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Stephen T Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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life cycle assessment of pentachlorophenol treated wooden utility poles with comparisons to steel and concrete utility poles
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011Co-Authors: Christopher A Bolin, Stephen T SmithAbstract:A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was done to identify the environmental impacts related to pentachlorophenol (penta)-treated wooden utility poles. Penta-treated utility poles commonly are used for electricity distribution and transmission, and telecommunications. In addition, this LCA has evaluated the opportunities to reduce the environmental impacts associated with penta-treated poles and has compared the penta-treated pole product to alternative products. A model of penta-treated utility pole life cycle stages was created and used to determine inputs and outputs during the pole production, treating, service life, and disposal stages. Pole production data are based on published sources. Primary wood preservative treatment data were obtained by surveying wood treatment facilities in the United States. Product service life and disposal inventory data are based on published data and professional judgment. Life cycle inventory inputs, outputs, and impact indicators for penta-treated utility poles were quantified per pole. In a similar manner, an inventory model was developed for the manufacture, service life, and disposal of the primary alternative products: steel and spun concrete utility poles. Impact indicator values, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fossil fuel and water use, and emissions with the potential to cause acidification, smog, ecological toxicity, and eutrophication were quantified for each of the pole products. The GHG, fossil fuel use, acidification, water use, eutrophication, and ecological toxicity impact indicator values for penta-treated poles are less than those for concrete poles. The GHG, fossil fuel use, acidification, water use, and ecological toxicity impact indicator values for penta-treated poles are less than those for steel poles. The values are about equal for eutrophication. The smog impact from penta-treated poles is greater than the smog impact from both concrete and steel poles.
Christopher A Bolin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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life cycle assessment of pentachlorophenol treated wooden utility poles with comparisons to steel and concrete utility poles
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011Co-Authors: Christopher A Bolin, Stephen T SmithAbstract:A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was done to identify the environmental impacts related to pentachlorophenol (penta)-treated wooden utility poles. Penta-treated utility poles commonly are used for electricity distribution and transmission, and telecommunications. In addition, this LCA has evaluated the opportunities to reduce the environmental impacts associated with penta-treated poles and has compared the penta-treated pole product to alternative products. A model of penta-treated utility pole life cycle stages was created and used to determine inputs and outputs during the pole production, treating, service life, and disposal stages. Pole production data are based on published sources. Primary wood preservative treatment data were obtained by surveying wood treatment facilities in the United States. Product service life and disposal inventory data are based on published data and professional judgment. Life cycle inventory inputs, outputs, and impact indicators for penta-treated utility poles were quantified per pole. In a similar manner, an inventory model was developed for the manufacture, service life, and disposal of the primary alternative products: steel and spun concrete utility poles. Impact indicator values, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fossil fuel and water use, and emissions with the potential to cause acidification, smog, ecological toxicity, and eutrophication were quantified for each of the pole products. The GHG, fossil fuel use, acidification, water use, eutrophication, and ecological toxicity impact indicator values for penta-treated poles are less than those for concrete poles. The GHG, fossil fuel use, acidification, water use, and ecological toxicity impact indicator values for penta-treated poles are less than those for steel poles. The values are about equal for eutrophication. The smog impact from penta-treated poles is greater than the smog impact from both concrete and steel poles.
Pascholati, Sérgio Florentino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quitosana e fungicidas no controle pós-colheita de Guignardia citricarpa e na qualidade de laranjas 'Pêra Rio'
