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Gerald S. Wilkinson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Male Scent Gland Signals Mating Status in Greater Spear-Nosed Bats, Phyllostomus hastatus
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2018Co-Authors: Danielle M. Adams, Yue Li, Gerald S. WilkinsonAbstract:Chemical signals are ubiquitous, but often overlooked as potentially important for conveying information relevant for sexual selection. The male greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus , possesses a sexually dimorphic gland on the chest that produces an odoriferous secretion. Here, we investigate the potential for this glandular secretion to act as a sexually selected olfactory signal by examining gland activity in and out of the mating season and determining if variation in its chemical composition reflects variation in male mating status or attributes of the individual. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurements of samples collected from wild bats roosting in caves in Trinidad, West Indies, we find that males that defend and roost with groups of females (harem holders) have significantly different chemical profiles from males found roosting in all male groups (bachelors). Additionally, profiles differed significantly among individuals. Taken together, these results suggest that this chemical signal has the potential to communicate both mating status and individual identity and thus could be used to mediate interactions among individuals within this harem-based social mating system.
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Non-kin cooperation in bats
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B Biological sciences, 2016Co-Authors: Gerald S. Wilkinson, Kirsten M. Bohn, Gerald G. Carter, Danielle M. AdamsAbstract:Many bats are extremely social. In some cases, individuals remain together for years or even decades and engage in mutually beneficial behaviours among non-related individuals. Here, we summarize ways in which unrelated bats cooperate while roosting, foraging, feeding or caring for offspring. For each situation, we ask if cooperation involves an investment, and if so, what mechanisms might ensure a return. While some cooperative outcomes are likely a by-product of selfish behaviour as they are in many other vertebrates, we explain how cooperative investments can occur in several situations and are particularly evident in food sharing among common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) and alloparental care by greater spear-nosed bats (Phyllostomus hastatus). Fieldwork and experiments on vampire bats indicate that sharing blood with non-kin expands the number of possible donors beyond kin and promotes reciprocal help by strengthening long-term social bonds. Similarly, more than 25 years of recapture data and field observations of greater spear-nosed bats reveal multiple cooperative investments occurring within stable groups of non-kin. These studies illustrate how bats can serve as models for understanding how cooperation is regulated in social vertebrates.
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Discrimination of Infant Isolation Calls by Female Greater Spear-Nosed Bats, Phyllostomus hastatus
Animal behaviour, 2007Co-Authors: Kirsten M. Bohn, Gerald S. Wilkinson, Cynthia F. MossAbstract:In colonial species, recognition of offspring should be under strong selection. For accurate identification to occur, offspring must produce individually distinctive signals and parents must be able to discriminate between signals. Female greater spear-nosed bats roost in stable social groups and use infant vocalizations, termed isolation calls, to locate and identify their young. In this study, we investigated both the production and perception of isolation calls in P. hastatus. First, we measured acoustic features of calls and found that, after controlling for ontogenetic effects, sufficient variation exists between pups for isolation calls to function as individual signatures. Moreover, calls of pups from the same social group were more similar in spectral and spectrotemporal features than were calls of pups from different social groups, indicating that these features are probably heritable. We used psychoacoustic experiments in the laboratory to determine whether adult females could discriminate between calls from pups in the same or different social group. Females discriminated between pups when faced with a template-matching task and their performance was correlated with the salience of spectral and spectrotemporal features. We found no difference in performance when females had to discriminate between pups from the same and different social groups. These results indicate that females should be able to accurately identify their young using isolation calls.
