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Paulo Mazzafera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evolution of phytochemical diversity in Pilocarpus (Rutaceae)
Phytochemistry, 2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Milton Groppo, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Abstract The evolution of phytochemical diversity and biosynthetic pathways in plants can be evaluated from a phylogenetic and environmental perspective. Pilocarpus Vahl (Rutaceae), an economically important medicinal plant in the family Rutaceae, has a great diversity of imidazole alkaloids and coumarins. In this study, we used phylogenetic comparative methods to determine whether there is a phylogenetic signal for chemical traits across the genus Pilocarpus; this included ancestral reconstructions of continuous and discrete chemical traits. Bioclimatic variables found to be associated with the distribution of this genus were used to perform OLS regressions between chemical traits and bioclimatic variables. Next, these regression models were evaluated to test whether bioclimatic traits could significantly predict compound concentrations. Our study found that in terms of compound concentration, variation is most significantly associated with adaptive environmental convergence rather than phylogenetic relationships. The best predictive model of chemical traits was the OLS regression that modeled the relationship between coumarin and precipitation in the coldest quarter. However, we also found one chemical trait was dependent on phylogenetic history and bioclimatic factors. These findings emphasize that consideration of both environmental and phylogenetic factors is essential to tease out the intricate processes in the evolution of chemical diversity in plants. These methods can benefit fields such as conservation management, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
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Ecometabolomic Analysis of Wild Populations of Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Rutaceae) Using Unimodal Analyses.
Frontiers in plant science, 2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Studies examining the diversity of plant specialized metabolites suggest that biotic and abiotic pressures greatly influence the qualitative and quantitative diversity found in a species. Large geographic distributions expose a species to a great variety of environmental pressures, thus providing an enormous opportunity for expression of environmental plasticity. Pilocarpus, a neotropical genus of Rutaceae, is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumarins, and is the only commercial source of the alkaloid pilocarpine for the treatment of glaucoma. Overharvesting of species in this genus for pilocarpine, has threatened natural populations of the species. The aim of this research was to understand how adaptation to environmental variation shapes the metabolome in multiple populations of the widespread species Pilocarpus pennatifolius. LCMS data from alkaloid and phenolic extracts of leaf tissue were analyzed with environmental predictors using unimodal unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for an untargeted metabolomics analysis. PLS-DA was used to further confirm the chemoecotypes of each site. The most important variables contributing to the alkaloid variation between the sites: mean temperature of wettest quarter, as well as the soil content of phosphorus, magnesium, and base saturation (V%). The most important contributing to the phenolic variation between the sites: mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, calcium and soil electrical conductivity. This research will have broad implications in a variety of areas including biocontrol for pests, environmental and ecological plant physiology, and strategies for species conservation maximizing phytochemical diversity.
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Data_Sheet_2_Ecometabolomic Analysis of Wild Populations of Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Rutaceae) Using Unimodal Analyses.xls
2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Studies examining the diversity of plant specialized metabolites suggest that biotic and abiotic pressures greatly influence the qualitative and quantitative diversity found in a species. Large geographic distributions expose a species to a great variety of environmental pressures, thus providing an enormous opportunity for expression of environmental plasticity. Pilocarpus, a neotropical genus of Rutaceae, is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumarins, and is the only commercial source of the alkaloid pilocarpine for the treatment of glaucoma. Overharvesting of species in this genus for pilocarpine, has threatened natural populations of the species. The aim of this research was to understand how adaptation to environmental variation shapes the metabolome in multiple populations of the widespread species Pilocarpus pennatifolius. LCMS data from alkaloid and phenolic extracts of leaf tissue were analyzed with environmental predictors using unimodal unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for an untargeted metabolomics analysis. PLS-DA was used to further confirm the chemoecotypes of each site. The most important variables contributing to the alkaloid variation between the sites: mean temperature of wettest quarter, as well as the soil content of phosphorus, magnesium, and base saturation (V%). The most important contributing to the phenolic variation between the sites: mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, calcium and soil electrical conductivity. This research will have broad implications in a variety of areas including biocontrol for pests, environmental and ecological plant physiology, and strategies for species conservation maximizing phytochemical diversity.