Grupo Paulista de Fitopatologia, 2011Co-Authors: Rappussi, Maria Cristina Canale, Benato, Eliane Aparecida, Cia Patrícia, Pascholati, Sérgio FlorentinoAbstract:Citrus fruits are affected by the black spot disease caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa. Chitosan can be used as covering for fruits and may delay the ripening process and inhibit the growth of some fungi. Thus, the control of citrus black spot using chitosan and the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil was assessed in addition to the physicochemical quality of 'Pêra Rio' oranges. The oranges were immersed into chitosan, thiabendazole or imazalil, and in chitosan mixed with both fungicides. The fruits were then stored at 25 °C, 80% RH, for 7 days and, after this storage period, subjected to physicochemical analyses. Chitosan in association with the fungicides reduced black spot in 'Pêra Rio' oranges and delayed the change in the orange skin colour from green to yellow during the postharvest storage. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid content and ratio were not influenced by the treatments. Thus, chitosan applied with the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil showed potential to control the development of black spot lesions on 'Pêra Rio' oranges during the postharvest period.Os frutos cítricos são afetados pela Pinta preta dos citros, causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa. A quitosana pode ser utilizada como revestimento de frutos, sendo capaz de atrasar o processo de maturação e inibir o crescimento de fungos. Dessa maneira, o controle da Pinta preta utilizando quitosana e os fungicidas tiabendazole e imazalil foi avaliado, assim como a qualidade físico-química de laranjas 'Pêra Rio'. Frutos de laranja foram imersos em quitosana, tiabendazole ou imazalil, e em quitosana em mistura com ambos os fungicidas. Os frutos foram armazenados a 25°C, 80% UR, por 7 dias e após o período de armazenamento foram submetidos a análises fisico-químicas. Quitosana em associação com os fungicidas reduziu o aparecimento da Pinta preta em laranjas 'Pêra Rio' e atrasou a alteração de verde para amarelo da cor da casca das laranjas durante o armazenamento pós-colheita. Os sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez titulável, o pH, o ácido ascórbico e o ratio não sofreram influência dos tratamentos. Deste modo, a quitosana em aplicação com os fungicidas tiabendazol e imazalil aumentou o potencial de controle da Pinta preta em laranjas 'Pêra Rio' em pós-colheita, mantendo a qualidade dos frutos cítricos
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Quitosana e fungicidas no controle pós-colheita de Guignardia citricarpa e na qualidade de laranjas 'Pêra Rio'
Grupo Paulista de Fitopatologia, 2011Co-Authors: Rappussi, Maria Cristina Canale, Benato, Eliane Aparecida, Cia Patrícia, Pascholati, Sérgio FlorentinoAbstract:Citrus fruits are affected by the black spot disease caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa. Chitosan can be used as covering for fruits and may delay the ripening process and inhibit the growth of some fungi. Thus, the control of citrus black spot using chitosan and the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil was assessed in addition to the physicochemical quality of 'Pêra Rio' oranges. The oranges were immersed into chitosan, thiabendazole or imazalil, and in chitosan mixed with both fungicides. The fruits were then stored at 25 °C, 80% RH, for 7 days and, after this storage period, subjected to physicochemical analyses. Chitosan in association with the fungicides reduced black spot in 'Pêra Rio' oranges and delayed the change in the orange skin colour from green to yellow during the postharvest storage. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid content and ratio were not influenced by the treatments. Thus, chitosan applied with the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil showed potential to control the development of black spot lesions on 'Pêra Rio' oranges during the postharvest period.Os frutos cítricos são afetados pela Pinta preta dos citros, causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa. A quitosana pode ser utilizada como revestimento de frutos, sendo capaz de atrasar o processo de maturação e inibir o crescimento de fungos. Dessa maneira, o controle da Pinta preta utilizando quitosana e os fungicidas tiabendazole e imazalil foi avaliado, assim como a qualidade físico-química de laranjas 'Pêra Rio'. Frutos de laranja foram imersos em quitosana, tiabendazole ou imazalil, e em quitosana em mistura com ambos os fungicidas. Os frutos foram armazenados a 25°C, 80% UR, por 7 dias e após o período de armazenamento foram submetidos a análises fisico-químicas. Quitosana em associação com os fungicidas reduziu o aparecimento da Pinta preta em laranjas 'Pêra Rio' e atrasou a alteração de verde para amarelo da cor da casca das laranjas durante o armazenamento pós-colheita. Os sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez titulável, o pH, o ácido ascórbico e o ratio não sofreram influência dos tratamentos. Deste modo, a quitosana em aplicação com os fungicidas tiabendazol e imazalil aumentou o potencial de controle da Pinta preta em laranjas 'Pêra Rio' em pós-colheita, mantendo a qualidade dos frutos cítricos.Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq
Rappussi, Maria Cristina Canale - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quitosana e fungicidas no controle pós-colheita de Guignardia citricarpa e na qualidade de laranjas 'Pêra Rio'