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birth synchrony in greater spear nosed bats Phyllostomus hastatus
Journal of Zoology, 2001Co-Authors: T.a. Porter, Gerald S. WilkinsonAbstract:For many animals, strategies for optimally timing reproduction involve monitoring not only the physical environment, but also the social context. To explore the potential for social factors to modulate reproductive seasonality, the influence of social and environmental cues on birth timing was examined in greater spear-nosed bats Phyllostomus hastatus. Births were observed or dated from pup growth curves in three caves on Trinidad, West Indies, over 4 years. Nearly 40% of the variability in birth dates could be explained by environmental factors because birth dates differed significantly between years and showed consistent differences between locations that receive differing rainfall amounts. Nevertheless, the timing of births within caves and in captivity indicated that social cues also affect the timing and synchrony of births within female social groups. Within each cave, social groups differed significantly in mean birth dates. Two groups of greater spear-nosed bats brought into captivity and maintained without seasonal cues initially exhibited less birth synchrony than wild groups, but birth synchrony did not decline over 3 subsequent years. Further evidence for the influence of social cues on reproductive timing came from four females that were transferred between the captive groups and then gave birth in synchrony with their new group and out of schedule with their original group. Social cues influencing reproductive timing are unlikely to be volatile chemicals or other passively transferred cues, given that frequent prolonged physical contact did not increase birth synchrony between adjacent wild groups. Cues are more probably transferred actively between female group members, perhaps by grooming, or through mating with one attendant male.
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Birth synchrony in greater spear‐nosed bats (Phyllostomus hastatus)
Journal of Zoology, 2001Co-Authors: T.a. Porter, Gerald S. WilkinsonAbstract:For many animals, strategies for optimally timing reproduction involve monitoring not only the physical environment, but also the social context. To explore the potential for social factors to modulate reproductive seasonality, the influence of social and environmental cues on birth timing was examined in greater spear-nosed bats Phyllostomus hastatus. Births were observed or dated from pup growth curves in three caves on Trinidad, West Indies, over 4 years. Nearly 40% of the variability in birth dates could be explained by environmental factors because birth dates differed significantly between years and showed consistent differences between locations that receive differing rainfall amounts. Nevertheless, the timing of births within caves and in captivity indicated that social cues also affect the timing and synchrony of births within female social groups. Within each cave, social groups differed significantly in mean birth dates. Two groups of greater spear-nosed bats brought into captivity and maintained without seasonal cues initially exhibited less birth synchrony than wild groups, but birth synchrony did not decline over 3 subsequent years. Further evidence for the influence of social cues on reproductive timing came from four females that were transferred between the captive groups and then gave birth in synchrony with their new group and out of schedule with their original group. Social cues influencing reproductive timing are unlikely to be volatile chemicals or other passively transferred cues, given that frequent prolonged physical contact did not increase birth synchrony between adjacent wild groups. Cues are more probably transferred actively between female group members, perhaps by grooming, or through mating with one attendant male.
Julio Cesar Pieczarka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Chromosomal evolution and phylogeny in the Nullicauda group (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae): evidence from multidirectional chromosome painting.
BMC evolutionary biology, 2018Co-Authors: Anderson José Baia Gomes, Luis Reginaldo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi, Fengtang Yang, Malcolm A. Ferguson-smith, Patricia Caroline Mary O’brien, Julio Cesar PieczarkaAbstract:The family Phyllostomidae (Chiroptera) shows wide morphological, molecular and cytogenetic variation; many disagreements regarding its phylogeny and taxonomy remains to be resolved. In this study, we use chromosome painting with whole chromosome probes from the Phyllostomidae Phyllostomus hastatus and Carollia brevicauda to determine the rearrangements among several genera of the Nullicauda group (subfamilies Gliphonycterinae, Carolliinae, Rhinophyllinae and Stenodermatinae). These data, when compared with previously published chromosome homology maps, allow the construction of a phylogeny comparable to those previously obtained by morphological and molecular analysis. Our phylogeny is largely in agreement with that proposed with molecular data, both on relationships between the subfamilies and among genera; it confirms, for instance, that Carollia and Rhinophylla, previously considered as part of the same subfamily are, in fact, distant genera. The occurrence of the karyotype considered ancestral for this family in several different branches suggests that the diversification of Phyllostomidae into many subfamilies has occurred in a short period of time. Finally, the comparison with published maps using human whole chromosome probes allows us to track some syntenic associations prior to the emergence of this family.
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Tonatia saurophila G-banded karyotype showing homology to Carollia brevicauda (left) and Phyllostomus hastatus (right) chromosomes.