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Data_Sheet_1_Ecometabolomic Analysis of Wild Populations of Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Rutaceae) Using Unimodal Analyses.pdf
2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Studies examining the diversity of plant specialized metabolites suggest that biotic and abiotic pressures greatly influence the qualitative and quantitative diversity found in a species. Large geographic distributions expose a species to a great variety of environmental pressures, thus providing an enormous opportunity for expression of environmental plasticity. Pilocarpus, a neotropical genus of Rutaceae, is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumarins, and is the only commercial source of the alkaloid pilocarpine for the treatment of glaucoma. Overharvesting of species in this genus for pilocarpine, has threatened natural populations of the species. The aim of this research was to understand how adaptation to environmental variation shapes the metabolome in multiple populations of the widespread species Pilocarpus pennatifolius. LCMS data from alkaloid and phenolic extracts of leaf tissue were analyzed with environmental predictors using unimodal unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for an untargeted metabolomics analysis. PLS-DA was used to further confirm the chemoecotypes of each site. The most important variables contributing to the alkaloid variation between the sites: mean temperature of wettest quarter, as well as the soil content of phosphorus, magnesium, and base saturation (V%). The most important contributing to the phenolic variation between the sites: mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, calcium and soil electrical conductivity. This research will have broad implications in a variety of areas including biocontrol for pests, environmental and ecological plant physiology, and strategies for species conservation maximizing phytochemical diversity.
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Reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR of the pilocarpine producer Pilocarpus microphyllus and two other Pilocarpus species
Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Mariana Crotti Franco, Flávia Camila Schimpl, Paulo MazzaferaAbstract:Members of the genus Pilocarpus are the only natural source of the imidazole alkaloid pilocarpine, a plant metabolite widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Although there is variation in the pilocarpine content in Pilocarpus , only the species Pilocarpus spicatus does not have pilocarpine, although it contains other imidazole alkaloids related with pilocarpine. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses have been conducted aiming to identify candidate genes related with the biosynthesis pathway of pilocarpine. Thus, the use of quantitative RT-PCR is essential for a rapid and effective analysis of the expression of candidate genes. Consequently, an accurate normalization of the experiments with stable reference genes is needed in order to minimize possible errors in the expression analysis. Eight reference genes ( EF1a , UBQ , ICDH , GAPDH , ACT , TUBa , CYC , SAND ) were assayed in leaf samples of three species of jaborandi ( P. microphyllus , P. spicatus and P. pennatifolius ), which were analyzed individually and together. The stability data were obtained with the softwares Normfinder, geNorm and BestKeeper. When the three species were analyzed together the most stable pair of genes was GAPDH and ACT . When analyzed individually, different genes were selected for each species. It was possible to determine the best reference genes for each one of the species of jaborandi evaluated and for the dataset of the three species. Additionally, with the use of geNorm, it was possible to establish the minimum number of reference genes necessary for a qPCR experiment. The gene coding for the small subunit of RuBisCo was used to validate the genes selected by the three softwares.
Edilberto R. Silveira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Volatile Constituents of Different Populations of Pilocarpus spicatus Saint Hill. (Rutaceae) from the Northeast of Brazil
Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2002Co-Authors: Manoel Andrade-neto, Ubiratan De A. Cunha, Jair Mafezoli, Edilberto R. SilveiraAbstract:Abstract The chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, stem bark, stem wood, root bark and root wood of five populations of Pilocarpus spicatus, collected in the northeast of Brazil, were compared by GC/MS. The aliphatic ketones 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone and 2-pentadecanone were present in samples of all populations. 2-Tridecanone (1.7–84.7 %) was detected in 30 out of 34 samples analyzed. It was the main component in all samples of root barks, except one where 2-pentadecanone (24.7%) was the major component. 2-Undecanone, β-eudesmol and sabinene were the major components of leaf oils.
