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Zhao Ying - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • In vitro effects of Pidotimod on the proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii
    Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2013
    Co-Authors: Zhao Ying
    Abstract:

    Objective To evaluate the in vitro effect of Pidotimod on the proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii. Methods The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing RH tachyzoites of T. gondii were cultured in Hela cells. The cells were divided into the Pidotimod-treated , SMX-treated, SMX +Pidotimod-treated and untreated control groups. The morphology and the proliferation of the tachyzoites were determined , and the fluorescence values were analyzed. The numbers of live tachyzoites were enumerated at 48 ,72,96,and 120 h post-treatment. Results Compared with the untreated control , SMX (0.25-1 mg / ml) significantly inhibited the proliferation of tachyzoites at a 48-120 h after the treatment (P0.01). Pidotimod (6.25-25 μg / ml) also inhibited the proliferation of tachyzoites (P0.05). The inhibitory effect of combined SMX (0.25 mg / ml) and Pidotimod (25 μg / ml) treatment was similar to the single treatment with SMX (1 mg / ml,P = 0.311). Conclusion Pidotimod is effective in inhibiting the proliferation of T. gondii and the combination of Pidotimod with SMX may help to reduce the dosage of SMX.

Salvatore Leonardi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Proposal for a new therapeutic high dosage of Pidotimod in children with periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome: a randomized controlled study
    Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 2020
    Co-Authors: Sara Manti, Federica Filosco, Giuseppe Fabio Parisi, Giuseppe Germano Finocchiaro, Maria Papale, Andrea Giugno, Patrizia Barone, Salvatore Leonardi
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Despite to PFAPA syndrome is considered a benign and self-limited condition in childhood its impact on patients and families can be remarkable in many cases. Currently, the therapeutic options for managing are non-specific and no consensus exists about the best treatment to use. Pidotimod has been suggested as a new potential treatment in PFAPA syndrome for its immunodulatory effects. We conducted a preliminary, prospective, controlled, open, cross-over trial to assess the efficacy and the safety of Pidotimod in the treatment of children with PFAPA syndrome. METHODS 22 children with PFAPA syndrome were randomly allocated to treatment with Pidotimod (with 2 vials of 400 mg daily) in combination with betamethasone 0.5-1 mg on need, based on parents/caregivers' decision (group A) or betamethasone 0.5-1 mg on need, based on parents/caregivers' decision (group B). Each treatment period was for 3 months (Phase 1), after that patients were switched to the other arm for other 3 months (Phase 2). Efficacy was expressed in terms of number of episodes of fever, pharyngitis, or aphthous stomatitis, as well as the additional use of betamethasone on need. Safety and tolerability of the Pidotimod were evaluated on the basis of the number and type of adverse events (AEs) recorded during the treatment. RESULTS Patients receiving Pidotimod and use betametasone showed a significant decrease in frequency of fevers (p = 0.002); number of episodes of pharyngitis (p = 0.049); aphthous stomatitis (p = 0.036) as well as the betamethasone use on need (p = 0.007). Overall, 19/22 (86.4%) showed benefits from Pidotimod administration. The safety profile of Pidotimod was excellent as no serious adverse events have been reported in the treated groups. CONCLUSIONS We firstly showed that high dosage of Pidotimod could be an effective and safe to reduce the PFAPA attacks in children.

  • proposal for a new therapeutic high dosage of Pidotimod in children with periodic fever aphthous stomatitis pharyngitis adenitis pfapa syndrome a randomized controlled study
    Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 2020
    Co-Authors: Sara Manti, Federica Filosco, Giuseppe Fabio Parisi, Giuseppe Germano Finocchiaro, Maria Papale, Andrea Giugno, Patrizia Barone, Salvatore Leonardi
    Abstract:

    Despite to PFAPA syndrome is considered a benign and self-limited condition in childhood its impact on patients and families can be remarkable in many cases. Currently, the therapeutic options for managing are non-specific and no consensus exists about the best treatment to use. Pidotimod has been suggested as a new potential treatment in PFAPA syndrome for its immunodulatory effects. We conducted a preliminary, prospective, controlled, open, cross-over trial to assess the efficacy and the safety of Pidotimod in the treatment of children with PFAPA syndrome. 22 children with PFAPA syndrome were randomly allocated to treatment with Pidotimod (with 2 vials of 400 mg daily) in combination with betamethasone 0.5–1 mg on need, based on parents/caregivers’ decision (group A) or betamethasone 0.5-1 mg on need, based on parents/caregivers’ decision (group B). Each treatment period was for 3 months (Phase 1), after that patients were switched to the other arm for other 3 months (Phase 2). Efficacy was expressed in terms of number of episodes of fever, pharyngitis, or aphthous stomatitis, as well as the additional use of betamethasone on need. Safety and tolerability of the Pidotimod were evaluated on the basis of the number and type of adverse events (AEs) recorded during the treatment. Patients receiving Pidotimod and use betametasone showed a significant decrease in frequency of fevers (p = 0.002); number of episodes of pharyngitis (p = 0.049); aphthous stomatitis (p = 0.036) as well as the betamethasone use on need (p = 0.007). Overall, 19/22 (86.4%) showed benefits from Pidotimod administration. The safety profile of Pidotimod was excellent as no serious adverse events have been reported in the treated groups. We firstly showed that high dosage of Pidotimod could be an effective and safe to reduce the PFAPA attacks in children.