2015Co-Authors: Talita Fernanda Augusto Ribas, Luis Reginaldo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi, Anderson José Baia Gomes, Jorge Das Dores Rissino, Patricia Caroline Mary O'brien, Fengtang Yang, Malcolm Andrew Ferguson-smith, Julio Cesar PieczarkaAbstract:Tonatia saurophila G-banded karyotype showing homology to Carollia brevicauda (left) and Phyllostomus hastatus (right) chromosomes.
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Comparative analysis using G-banded chromosomes of PHA, PDI and LSI.
2015Co-Authors: Talita Fernanda Augusto Ribas, Luis Reginaldo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi, Anderson José Baia Gomes, Jorge Das Dores Rissino, Patricia Caroline Mary O'brien, Fengtang Yang, Malcolm Andrew Ferguson-smith, Julio Cesar PieczarkaAbstract:H = constitutive heterochromatin; NOR = Nucleolar Organizer Regions; *Pericentric inversion of pair 15 of PDI to PHA and LSI. Numbers on left: chromosomes from Carollia brevicauda. Numbers below: chromosomes from Phyllostomus hastatus.
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Chromosomal Homologies among Vampire Bats Revealed by Chromosome Painting (Phyllostomidae, Chiroptera)
Cytogenetic and genome research, 2010Co-Authors: Cibele G. Sotero-caio, Anderson José Baia Gomes, Julio Cesar Pieczarka, C. Y. Nagamachi, M. A. Ferguson-smith, Patricia Caroline Mary O’brien, T.c. Lira, Maria José De Souza, Neide SantosAbstract:Substantial effort has been made to elucidate karyotypic evolution of phyllostomid bats, mostly through comparisons of G-banding patterns. However, due to the limited number of G-bands in respective karyotypes and to the similarity of non-homologous bands, an accurate evolutionary history of chromosome segments remains questionable. This is the case for vampire bats (Desmodontinae). Despite several proposed homologies, banding data have not yet provided a detailed understanding of the chromosomal changes within vampire genera. We examined karyotype differentiation of the 3 species within this subfamily using whole chromosomal probes from Phyllostomus hastatus (Phyllostominae) and Carollia brevicauda (Carolliinae). Painting probes of P. hastatus respectively detected 22, 21 and 23 conserved segments in Diphylla ecaudata, Diaemus youngi, and Desmodus rotundus karyotypes, whereas 27, 27 and 28 were respectively detectedwith C. brevicauda paints. Based on the evolutionary relationships proposed by morphological and molecular data, we present probable chromosomal synapomorphies for vampire bats and propose chromosomes that were present in the common ancestor of the 5 genera analyzed. Karyotype comparisons allowed us to relate a number of conserved chromosomal segments among the 5 species, providing a broader database for understanding karyotype evolution in the family.
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Meiotic analysis of XX/XY and neo-XX/XY sex chromosomes in Phyllostomidae by cross-species chromosome painting revealing a common chromosome 15-XY rearrangement in Stenodermatinae
Chromosome Research, 2010Co-Authors: Renata Coelho Rodrigues Noronha, Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi, Malcolm A. Ferguson-smith, Patricia C. M. O’brien, Julio Cesar PieczarkaAbstract:We analyzed the meiotic behavior of the sex chromosomes of the bats Glossophaga soricina (XX/XY), Artibeus cinereus and Uroderma magnirostrum (neo-XX/XY) using multicolor FISH. The X chromosome and pair 15 autosome probes are from Phyllostomus hastatus and the Y from Carollia brevicauda. On both species with the neo-XX/XY system, the autosome translocated to the sex chromosomes is the pair 15 in P. hastatus , a synapomorphy. The analysis of meiosis confirms that the X and Y have a pseudo-autosomal region, with a typical end-to-end pairing. The autosomal regions of the neo-XX/XY shows different levels of condensation when compared to the original XX/XY. The compound system presented a characteristic shape, as if it was a closed ring with a tail. The ring represents the non-paired segments of the X and Y and the small pairing region of the original sex chromosomes. The tail corresponds to the pairing of the 15 P. hastatus autosomal bivalent, which are translocated to the sex chromosomes. Probably the non-pairing is responsible for the meiotic silencing of these segments.
