of aerial plant surfaces) even though they appeared not to display host specificity.
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Estimation and Diversity of Phylloplane Mycobiota on Selected Plants in a Mediterranean–Type Ecosystem in Portugal
Microbial Ecology, 2002Co-Authors: Joao Inacio, Alvaro Fonseca, Pablo Tavares Pereira, Marcelo R De Carvalho, M.t. Amaral-collaço, Isabel Spencer-martinsAbstract:Mediterranean ecosystems have not been consistently investigated as natural habitats for microbes in general, and fungi in particular. Here we present the results of a survey of epiphytic mycobiota (filamentous fungi and yeasts) on the Phylloplane of selected plants in the Arrabida Natural Park, an ecosystem of Mediterranean characteristics in Portugal, using conventional culture-dependent isolation methods. Leaves from the species Acer monspessulanum and Quercus faginea (deciduous trees) and Cistus albidus, Pistacia lentiscus, and Osyris quadripartita (evergreen shrubs) were collected twice a year for two consecutive years, at two distinct locations of Serra da Arrabida: the more humid northern slope and the drier southern slope. A total of 1029 strains of filamentous fungi and 540 strains of yeasts were isolated, which represented at least 36 and 46 distinct species, respectively. Total counts were higher on the plants from the northern slope and there was a general increase from spring to autumn, notably on the deciduous trees for the yeasts. Plant species that had higher numbers of leaf colonists (A. monspessulanum, C. albidus, and Q. faginea) also yielded a wider range of species. Among the filamentous fungi there was a predominance of species of ascomycetous affinity, whereas basidiomycetous species dominated among yeast isolates. Some of the taxa recovered were common to other Phylloplane studies (e.g., ubiquitous molds and yeasts such as Cladosporium spp. and Cryptococcus spp., respectively), but less common species were also found, some of which appeared to represent undescribed taxa. Interestingly, a few species seemed to be associated with a particular plant, notably in the case of the evergreen shrub C. albidus. However, for a considerable number of fungi and yeasts the same taxon was recovered throughout the year from more than one plant and at both sites, suggesting that such species might be genuine Phylloplane inhabitants (or at least of aerial plant surfaces) even though they appeared not to display host specificity.
Alvaro Fonseca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessment of Phylloplane yeasts on selected mediterranean plants by fish with group and species specific oligonucleotide probes
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2010Co-Authors: Joao Inacio, Wolfgang Ludwig, Isabel Spencermartins, Alvaro FonsecaAbstract:A previous culture-dependent survey of Phylloplane yeasts from selected Mediterranean plants showed that a few species were present in high densities in almost all leaf samples, regardless of the plant type, location or sampling season. However, a few species appeared to be restricted to Cistus albidus leaves, namely Cryptococcus cistialbidi. Here, we describe a culture-independent FISH assay to detect and quantify whole yeast cells in leaf washings. After optimization, the technique was used to check the apparent association between C. albidus leaves and C. cistialbidi and the abundance and ubiquity of other basidiomycetous yeast species such as Erythrobasidium hasegawianum and Sporobolomyces spp. in leaf samples from this and other neighboring plants (Acer monspessulanum and Quercus faginea). No yeast cells were detected in Pistacia lentiscus leaf samples. We were also able to demonstrate that three Phylloplane yeasts (C. cistialbidi, E. hasegawianum and Sporobolomyces spp.) appeared to be log-normally distributed among individual C. albidus leaves. The log-normal distribution has important implications for the quantification of Phylloplane yeasts based on the washing and plating of bulk leaf samples, which will tend to overestimate the size of the respective populations and become an error source in yeast surveys or related biocontrol studies.