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Volatile Constituents of Pilocarpus trachyllophus Holmes and Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes (Rutaceae) from Northeast of Brazil
Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2000Co-Authors: Manoel Andrade-neto, Ubiratan De A. Cunha, Jair Mafezoli, Edilberto R. SilveiraAbstract:Abstract The chemical composition of essential oil from leaves, stem bark, stem wood, root bark and root wood of two populations of Pilocarpus jaborandi and three populations of P. trachyllophus, collected in the Northeast of Brazil, were compared by GC/MS. 2-Tridecanone (48.7-92.6%) was the major component in all oils obtained from the stems and roots (21 samples). The oils obtained from the nine leaf samples, showed 2-tridecanone as the major component (25.2-60.7%) for four of them, whereas the others showed limonene (67.1%), spathulenol (32.8%), germacrene D (19.7%), (Z)-β-ocimene (24.4%) and α-cadinol (13.2%), respectively.
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Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Psidium and Pilocarpus species of plants
Phytotherapy Research, 1997Co-Authors: Flávia A. Santos, Vietla Satyanarayana Rao, Geanne M. A. Cunha, G.s.b. Viana, A. N. Manoel, Edilberto R. SilveiraAbstract:The antibacterial activity of six essential oils obtained from the leaves of Pilocarpus and Psidium species of plants have been studied. The leaf oils of Psidium guyanensis, Psidium pohlianum and Pilocarpus spicatus showed the most potent antibacterial activity (MIC 52.5–75.0 μg/mL) against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aereus, P. guyanensis demonstrated marked activity (MIC 75.0±15.0 μg/mL) followed by P. spicatus and Pilocarpus pauciflorus (MIC 100.0±28.9 μg/mL). The efficacy of some tested oils against P. aeruginosa, the most resistant organism may have significant clinical implication. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Volatile Constituents of Pilocarpus trachyllophus Holmes
Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1995Co-Authors: Manoel Andrade Neto, Jair Mafezoli, Ubiratan De A. Cunha, Silma Costa Da Silveira, Edilberto R. SilveiraAbstract:ABSTRACT The chemical composition of the volatile oils from several plant parts of two Pilocarpus trachyllophus specimens from two different geographical regions of the Northeast of Brazil were compared by GC and GC/MS. 2-Tridecanone (67.75–84.38%) was the major component of the oils obtained from all plant parts, except for the leaf oil, followed by 2-pentadecanone (7.76–15.41%). In contrast, the leaf oil was rich in β-caryophyllene (20.04–21.09%), germacrene D (2.03–22.25%) and spathulenol (3.23–33.23%).
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24-methyl-25-ethyldammarane derivatives from Pilocarpus spicatus
Phytochemistry, 1994Co-Authors: Manoel Andrade-neto, Edilberto R. Silveira, Raimundo Braz-filho, Maria Teresa P. Gambardela, Regina Helena A. SantosAbstract:Abstract From the ethanol extracts from leaves of Pilocarpus spicatus 3β-acetoxy-24-methyl-25-ethyl-20,24-epoxydammarane and 3-oxo-24-methyl-25-ethyl-20,24-epoxydammarane were isolated. Structure determination of these natural products was accomplished by spectrometric analysis, chemical transformation and X-ray crystallographic studies.
Kevin C. Nixon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evolution of phytochemical diversity in Pilocarpus (Rutaceae)
Phytochemistry, 2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Milton Groppo, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Abstract The evolution of phytochemical diversity and biosynthetic pathways in plants can be evaluated from a phylogenetic and environmental perspective. Pilocarpus Vahl (Rutaceae), an economically important medicinal plant in the family Rutaceae, has a great diversity of imidazole alkaloids and coumarins. In this study, we used phylogenetic comparative methods to determine whether there is a phylogenetic signal for chemical traits across the genus Pilocarpus; this included ancestral reconstructions of continuous and discrete chemical traits. Bioclimatic variables found to be associated with the distribution of this genus were used to perform OLS regressions between chemical traits and bioclimatic variables. Next, these regression models were evaluated to test whether bioclimatic traits could significantly predict compound concentrations. Our study found that in terms of compound concentration, variation is most significantly associated with adaptive environmental convergence rather than phylogenetic relationships. The best predictive model of chemical traits was the OLS regression that modeled the relationship between coumarin and precipitation in the coldest quarter. However, we also found one chemical trait was dependent on phylogenetic history and bioclimatic factors. These findings emphasize that consideration of both environmental and phylogenetic factors is essential to tease out the intricate processes in the evolution of chemical diversity in plants. These methods can benefit fields such as conservation management, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
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Ecometabolomic Analysis of Wild Populations of Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Rutaceae) Using Unimodal Analyses.