Rickye S Heffner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bats are unusually insensitive to brief low-frequency tones.
Journal of comparative physiology. A Neuroethology sensory neural and behavioral physiology, 2019Co-Authors: Rickye S Heffner, Gimseong Koay, Henry E HeffnerAbstract:Bats use brief calls for echolocation, suggesting that they might be more sensitive to brief sounds than non-echolocating mammals. To investigate this possibility, absolute thresholds for brief tones were determined for four species of bats: The Common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the Greater spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus hastatus), both of which use frequency-modulated calls, the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus), an echolocator that uses tongue-clicks rather than laryngeal calls, and the Dog-faced fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis), a non-echolocating species. Norway rats and a human were tested for comparison using the same acoustic stimuli. Contrary to expectations, the echolocating bats were not superior to non-echolocating mammals in detecting brief tones in the frequency range of their echolocation calls. Instead, all four species of bats were remarkably less sensitive than non-bats to brief sounds of 10 kHz and below. This implies that temporal summation in the mammalian auditory system can show large species differences, and that the detection of brief sound is likely influenced by the selective pressures on each species as well as by the physical integration of energy in the auditory system. Such species differences in function are expected to be reflected in the physiology of their auditory systems.
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Use of Binaural Cues for Sound Localization in Two Species of Phyllostomidae: The Greater Spear-Nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus) and the Short-Tailed Fruit Bat (Carollia perspicillata)
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington D.C. : 1983), 2010Co-Authors: Rickye S Heffner, Gimseong Koay, Henry E HeffnerAbstract:Unlike humans, not all mammals use both of the binaural cues for sound localization. Whether an animal uses these cues can be determined by testing its ability to localize pure tones; specifically, low frequencies are localized using time-difference cues, and high frequencies are localized using intensity-difference cues. We determined the ability to use binaural cues in 2 New World bats, Phyllostomus hastatus, large omnivores, and Carollia perspicillata, small frugivores, by testing their tone-localization ability using a conditioned avoidance procedure. Both species easily localized high-frequency tones, indicating that they could use the interaural intensity-difference cue. However, neither species was able to use the phase-difference cue to localize either low-frequency pure tones or amplitude-modulated tones (which provided an envelope for additional time analysis). We now know of 3 bat species that cannot use binaural time cues and 2 that can. Further exploration of localization in bats may provide insight into the neural analysis of time cues in species that do not hear low frequencies.
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sound localization acuity and its relation to vision in large and small fruit eating bats i echolocating species Phyllostomus hastatus and carollia perspicillata
Hearing Research, 2007Co-Authors: Rickye S Heffner, Gimseong Koay, Henry E HeffnerAbstract:Passive sound-localization acuity for 100-ms noise bursts was determined behaviorally for two species of bats: Phyllostomus hastatus, a large bat that eats fruit and vertebrates, and Carollia perspicillata, a small species that eats fruit and nectar. The mean minimum audible angle for two P. hastatus was 9 degrees , and that for two C. perspicillata was 14.8 degrees . This places their passive sound-localization acuity near the middle of the range for mammals. Sound localization varies widely among mammals and the best predictor of a species' acuity remains the width of the field of best vision (r=.89, p<.0001). The five echolocating bats that have been tested do not deviate from this relationship suggesting that despite their specialization for echolocation, the use of hearing to direct the eyes to the source of a sound still serves as an important selective factor for sound localization.
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Sound-localization acuity and its relation to vision in large and small fruit-eating bats: I. Echolocating species, Phyllostomus hastatus and Carollia perspicillata.
