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Cecilia Goria - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Optimal Agreement the Morphology and the Distribution of SCLS
Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 2004Co-Authors: Cecilia GoriaAbstract:In chapter 3, I dealt with the syntactic position and function of SCLs, with particular reference to SCLs in Turinese and Astigiano. In this chapter, I look at a different aspect: SCLs morphologically realise features of the subject. Two chief issues will be addressed. The first one is concerned with determining a typology of possible clitic paradigms (see also chapter 5), in agreement with the fact that SCL systems differ across the NIDs on the basis of their morphological specifications. The second issue has to do with the free distribution of Piedmontese SCLs. We have seen that the use of Piedmontese SCLs in all finite contexts is free, being characterised by a high degree of optionality (Full Optionality). A legitimate explanation for such a free variation is the fact that Piedmontese is in close contact with standard Italian, which does not have SCLs. In fact, the more speakers are familiar with the standard language, the higher the variation in the use of SCLs. At the same time, I have pointed to the fact that optionality is often related to the category of person (Person Optionality), targeting more frequently 1 sg, 1pl and 2p1 persons than 2sg, 3sg and 3p1 persons. Thus, language contact cannot be the only trigger for optionality, as it is difficult to maintain that the influence of standard Italian interferes with some persons of the paradigm, but not others. Analogously in chapter 2, I gave evidence that Piedmontese SCLs can be omitted in the second conjuncts in coordinated structures. Again omission in this context is a matter of free variation.
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Beyond SCLS: Piedmontese Interrogatives
Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 2004Co-Authors: Cecilia GoriaAbstract:In Piedmontese, as in most NIDs, direct questions can be expressed in a variety of ways.1 I am particularly interested in four variants of wh interrogatives, namely simple wh questions, those involving interrogative inversion, in which a bound element (ICLs) attaches to the right of the verb and those in which the wh phrase is followed by an overt complementiser (henceforth wh+che questions). These also include those instances of wh+che co-occurring with ICLs. All four strategies may or may not involve SCLs.
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The Complexity of the Left Periphery: Evidence from Piedmontese
Syntax, 2002Co-Authors: Cecilia GoriaAbstract:Central to this paper is the relation, in Piedmontese, between verb–interrogative clitic inversion and main wh–questions introduced by the complementizer che (wh+che). Parry (1998a) takes these structures to be in complementary distribution, claiming that che preempts V–to–C movement in interrogative inversion and destroys the licensing environment for interrogative clitics. In this paper, I argue for the revision of this claim. Building on Chomsky’s (1995) checking theory, I propose an analysis of Piedmontese interrogatives in the spirit of Roberts and Roussou’s (1999) dissociation of features [wh] and [Q]. I maintain that interrogative V–to–C movement and matrix wh+che questions target different CPs, hence the verb in C and che do not compete for the same position. Factors other than syntactic ones are responsible for the rare use of interrogative clitics in wh+che structures. The analysis presented in this paper supports the complexity of the Left Periphery proposed by Rizzi (1997).
Carole Berry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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single cysteine to tyrosine transition inactivates the growth inhibitory function of Piedmontese myostatin
American Journal of Physiology-cell Physiology, 2002Co-Authors: Carole Berry, Mark Thomas, Brett Langley, Mridula Sharma, Ravi KambadurAbstract:Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is a secreted growth factor that is proteolytically processed to give COOH-terminal mature myostatin and NH2-terminal latency-associated peptide in myoblasts. Piedmontese cattle are a heavy-muscled breed that express a mutated form of myostatin in which cysteine (313) is substituted with tyrosine. Here we have characterized the biology of this mutated Piedmontese myostatin. Northern and Western analyses indicate that there is increased expression of myostatin mRNA and precursor myostatin protein in the skeletal muscle of Piedmontese cattle. In contrast, a decrease in mature myostatin was observed in Piedmontese skeletal muscle. However, there is no detectable change in the circulatory levels of mature myostatin in Piedmontese cattle. Myoblast proliferation assay performed with normal and Piedmontese myostatin indicated that mature wild-type myostatin protein inhibited the proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts. Piedmontese myostatin, by contrast, failed to inhibit myoblast proliferation. In addition, when added in molar excess, Piedmontese myostatin acted as a potent "competitive inhibitor" molecule. These results indicate that, in Piedmontese myostatin, substitution of cysteine with tyrosine results in the distortion of the "cystine knot" structure and a loss of biological activity of the myostatin. This mutation also appears to affect either processing or stability of mature myostatin without altering the secretion of myostatin.
Gennaro Catillo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Milk fatty acid variability: effect of some candidate genes involved in lipid synthesis.