Frontiers in plant science, 2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Studies examining the diversity of plant specialized metabolites suggest that biotic and abiotic pressures greatly influence the qualitative and quantitative diversity found in a species. Large geographic distributions expose a species to a great variety of environmental pressures, thus providing an enormous opportunity for expression of environmental plasticity. Pilocarpus, a neotropical genus of Rutaceae, is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumarins, and is the only commercial source of the alkaloid pilocarpine for the treatment of glaucoma. Overharvesting of species in this genus for pilocarpine, has threatened natural populations of the species. The aim of this research was to understand how adaptation to environmental variation shapes the metabolome in multiple populations of the widespread species Pilocarpus pennatifolius. LCMS data from alkaloid and phenolic extracts of leaf tissue were analyzed with environmental predictors using unimodal unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for an untargeted metabolomics analysis. PLS-DA was used to further confirm the chemoecotypes of each site. The most important variables contributing to the alkaloid variation between the sites: mean temperature of wettest quarter, as well as the soil content of phosphorus, magnesium, and base saturation (V%). The most important contributing to the phenolic variation between the sites: mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, calcium and soil electrical conductivity. This research will have broad implications in a variety of areas including biocontrol for pests, environmental and ecological plant physiology, and strategies for species conservation maximizing phytochemical diversity.
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Data_Sheet_2_Ecometabolomic Analysis of Wild Populations of Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Rutaceae) Using Unimodal Analyses.xls
2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Studies examining the diversity of plant specialized metabolites suggest that biotic and abiotic pressures greatly influence the qualitative and quantitative diversity found in a species. Large geographic distributions expose a species to a great variety of environmental pressures, thus providing an enormous opportunity for expression of environmental plasticity. Pilocarpus, a neotropical genus of Rutaceae, is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumarins, and is the only commercial source of the alkaloid pilocarpine for the treatment of glaucoma. Overharvesting of species in this genus for pilocarpine, has threatened natural populations of the species. The aim of this research was to understand how adaptation to environmental variation shapes the metabolome in multiple populations of the widespread species Pilocarpus pennatifolius. LCMS data from alkaloid and phenolic extracts of leaf tissue were analyzed with environmental predictors using unimodal unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for an untargeted metabolomics analysis. PLS-DA was used to further confirm the chemoecotypes of each site. The most important variables contributing to the alkaloid variation between the sites: mean temperature of wettest quarter, as well as the soil content of phosphorus, magnesium, and base saturation (V%). The most important contributing to the phenolic variation between the sites: mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, calcium and soil electrical conductivity. This research will have broad implications in a variety of areas including biocontrol for pests, environmental and ecological plant physiology, and strategies for species conservation maximizing phytochemical diversity.