Hearing research, 2007Co-Authors: Rickye S Heffner, Gimseong Koay, Henry E HeffnerAbstract:Passive sound-localization acuity for 100-ms noise bursts was determined behaviorally for two species of bats: Phyllostomus hastatus, a large bat that eats fruit and vertebrates, and Carollia perspicillata, a small species that eats fruit and nectar. The mean minimum audible angle for two P. hastatus was 9 degrees , and that for two C. perspicillata was 14.8 degrees . This places their passive sound-localization acuity near the middle of the range for mammals. Sound localization varies widely among mammals and the best predictor of a species' acuity remains the width of the field of best vision (r=.89, p
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Sound localization and its relation to vision in large and small New‐World bats
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2007Co-Authors: Gimseong Koay, Henry E Heffner, Rickye S HeffnerAbstract:Passive sound‐localization acuity (minimum audible angle) for brief noise bursts was determined behaviorally for two species of New‐World bats (Phyllostomidae): Phyllostomus hastatus, a large bat that eats fruit and preys on other vertebrates, and Carollia perspicillata, a small species that eats fruit and nectar. Both use echolocation calls of very low intensity for orientation and obstacle avoidance. The mean minimum audible angle for two P. hastatus was 9 deg, and that for two C. perspicillata was 14.8 deg. This places their passive sound‐localization acuity near the mean for mammals. Sound localization varies widely among mammals and the best predictor of a species acuity remains the width of the field of best vision (r=.89, p
Henry E Heffner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bats are unusually insensitive to brief low-frequency tones.
Journal of comparative physiology. A Neuroethology sensory neural and behavioral physiology, 2019Co-Authors: Rickye S Heffner, Gimseong Koay, Henry E HeffnerAbstract:Bats use brief calls for echolocation, suggesting that they might be more sensitive to brief sounds than non-echolocating mammals. To investigate this possibility, absolute thresholds for brief tones were determined for four species of bats: The Common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the Greater spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus hastatus), both of which use frequency-modulated calls, the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus), an echolocator that uses tongue-clicks rather than laryngeal calls, and the Dog-faced fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis), a non-echolocating species. Norway rats and a human were tested for comparison using the same acoustic stimuli. Contrary to expectations, the echolocating bats were not superior to non-echolocating mammals in detecting brief tones in the frequency range of their echolocation calls. Instead, all four species of bats were remarkably less sensitive than non-bats to brief sounds of 10 kHz and below. This implies that temporal summation in the mammalian auditory system can show large species differences, and that the detection of brief sound is likely influenced by the selective pressures on each species as well as by the physical integration of energy in the auditory system. Such species differences in function are expected to be reflected in the physiology of their auditory systems.
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Use of Binaural Cues for Sound Localization in Two Species of Phyllostomidae: The Greater Spear-Nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus) and the Short-Tailed Fruit Bat (Carollia perspicillata)
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington D.C. : 1983), 2010Co-Authors: Rickye S Heffner, Gimseong Koay, Henry E HeffnerAbstract:Unlike humans, not all mammals use both of the binaural cues for sound localization. Whether an animal uses these cues can be determined by testing its ability to localize pure tones; specifically, low frequencies are localized using time-difference cues, and high frequencies are localized using intensity-difference cues. We determined the ability to use binaural cues in 2 New World bats, Phyllostomus hastatus, large omnivores, and Carollia perspicillata, small frugivores, by testing their tone-localization ability using a conditioned avoidance procedure. Both species easily localized high-frequency tones, indicating that they could use the interaural intensity-difference cue. However, neither species was able to use the phase-difference cue to localize either low-frequency pure tones or amplitude-modulated tones (which provided an envelope for additional time analysis). We now know of 3 bat species that cannot use binaural time cues and 2 that can. Further exploration of localization in bats may provide insight into the neural analysis of time cues in species that do not hear low frequencies.
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sound localization acuity and its relation to vision in large and small fruit eating bats i echolocating species Phyllostomus hastatus and carollia perspicillata
Hearing Research, 2007Co-Authors: Rickye S Heffner, Gimseong Koay, Henry E HeffnerAbstract:Passive sound-localization acuity for 100-ms noise bursts was determined behaviorally for two species of bats: Phyllostomus hastatus, a large bat that eats fruit and vertebrates, and Carollia perspicillata, a small species that eats fruit and nectar. The mean minimum audible angle for two P. hastatus was 9 degrees , and that for two C. perspicillata was 14.8 degrees . This places their passive sound-localization acuity near the middle of the range for mammals. Sound localization varies widely among mammals and the best predictor of a species' acuity remains the width of the field of best vision (r=.89, p<.0001). The five echolocating bats that have been tested do not deviate from this relationship suggesting that despite their specialization for echolocation, the use of hearing to direct the eyes to the source of a sound still serves as an important selective factor for sound localization.