The Journal of dairy research, 2013Co-Authors: Cinzia Marchitelli, F. Napolitano, Gennaro Catillo, Giovanna Contarini, Giovanna De Matteis, Alessandra Crisà, L. Pariset, Maria Carmela Scatà, Bianca MoioliAbstract:In this work, the genetic variation of milk FA was investigated in three different bovine breeds, the Jersey, the Piedmontese and the Valdostana, and at different lactation stages. All animals were genotyped for 21 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms located within nine candidate genes involved in lipid synthesis: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (DGAT1, 2); stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD); growth hormone receptor (GHR); fatty acid synthase (FASN); acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACAD); fatty acid binding protein (FABP4); lipoprotein lipase (LPL); and leptin gene (LEP). The highest milk-fat Jersey breed also showed the highest content of saturated FA. Throughout lactation, the breeds showed a similar variation in the FA, with a decrease in the short-chain, this was accompanied by a general increase in the long chain FA at the end of lactation. The increase in long chain saturated FA was particularly evident in the case of the Jersey. The effect of SCD gene on the C14 desaturation index was confirmed; the DGAT1 gene was polymorphic only in the Jersey breed, but its effect was confirmed only on milk fat content; three further potential candidate genes were identified: first, the FABP4 gene, which was found to influence medium and long chain FA in all the breeds, but not the desaturation indices; second, the FASN gene, which was found to influence the amount of PUFA in the Piedmontese and the Valdostana, and third, the LPL gene, which was found to affect fat content in the Piedmontese.
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Genetic diversity between Piedmontese, Maremmana, and Podolica cattle breeds.
The Journal of heredity, 2004Co-Authors: B. Moioli, F. Napolitano, Gennaro CatilloAbstract:One hundred twenty animals of three native Italian cattle breeds, Piedmontese, Maremmana, and Podolica, were genetically characterized at 21 microsatellite loci located on 13 chromosomes. Allele numbers ranged from 3 to 19; average gene diversity ranged from 0.206 to 0.878 (average 0.738). The breed that preserved the highest genetic variability was the Podolica, where the chosen markers show the highest gene diversity (0.741) and the highest heterozygosity (0.155). The lowest inbreeding rate (0.102) was registered by the Piedmontese. Genetic distances were 0.069 (Piedmontese versus Maremmana), 0.050 (Piedmontese versus Podolica), and 0.041 (Maremmana versus Podolica) and reflect the different phylogenetic origins of the breeds: Maremmana and Podolica originated from the Grey Steppe cattle group, while Piedmontese belongs to the Northern Italy Lowland cattle group. Observed heterozygosity was not significantly different from expected in any of the breeds, which is an indication that they maintain a random mating structure. The probabilistic assignment of all sampled individuals to three theoretical populations, on the basis of allele frequencies, indicated that 82% of Piedmontese, 66% of Maremmana, and 33% of Podolica can be assigned to the appropriate breed with a probability higher than 90%. This result very well reflects the impact of the selection activity on the breed genetic structure. The chosen microsatellites proved to be a good tool for describing the correct reality of the analyzed populations, but they are not sufficient to discriminate between breeds. The genetic characterization of three native Italian cattle breeds—Piedmontese, Maremmana, and Podolica—was performed with the use of microsatellites. These breeds were very popular and widespread in Italy before World War II, as dual- or triple-purpose breeds, but registered a consistent reduction in their numbers afterwards due to three major factors: mechanization in agriculture; urbanization; and competition from high-yielding breeds. Their numbers of 640,000, 288,000, and 630,000, respectively (Rognoni and Pagnacco 1983), were reduced by 55%, 90%,
Ravi Kambadur - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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single cysteine to tyrosine transition inactivates the growth inhibitory function of Piedmontese myostatin
American Journal of Physiology-cell Physiology, 2002Co-Authors: Carole Berry, Mark Thomas, Brett Langley, Mridula Sharma, Ravi KambadurAbstract:Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is a secreted growth factor that is proteolytically processed to give COOH-terminal mature myostatin and NH2-terminal latency-associated peptide in myoblasts. Piedmontese cattle are a heavy-muscled breed that express a mutated form of myostatin in which cysteine (313) is substituted with tyrosine. Here we have characterized the biology of this mutated Piedmontese myostatin. Northern and Western analyses indicate that there is increased expression of myostatin mRNA and precursor myostatin protein in the skeletal muscle of Piedmontese cattle. In contrast, a decrease in mature myostatin was observed in Piedmontese skeletal muscle. However, there is no detectable change in the circulatory levels of mature myostatin in Piedmontese cattle. Myoblast proliferation assay performed with normal and Piedmontese myostatin indicated that mature wild-type myostatin protein inhibited the proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts. Piedmontese myostatin, by contrast, failed to inhibit myoblast proliferation. In addition, when added in molar excess, Piedmontese myostatin acted as a potent "competitive inhibitor" molecule. These results indicate that, in Piedmontese myostatin, substitution of cysteine with tyrosine results in the distortion of the "cystine knot" structure and a loss of biological activity of the myostatin. This mutation also appears to affect either processing or stability of mature myostatin without altering the secretion of myostatin.
L D Van Vleck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparisons of angus charolais galloway hereford longhorn nellore Piedmontese salers and shorthorn breeds for weight weight adjusted for condition score height and condition score of cows
Journal of Animal Science, 2004Co-Authors: J A Arango, L V Cundiff, L D Van VleckAbstract:Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breed-group as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F 1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F 1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.