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estimation and diversity of Phylloplane mycobiota on selected plants in a mediterranean type ecosystem in portugal
Microbial Ecology, 2002Co-Authors: Joao Inacio, Alvaro Fonseca, Pablo Tavares Pereira, Marcelo R De Carvalho, M T Amaralcollaco, Isabel SpencermartinsAbstract:Mediterranean ecosystems have not been consistently investigated as natural habitats for microbes in general, and fungi in particular. Here we present the results of a survey of epiphytic mycobiota (filamentous fungi and yeasts) on the Phylloplane of selected plants in the Arrabida Natural Park, an ecosystem of Mediterranean characteristics in Portugal, using conventional culture-dependent isolation methods. Leaves from the species Acer monspessulanum and Quercus faginea (deciduous trees) and Cistus albidus, Pistacia lentiscus, and Osyris quadripartita (evergreen shrubs) were collected twice a year for two consecutive years, at two distinct locations of Serra da Arrabida: the more humid northern slope and the drier southern slope. A total of 1029 strains of filamentous fungi and 540 strains of yeasts were isolated, which represented at least 36 and 46 distinct species, respectively. Total counts were higher on the plants from the northern slope and there was a general increase from spring to autumn, notably on the deciduous trees for the yeasts. Plant species that had higher numbers of leaf colonists (A. monspessulanum, C. albidus, and Q. faginea) also yielded a wider range of species. Among the filamentous fungi there was a predominance of species of ascomycetous affinity, whereas basidiomycetous species dominated among yeast isolates. Some of the taxa recovered were common to other Phylloplane studies (e.g., ubiquitous molds and yeasts such as Cladosporium spp. and Cryptococcus spp., respectively), but less common species were also found, some of which appeared to represent undescribed taxa. Interestingly, a few species seemed to be associated with a particular plant, notably in the case of the evergreen shrub C. albidus. However, for a considerable number of fungi and yeasts the same taxon was recovered throughout the year from more than one plant and at both sites, suggesting that such species might be genuine Phylloplane inhabitants (or at least of aerial plant surfaces) even though they appeared not to display host specificity.
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Estimation and Diversity of Phylloplane Mycobiota on Selected Plants in a Mediterranean–Type Ecosystem in Portugal
Microbial Ecology, 2002Co-Authors: Joao Inacio, Alvaro Fonseca, Pablo Tavares Pereira, Marcelo R De Carvalho, M.t. Amaral-collaço, Isabel Spencer-martinsAbstract:Mediterranean ecosystems have not been consistently investigated as natural habitats for microbes in general, and fungi in particular. Here we present the results of a survey of epiphytic mycobiota (filamentous fungi and yeasts) on the Phylloplane of selected plants in the Arrabida Natural Park, an ecosystem of Mediterranean characteristics in Portugal, using conventional culture-dependent isolation methods. Leaves from the species Acer monspessulanum and Quercus faginea (deciduous trees) and Cistus albidus, Pistacia lentiscus, and Osyris quadripartita (evergreen shrubs) were collected twice a year for two consecutive years, at two distinct locations of Serra da Arrabida: the more humid northern slope and the drier southern slope. A total of 1029 strains of filamentous fungi and 540 strains of yeasts were isolated, which represented at least 36 and 46 distinct species, respectively. Total counts were higher on the plants from the northern slope and there was a general increase from spring to autumn, notably on the deciduous trees for the yeasts. Plant species that had higher numbers of leaf colonists (A. monspessulanum, C. albidus, and Q. faginea) also yielded a wider range of species. Among the filamentous fungi there was a predominance of species of ascomycetous affinity, whereas basidiomycetous species dominated among yeast isolates. Some of the taxa recovered were common to other Phylloplane studies (e.g., ubiquitous molds and yeasts such as Cladosporium spp. and Cryptococcus spp., respectively), but less common species were also found, some of which appeared to represent undescribed taxa. Interestingly, a few species seemed to be associated with a particular plant, notably in the case of the evergreen shrub C. albidus. However, for a considerable number of fungi and yeasts the same taxon was recovered throughout the year from more than one plant and at both sites, suggesting that such species might be genuine Phylloplane inhabitants (or at least of aerial plant surfaces) even though they appeared not to display host specificity.