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Sound-localization acuity and its relation to vision in large and small fruit-eating bats: I. Echolocating species, Phyllostomus hastatus and Carollia perspicillata.
Hearing research, 2007Co-Authors: Rickye S Heffner, Gimseong Koay, Henry E HeffnerAbstract:Passive sound-localization acuity for 100-ms noise bursts was determined behaviorally for two species of bats: Phyllostomus hastatus, a large bat that eats fruit and vertebrates, and Carollia perspicillata, a small species that eats fruit and nectar. The mean minimum audible angle for two P. hastatus was 9 degrees , and that for two C. perspicillata was 14.8 degrees . This places their passive sound-localization acuity near the middle of the range for mammals. Sound localization varies widely among mammals and the best predictor of a species' acuity remains the width of the field of best vision (r=.89, p
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Sound localization and its relation to vision in large and small New‐World bats
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2007Co-Authors: Gimseong Koay, Henry E Heffner, Rickye S HeffnerAbstract:Passive sound‐localization acuity (minimum audible angle) for brief noise bursts was determined behaviorally for two species of New‐World bats (Phyllostomidae): Phyllostomus hastatus, a large bat that eats fruit and preys on other vertebrates, and Carollia perspicillata, a small species that eats fruit and nectar. Both use echolocation calls of very low intensity for orientation and obstacle avoidance. The mean minimum audible angle for two P. hastatus was 9 deg, and that for two C. perspicillata was 14.8 deg. This places their passive sound‐localization acuity near the mean for mammals. Sound localization varies widely among mammals and the best predictor of a species acuity remains the width of the field of best vision (r=.89, p
M. A. Ferguson-smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Supplementary Material for: Chromosomal Homologies among Vampire Bats Revealed by Chromosome Painting (Phyllostomidae, Chiroptera)
2017Co-Authors: Cibele G. Sotero-caio, J. C. Pieczarka, C. Y. Nagamachi, M. A. Ferguson-smith, Gomes A.j.b., T.c. Lira, O’brien P.c.m., Maria José De Souza, Neide SantosAbstract:Substantial effort has been made to elucidate karyotypic evolution of phyllostomid bats, mostly through comparisons of G-banding patterns. However, due to the limited number of G-bands in respective karyotypes and to the similarity of non-homologous bands, an accurate evolutionary history of chromosome segments remains questionable. This is the case for vampire bats (Desmodontinae). Despite several proposed homologies, banding data have not yet provided a detailed understanding of the chromosomal changes within vampire genera. We examined karyotype differentiation of the 3 species within this subfamily using whole chromosomal probes from Phyllostomus hastatus (Phyllostominae) and Carollia brevicauda (Carolliinae). Painting probes of P. hastatus respectively detected 22, 21 and 23 conserved segments in Diphylla ecaudata , Diaemus youngi , and Desmodus rotundus karyotypes, whereas 27, 27 and 28 were respectively detectedwith C. brevicauda paints. Based on the evolutionary relationships proposed by morphological and molecular data, we present probable chromosomal synapomorphies for vampire bats and propose chromosomes that were present in the common ancestor of the 5 genera analyzed. Karyotype comparisons allowed us to relate a number of conserved chromosomal segments among the 5 species, providing a broader database for understanding karyotype evolution in the family.