Lloyd H Kasper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • evaluation of the adjuvant effect of Pidotimod on the immune protection induced by uv attenuated toxoplasma gondii in mouse models
    Parasitology Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ying Zhao, Bo Huang, Shiguang Huang, Huanqin Zheng, Zhaorong Lun, Jilong Shen, Yong Wang, Lloyd H Kasper
    Abstract:

    The current anti-Toxoplasma gondii drugs have many shortcomings and effective vaccines against T. gondii may contribute to the control of this pathogen. Pidotimod is a synthetic substance capable of stimulating both cellular and humoral immunity. To investigate the possible adjuvant effect of Pidotimod on the immune response to T. gondii in Kunming mice induced by ultraviolet-attenuated T. gondii (UV-T.g), in this study, mice were immunized intraperitoneal (i.p.) with UV-T.g or UV-T.g co-administered with Pidotimod (UV-T.g + PT). After infection or challenge by i.p. injection of 10(2) RH tachyzoites, the animal survival rate, parasite burden in peritoneal lavage fluids, liver histopathology, the level of serum anti-toxoplasma IgG antibody, and the mRNA expressions of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α from spleen analyzed using real-time PCR, were compared among different groups. The results showed that, compared with infected controls, infected mice treated with Pidotimod had significantly increased survival rate and extended survival time, decreased parasite burden, improved liver histopathology, increased level of anti-toxoplasma IgG antibody, and increased mRNA expressions of Th1-type cytokine (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) (P < 0.01), while mice vaccinated with UV-T.g and then challenged had even significantly increased survival rate and extended survival time, decreased parasite burden, improved liver histopathology, and increased mRNA expressions of Th1-type cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) (P < 0.01); furthermore, vaccinated mice co-administered with Pidotimod had even more lower parasite burden, milder liver histopathology, and higher levels of Th1-type cytokine and anti-toxoplasma IgG antibody (P < 0.01). Our data demonstrated that Pidotimod in vivo could promote strong and specific humoral and cellular immune response to T. gondii challenge infection when co-administered with UV-attenuated T. gondii. It suggests that Pidotimod may have the potential to be used as an effective vaccine adjuvant.

Germano Coppi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Synthesis of the new immunostimulating agent Pidotimod (3‐L‐pyroglutamyl‐L‐thiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid) labelled with 14C‐ and 35S‐isotopes
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, 1992
    Co-Authors: Patrizia Ferraboschi, Paride Grisenti, Enzo Santaniello, C. Giachetti, G. Zanolo, Giovanni Signorelli, Germano Coppi
    Abstract:

    3-L-Pyroglutamyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (Pidotimod), a new immunostimulating agent, has been prepared labelled with 14C and 35 isotopes starting from L-[U-14C]-glutamic acid 5 and L-[35S]-cysteine hydrochloride 6, respectively. In the first synthesis, L-[U-14C]-5 is converted into L-[U-14C]-pyroglutamic acid 2, which was reacted with ethyl L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate 3 to afford the ester 4, in turn hydrolyzed to [14C]-Pidotimod 1. In the second synthesis, L-[35S]-6 reacted with formaldehyde to give L-[35S]-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 7, which was coupled with the activated ester of pyroglutamic acid, compound 8, to afford [35S]-Pidotimod 1. The total activity of [14C]-Pidotimod was 1.2 mCi (specific activity 5.52 mCi/mmol) and that of [35S]-Pidotimod was 1.0 mCi (specific activity 9.43 mCi/mmol).

  • Synthesis of the new immunostimulating agent Pidotimod (3-L-pyroglutamyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) labelled with 14C- and 35S-isotopes
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, 1992
    Co-Authors: Patrizia Ferraboschi, Paride Grisenti, Enzo Santaniello, C. Giachetti, G. Zanolo, Giovanni Signorelli, Germano Coppi
    Abstract:

    3-L-Pyroglutamyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (Pidotimod), a new immunostimulating agent, has been prepared labelled with 14C and 35 isotopes starting from L-[U-14C]-glutamic acid 5 and L-[35S]-cysteine hydrochloride 6, respectively. In the first synthesis, L-[U-14C]-5 is converted into L-[U-14C]-pyroglutamic acid 2, which was reacted with ethyl L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate 3 to afford the ester 4, in turn hydrolyzed to [14C]-Pidotimod 1. In the second synthesis, L-[35S]-6 reacted with formaldehyde to give L-[35S]-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 7, which was coupled with the activated ester of pyroglutamic acid, compound 8, to afford [35S]-Pidotimod 1. The total activity of [14C]-Pidotimod was 1.2 mCi (specific activity 5.52 mCi/mmol) and that of [35S]-Pidotimod was 1.0 mCi (specific activity 9.43 mCi/mmol).