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Data_Sheet_1_Ecometabolomic Analysis of Wild Populations of Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Rutaceae) Using Unimodal Analyses.pdf
2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Studies examining the diversity of plant specialized metabolites suggest that biotic and abiotic pressures greatly influence the qualitative and quantitative diversity found in a species. Large geographic distributions expose a species to a great variety of environmental pressures, thus providing an enormous opportunity for expression of environmental plasticity. Pilocarpus, a neotropical genus of Rutaceae, is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumarins, and is the only commercial source of the alkaloid pilocarpine for the treatment of glaucoma. Overharvesting of species in this genus for pilocarpine, has threatened natural populations of the species. The aim of this research was to understand how adaptation to environmental variation shapes the metabolome in multiple populations of the widespread species Pilocarpus pennatifolius. LCMS data from alkaloid and phenolic extracts of leaf tissue were analyzed with environmental predictors using unimodal unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for an untargeted metabolomics analysis. PLS-DA was used to further confirm the chemoecotypes of each site. The most important variables contributing to the alkaloid variation between the sites: mean temperature of wettest quarter, as well as the soil content of phosphorus, magnesium, and base saturation (V%). The most important contributing to the phenolic variation between the sites: mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, calcium and soil electrical conductivity. This research will have broad implications in a variety of areas including biocontrol for pests, environmental and ecological plant physiology, and strategies for species conservation maximizing phytochemical diversity.
Israel Hanin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Toxins affecting the cholinergic system
Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 1994Co-Authors: Heide Hörtnagl, Israel HaninAbstract:Long before the cholinergic neuronal system was identified and characterized, toxins affecting this system were available and in common use. Extracts from belladonna plants have been used for cosmetic purposes for many centuries and have been applied as a well-known poison. Curare has been skilfully employed for centuries by the Indians as an arrow poison for paralyzing animals during the hunt, prior to killing them. The betel nut, containing arecoline, has been consumed as a euphoretic by the natives of East India. Chewing of leaves of Pilocarpus plants has long been known to cause salivation, and physostigmine was used as a therapeutic agent even in 1877 by Laqueur in the treatment of glaucoma (Gilman et al. 1985).
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Toxins affecting the cholinergic system
Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 1994Co-Authors: Heide Hörtnagl, Israel HaninAbstract:Long before the cholinergic neuronal system was identified and characterized, toxins affecting this system were available and in common use. Extracts from belladonna plants have been used for cosmetic purposes for many centuries and have been applied as a well-known poison. Curare has been skilfully employed for centuries by the Indians as an arrow poison for paralyzing animals during the hunt, prior to killing them. The betel nut, containing arecoline, has been consumed as a euphoretic by the natives of East India. Chewing of leaves of Pilocarpus plants has long been known to cause salivation, and physostigmine was used as a therapeutic agent even in 1877 by Laqueur in the treatment of glaucoma (Gilman et al. 1985).
Daniella M. Allevato - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evolution of phytochemical diversity in Pilocarpus (Rutaceae)
Phytochemistry, 2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Milton Groppo, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Abstract The evolution of phytochemical diversity and biosynthetic pathways in plants can be evaluated from a phylogenetic and environmental perspective. Pilocarpus Vahl (Rutaceae), an economically important medicinal plant in the family Rutaceae, has a great diversity of imidazole alkaloids and coumarins. In this study, we used phylogenetic comparative methods to determine whether there is a phylogenetic signal for chemical traits across the genus Pilocarpus; this included ancestral reconstructions of continuous and discrete chemical traits. Bioclimatic variables found to be associated with the distribution of this genus were used to perform OLS regressions between chemical traits and bioclimatic variables. Next, these regression models were evaluated to test whether bioclimatic traits could significantly predict compound concentrations. Our study found that in terms of compound concentration, variation is most significantly associated with adaptive environmental convergence rather than phylogenetic relationships. The best predictive model of chemical traits was the OLS regression that modeled the relationship between coumarin and precipitation in the coldest quarter. However, we also found one chemical trait was dependent on phylogenetic history and bioclimatic factors. These findings emphasize that consideration of both environmental and phylogenetic factors is essential to tease out the intricate processes in the evolution of chemical diversity in plants. These methods can benefit fields such as conservation management, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
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Ecometabolomic Analysis of Wild Populations of Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Rutaceae) Using Unimodal Analyses.