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A phylogenetic analysis using multidirectional chromosome painting of three species (Uroderma magnirostrum, U. bilobatum and Artibeus obscurus) of subfamily Stenodermatinae (Chiroptera-Phyllostomidae)
Chromosome Research, 2013Co-Authors: J. C. Pieczarka, C. Y. Nagamachi, P. C. M. O’brien, F. Yang, A. J. B. Gomes, D. C. C. Rocha, J. D. Rissino, M. A. Ferguson-smithAbstract:The species of genera Uroderma and Artibeus are medium-sized bats belonging to the family Phyllostomidae and subfamily Stenodermatinae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from South America. They have a wide distribution in the Neotropical region, with two currently recognized species in Uroderma and approximately 20 species in Artibeus . These two genera have different rates of chromosome evolution, with Artibeus probably having retained the ancestral karyotype for the subfamily. We used whole chromosome paint probe sets from Carollia brevicauda and Phyllostomus hastatus on Uroderma magnirostrum , Uroderma bilobatum , and Artibeus obscurus . With the aim of testing the previous phylogenies of these bats using cytogenetics, we compared these results with published painting maps on Phyllostomidae. The genome-wide comparative maps based on chromosome painting and chromosome banding reveal the chromosome forms that characterize each taxonomic level within the Phyllostomidae and show the chromosome evolution of this family. Based on this, we are able to suggest an ancestral karyotype for Phyllostomidae. Our cladistic analysis is an independent confirmation using multidirectional chromosome painting of the previous Phyllostomidae phylogenies.
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Chromosomal Homologies among Vampire Bats Revealed by Chromosome Painting (Phyllostomidae, Chiroptera)
Cytogenetic and genome research, 2010Co-Authors: Cibele G. Sotero-caio, Anderson José Baia Gomes, Julio Cesar Pieczarka, C. Y. Nagamachi, M. A. Ferguson-smith, Patricia Caroline Mary O’brien, T.c. Lira, Maria José De Souza, Neide SantosAbstract:Substantial effort has been made to elucidate karyotypic evolution of phyllostomid bats, mostly through comparisons of G-banding patterns. However, due to the limited number of G-bands in respective karyotypes and to the similarity of non-homologous bands, an accurate evolutionary history of chromosome segments remains questionable. This is the case for vampire bats (Desmodontinae). Despite several proposed homologies, banding data have not yet provided a detailed understanding of the chromosomal changes within vampire genera. We examined karyotype differentiation of the 3 species within this subfamily using whole chromosomal probes from Phyllostomus hastatus (Phyllostominae) and Carollia brevicauda (Carolliinae). Painting probes of P. hastatus respectively detected 22, 21 and 23 conserved segments in Diphylla ecaudata, Diaemus youngi, and Desmodus rotundus karyotypes, whereas 27, 27 and 28 were respectively detectedwith C. brevicauda paints. Based on the evolutionary relationships proposed by morphological and molecular data, we present probable chromosomal synapomorphies for vampire bats and propose chromosomes that were present in the common ancestor of the 5 genera analyzed. Karyotype comparisons allowed us to relate a number of conserved chromosomal segments among the 5 species, providing a broader database for understanding karyotype evolution in the family.
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Reciprocal chromosome painting between two South American bats: Carollia brevicauda and Phyllostomus hastatus (Phyllostomidae, Chiroptera)
Chromosome Research, 2005Co-Authors: J. C. Pieczarka, C. Y. Nagamachi, P. C. M. O’brien, F. Yang, W. Rens, R. M. S. Barros, R. C. R. Noronha, J. Rissino, E. H. C. Oliveira, M. A. Ferguson-smithAbstract:The Neotropical Phyllostomidae family is the third largest in the order Chiroptera, with 56 genera and 140 species. Most researchers accept this family as monophyletic but its species are anatomically diverse and complex, leading to disagreement on its systematics and evolutionary relationships. Most of the genera of Phyllostomidae have highly conserved karyotypes but with intense intergeneric variability, which makes any comparative analysis using classical banding difficult. The use of chromosome painting is a modern way of genomic comparison on the cytological level, and will clarify the intense intergenus chromosomal variability in Phyllostomidae. Whole chromosome probes of species were produced as a tool for evolutionary studies in this family from two species from different subfamilies, Phyllostomus hastatus and Carollia brevicauda , which have large morphological and chromosomal differences, and these probes were used in reciprocal chromosome painting. The hybridization of the Phyllostomus probes on the Carollia genome revealed 24 conserved segments, while the Carollia probes on the Phyllostomus genome detected 26 segments. Many chromosome rearrangements have occurred during the divergence of these two genera. The sequence of events suggested a large number of rearrangements during the differentiation of the genera followed by high chromosomal stability within each genus.