Carlos Priminho Pirovani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A new desiccation-related protein identified by proteomics in the Phylloplane of Theobroma cacao
2020Co-Authors: D S M Almeida, Thyago Hermylly Santana Cardoso, Fabienne Micheli, Fatima Cerqueira Alvim, L.f. Santos, A.s. Santiago, Julio Cezar M. Cascardo, Carlos Priminho PirovaniAbstract:Currently, 20 millions of people from producing countries, such as Brazil, depend directly on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) for their survival. The witches' broom disease caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa had drastic consequences on the socio-economic and environmental development of the affected regions, such as the Bahia State. The disease begins with the germination of the basidiospores on the leaf surface (or Phylloplane), followed by the penetration of the germination tube into the intercellular space and the colonization of the plant tissues by the mycelium (biotrophic phase). It has been suggested that the Phylloplane is one of the first battlefield of the host and pathogen, and the first interface between plant and environment. Here, we identify by SDS-PAGE/MS/MS, the cacao Phylloplane proteins, using two different cacao varieties, one susceptible (Catongo) and one resistant (CCN51) to M. perniciosa. One of our objectives was to quantify the small glandular trichomes (SGTs) in relation with the plant resistance/susceptibility to M.perniciosa. Six hundred resistant cacao leaves were collected and washed in distilled water for 30 seconds. Proteins were extracted from filtered and dried washing, and analyzed on SDS-PAGE. The bands were excised from the gel, subjected to reduction/alkylation and tryptic digestion, and then the peptides were analyzed by mass spectrometry on Micromass ESI-Q-Tof Micro (Waters). The more abundant band (25-35 kDa) was sequenced by MS/MS and resulted in eight peptides, corresponding to a new basic protein of 310 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 33.7 kDa and a theoretical pI of 10.25. This protein contains a probable signal peptide cleavage site between the amino acids 24 and 25. The amino acid sequence revealed similarity to a protein related to desiccation tolerance characterized in pollen-grain of Medicago. Histology was performed on CCN51 and Catongo leaves, to obtain the rate of occurrence of SGTs. CCN51 and Catongo presented an average of 1500 and 700 SGTs/cm2, respectively. The role of the proteins involved in tolerance to desiccation or present in the Phylloplane of T. cacao are discussed. (Texte integral)
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witches broom resistant genotype ccn51 shows greater diversity of symbiont bacteria in its Phylloplane than susceptible genotype catongo
BMC Microbiology, 2018Co-Authors: Juliano Oliveira Santana, Karina Peres Gramacho, Katiucia Ticila De Souza Eduvirgens Ferreira, Rachel Passos Rezende, Pedro Antonio Oliveira Mangabeira, Ricardo Dias, Francisco M Couto, Carlos Priminho PirovaniAbstract:Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) is a perennial tropical tree, endemic to rainforests of the Amazon Basin. Large populations of bacteria live on leaf surfaces and these Phylloplane microorganisms can have important effects on plant health. In recent years, the advent of high-throughput sequencing techniques has greatly facilitated studies of the Phylloplane microbiome. In this study, we characterized the bacterial microbiome of the Phylloplane of the catongo genotype (susceptible to witch’s broom) and CCN51 (resistant). Bacterial microbiome was determined by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. After the pre-processing, a total of 1.7 million reads were considered. In total, 106 genera of bacteria were characterized. Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in both genotypes. The exclusive genera of Catongo showed activity in the protection against UV radiation and in the transport of substrates. CCN51 presented genus that act in the biological control and inhibition in several taxonomic groups. Genotype CCN51 presented greater diversity of microorganisms in comparison to the Catongo genotype and the total community was different between both. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of leaves revealed that on the Phylloplane, many bacterial occur in large aggregates in several regions of the surface and isolated nearby to the stomata. We describe for the first time the Phylloplane bacterial communities of T. cacao. The Genotype CCN51, resistant to the witch’s broom, has a greater diversity of bacterial microbioma in comparison to Catongo and a greater amount of exclusive microorganisms in the Phylloplane with antagonistic action against phytopathogens.
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cacao Phylloplane the first battlefield against moniliophthora perniciosa which causes witches broom disease
Phytopathology, 2017Co-Authors: D S M Almeida, Karina Peres Gramacho, Thyago Hermylly Santana Cardoso, Fabienne Micheli, Fatima Cerqueira Alvim, Carlos Priminho PirovaniAbstract:The Phylloplane is the first contact surface between Theobroma cacao and the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, which causes witches’ broom disease (WBD). We evaluated the index of short glandular trichomes (SGT) in the cacao Phylloplane and the effect of irrigation on the disease index of cacao genotypes with or without resistance to WBD, and identified proteins present in the Phylloplane. The resistant genotype CCN51 and susceptible Catongo presented a mean index of 1,600 and 700 SGT cm−2, respectively. The disease index in plants under drip irrigation was reduced by approximately 30% compared with plants under sprinkler irrigation prior to inoculation. Leaf water wash (LWW) of the cacao inhibited the germination of spores by up to 98%. Proteins from the LWW of CCN51 were analyzed by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by tandem mass spectrometry. The gel showed 71 spots and identified a total of 42 proteins (28 from the plant and 14 from bacteria). Proteins...