Frontiers in plant science, 2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Studies examining the diversity of plant specialized metabolites suggest that biotic and abiotic pressures greatly influence the qualitative and quantitative diversity found in a species. Large geographic distributions expose a species to a great variety of environmental pressures, thus providing an enormous opportunity for expression of environmental plasticity. Pilocarpus, a neotropical genus of Rutaceae, is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumarins, and is the only commercial source of the alkaloid pilocarpine for the treatment of glaucoma. Overharvesting of species in this genus for pilocarpine, has threatened natural populations of the species. The aim of this research was to understand how adaptation to environmental variation shapes the metabolome in multiple populations of the widespread species Pilocarpus pennatifolius. LCMS data from alkaloid and phenolic extracts of leaf tissue were analyzed with environmental predictors using unimodal unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for an untargeted metabolomics analysis. PLS-DA was used to further confirm the chemoecotypes of each site. The most important variables contributing to the alkaloid variation between the sites: mean temperature of wettest quarter, as well as the soil content of phosphorus, magnesium, and base saturation (V%). The most important contributing to the phenolic variation between the sites: mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, calcium and soil electrical conductivity. This research will have broad implications in a variety of areas including biocontrol for pests, environmental and ecological plant physiology, and strategies for species conservation maximizing phytochemical diversity.
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Data_Sheet_2_Ecometabolomic Analysis of Wild Populations of Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Rutaceae) Using Unimodal Analyses.xls
2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Studies examining the diversity of plant specialized metabolites suggest that biotic and abiotic pressures greatly influence the qualitative and quantitative diversity found in a species. Large geographic distributions expose a species to a great variety of environmental pressures, thus providing an enormous opportunity for expression of environmental plasticity. Pilocarpus, a neotropical genus of Rutaceae, is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumarins, and is the only commercial source of the alkaloid pilocarpine for the treatment of glaucoma. Overharvesting of species in this genus for pilocarpine, has threatened natural populations of the species. The aim of this research was to understand how adaptation to environmental variation shapes the metabolome in multiple populations of the widespread species Pilocarpus pennatifolius. LCMS data from alkaloid and phenolic extracts of leaf tissue were analyzed with environmental predictors using unimodal unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for an untargeted metabolomics analysis. PLS-DA was used to further confirm the chemoecotypes of each site. The most important variables contributing to the alkaloid variation between the sites: mean temperature of wettest quarter, as well as the soil content of phosphorus, magnesium, and base saturation (V%). The most important contributing to the phenolic variation between the sites: mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, calcium and soil electrical conductivity. This research will have broad implications in a variety of areas including biocontrol for pests, environmental and ecological plant physiology, and strategies for species conservation maximizing phytochemical diversity.
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Data_Sheet_1_Ecometabolomic Analysis of Wild Populations of Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Rutaceae) Using Unimodal Analyses.pdf
2019Co-Authors: Daniella M. Allevato, Paulo Mazzafera, Eduardo Kiyota, Kevin C. NixonAbstract:Studies examining the diversity of plant specialized metabolites suggest that biotic and abiotic pressures greatly influence the qualitative and quantitative diversity found in a species. Large geographic distributions expose a species to a great variety of environmental pressures, thus providing an enormous opportunity for expression of environmental plasticity. Pilocarpus, a neotropical genus of Rutaceae, is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumarins, and is the only commercial source of the alkaloid pilocarpine for the treatment of glaucoma. Overharvesting of species in this genus for pilocarpine, has threatened natural populations of the species. The aim of this research was to understand how adaptation to environmental variation shapes the metabolome in multiple populations of the widespread species Pilocarpus pennatifolius. LCMS data from alkaloid and phenolic extracts of leaf tissue were analyzed with environmental predictors using unimodal unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for an untargeted metabolomics analysis. PLS-DA was used to further confirm the chemoecotypes of each site. The most important variables contributing to the alkaloid variation between the sites: mean temperature of wettest quarter, as well as the soil content of phosphorus, magnesium, and base saturation (V%). The most important contributing to the phenolic variation between the sites: mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, calcium and soil electrical conductivity. This research will have broad implications in a variety of areas including biocontrol for pests, environmental and ecological plant physiology, and strategies for species conservation maximizing phytochemical diversity.