  • SYNTHESIS OF THE NEW IMMUNOSTIMULATING AGENT Pidotimod (3-L-PYROGLUTAMYL-L-THIAZOLIDINE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID) LABELED WITH C-14 ISOTOPE AND S-35 ISOTOPE
    'Wiley', 1992
    Co-Authors: Patrizia Ferraboschi, Paride Grisenti, Enzo Santaniello, C. Giachetti, G. Zanolo, Giovanni Signorelli, Germano Coppi
    Abstract:

    3-L-Pyroglutamyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (Pidotimod), a new immunostimulating agent, has been prepared labelled with C-14 and S-35 isotopes starting from L-[U-C-14]-glutamic acid 5 and L-[S-35]-cysteine hydrochloride 6, respectively. In the first synthesis, L-[U-C-14]-5 is converted into L-[U-C-14]-pyroglutamic acid 2, which was reacted with ethyl L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate 3 to afford the ester 4, in turn hydrolyzed to [C-14]-Pidotimod 1. In the second synthesis, L-[S-35]-6 reacted with formaldehyde to give L-[S-35]-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 7, which was coupled with the activated ester of pyroglutamic acid, compound 8, to afford [S-35]-Pidotimod 1. The total activity of [C-14]-Pidotimod was 1.2 mCi (specific activity 5.52 mCi/mmol) and that of [S-35]-Pidotimod was 1.0 mCi (specific activity 9.43 mCi/mmol)

Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Pidotimod for the prevention of acute respiratory infections in healthy children entering into daycare: A double blind randomized placebo-controlled study
    Pharmacological research, 2015
    Co-Authors: Chiara Mameli, Angela Pasinato, Marina Picca, Giorgio Bedogni, Stefania Pisanelli, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
    Abstract:

    Abstract Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are very common in pediatric age and reach a peak in the first 4 years of life, especially in children attending daycare. Pidotimod, a synthetic immunostimulant, may reduce the incidence of ARTIs in children with predisposing risk factors. Nevertheless studies on healthy children are presently lacking. We performed a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial study to assess the efficacy of Pidotimod in a population of 3-year-old healthy children who just entered kindergarten. The main outcome was the incidence of respiratory infections in this population and the secondary outcome was the prescription of antibiotics. The study group consisted of healthy 3-year-old children who had not yet attended day-care centers. Patients were enrolled by a convenience sample of 17 family pediatricians (FP). Children were randomized to receive either Pidotimod 400 mg per os or placebo twice daily for the last 10 days of each month from October 2013 to April 2014. Any time a child presented to his/her FP with fever and ARTI was diagnosed, clinical and therapeutic data were collected. A total of 800 children were pre-screened, 733 did not meet the inclusion criteria and 10 refused to participate. Of the 67 eligible subjects, 57 were successfully enrolled within the study recruitment period and randomized to receive Pidotimod ( n  = 29) or placebo ( n  = 28). Eight children were lost to follow-up. In the final analysis were thus included 24 children who received Pidotimod and 25 who received placebo. The incidence rate ratio for respiratory infections was 0.78 (95%CI 0.53 to 1.15, p  = 0.211) for Pidotimod vs. placebo. The corresponding risk ratio for antibiotic usage was 0.56 (95%CI 0.27 to 1.16, p  = 0.120). In our trial, Pidotimod did not prove to be statistically superior to placebo for the prevention of ARTI in a population of healthy children who entered kindergarten. However, Pidotimod showed some potential as a means for reducing antibiotic usage in these children.

  • Immunomodulating activity of Pidotimod in children with Down syndrome.
    Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents, 2013
    Co-Authors: Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti, Chiara Mameli, Daria Trabattoni, Silvia Beretta, Mara Biasin, L. Guazzarotti, Mario Clerici
    Abstract:

    Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the most frequent illnesses in pediatric age, frequently experienced in children with Down Syndrome (DS) due to the associated immune defects of both specific and non-specific immunity. Pidotimod, a synthetic immunostimulant, was shown to reduce the rates of ARTIs in children with DS, however the mechanisms associated with this effect is currently unknown. We analyzed immune parameters in DS children who received the seasonal 2011–2012 virosomal-adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Eighteen children aged 3-10 years (mean age 7.1+/-2.6 years) were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to receive Pidotimod 400 mg, administered orally once a day for 90 days or placebo. At the recruitment (T0) all children received a single dose of virosomal-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (Flu). Blood samples were collected at T0 and 3 months after the recruitment (T3) in order to evaluate innate and adaptative immune responses pathway. Flu-specific IgG1 and IgG3 levels in plasma samples were determined at pre-vaccination (T0), and 1 (T1) and 3 months (T3) post-vaccination. The use of Pidotimod was associated with the upregulation of a number of genes involved in the activation of innate immune responses and in antimicrobial activity. Interestingly the ratio of Flu-specific IgG1/IgG3 was skewed in Pidotimod-treated individuals, suggesting a preferential activation of complement-dependent effector mechanisms. Although preliminary these data suggest that Pidotimod can potentiate the beneficial effect of immunization, possibly resulting in a stronger activity of both innate and adaptive immune responses.