Grupo Paulista de Fitopatologia, 2011Co-Authors: Rappussi, Maria Cristina Canale, Benato, Eliane Aparecida, Cia Patrícia, Pascholati, Sérgio FlorentinoAbstract:Citrus fruits are affected by the black spot disease caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa. Chitosan can be used as covering for fruits and may delay the ripening process and inhibit the growth of some fungi. Thus, the control of citrus black spot using chitosan and the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil was assessed in addition to the physicochemical quality of 'Pêra Rio' oranges. The oranges were immersed into chitosan, thiabendazole or imazalil, and in chitosan mixed with both fungicides. The fruits were then stored at 25 °C, 80% RH, for 7 days and, after this storage period, subjected to physicochemical analyses. Chitosan in association with the fungicides reduced black spot in 'Pêra Rio' oranges and delayed the change in the orange skin colour from green to yellow during the postharvest storage. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid content and ratio were not influenced by the treatments. Thus, chitosan applied with the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil showed potential to control the development of black spot lesions on 'Pêra Rio' oranges during the postharvest period.Os frutos cítricos são afetados pela Pinta preta dos citros, causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa. A quitosana pode ser utilizada como revestimento de frutos, sendo capaz de atrasar o processo de maturação e inibir o crescimento de fungos. Dessa maneira, o controle da Pinta preta utilizando quitosana e os fungicidas tiabendazole e imazalil foi avaliado, assim como a qualidade físico-química de laranjas 'Pêra Rio'. Frutos de laranja foram imersos em quitosana, tiabendazole ou imazalil, e em quitosana em mistura com ambos os fungicidas. Os frutos foram armazenados a 25°C, 80% UR, por 7 dias e após o período de armazenamento foram submetidos a análises fisico-químicas. Quitosana em associação com os fungicidas reduziu o aparecimento da Pinta preta em laranjas 'Pêra Rio' e atrasou a alteração de verde para amarelo da cor da casca das laranjas durante o armazenamento pós-colheita. Os sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez titulável, o pH, o ácido ascórbico e o ratio não sofreram influência dos tratamentos. Deste modo, a quitosana em aplicação com os fungicidas tiabendazol e imazalil aumentou o potencial de controle da Pinta preta em laranjas 'Pêra Rio' em pós-colheita, mantendo a qualidade dos frutos cítricos
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Quitosana e fungicidas no controle pós-colheita de Guignardia citricarpa e na qualidade de laranjas 'Pêra Rio'
Grupo Paulista de Fitopatologia, 2011Co-Authors: Rappussi, Maria Cristina Canale, Benato, Eliane Aparecida, Cia Patrícia, Pascholati, Sérgio FlorentinoAbstract:Citrus fruits are affected by the black spot disease caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa. Chitosan can be used as covering for fruits and may delay the ripening process and inhibit the growth of some fungi. Thus, the control of citrus black spot using chitosan and the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil was assessed in addition to the physicochemical quality of 'Pêra Rio' oranges. The oranges were immersed into chitosan, thiabendazole or imazalil, and in chitosan mixed with both fungicides. The fruits were then stored at 25 °C, 80% RH, for 7 days and, after this storage period, subjected to physicochemical analyses. Chitosan in association with the fungicides reduced black spot in 'Pêra Rio' oranges and delayed the change in the orange skin colour from green to yellow during the postharvest storage. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid content and ratio were not influenced by the treatments. Thus, chitosan applied with the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil showed potential to control the development of black spot lesions on 'Pêra Rio' oranges during the postharvest period.Os frutos cítricos são afetados pela Pinta preta dos citros, causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa. A quitosana pode ser utilizada como revestimento de frutos, sendo capaz de atrasar o processo de maturação e inibir o crescimento de fungos. Dessa maneira, o controle da Pinta preta utilizando quitosana e os fungicidas tiabendazole e imazalil foi avaliado, assim como a qualidade físico-química de laranjas 'Pêra Rio'. Frutos de laranja foram imersos em quitosana, tiabendazole ou imazalil, e em quitosana em mistura com ambos os fungicidas. Os frutos foram armazenados a 25°C, 80% UR, por 7 dias e após o período de armazenamento foram submetidos a análises fisico-químicas. Quitosana em associação com os fungicidas reduziu o aparecimento da Pinta preta em laranjas 'Pêra Rio' e atrasou a alteração de verde para amarelo da cor da casca das laranjas durante o armazenamento pós-colheita. Os sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez titulável, o pH, o ácido ascórbico e o ratio não sofreram influência dos tratamentos. Deste modo, a quitosana em aplicação com os fungicidas tiabendazol e imazalil aumentou o potencial de controle da Pinta preta em laranjas 'Pêra Rio' em pós-colheita, mantendo a qualidade dos frutos cítricos.Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq
Adalgisa Caccone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The genetic legacy of Lonesome George survives: Giant tortoises with Pinta Island ancestry identified in Galápagos
Biological Conservation, 2013Co-Authors: Danielle L. Edwards, Ryan C. Garrick, Edgar Benavides, Michael A. Russello, James P. Gibbs, Kirstin Dion, Chaz Hyseni, Washington Tapia, Joseph P. Flanagan, Adalgisa CacconeAbstract:The death of Lonesome George, the last known purebred individual of Chelonoidis abingdoni native to Pinta Island, marked the extinction of one of 10 surviving giant tortoise species from the Galapagos Archipelago. Using a DNA reference dataset including historical C. abingdoni and >1600 living Volcano Wolf tortoise samples, a site on Isabela Island known to harbor hybrid tortoises, we discovered 17 individuals with ancestry in C. abingdoni. These animals belong to various hybrid categories, including possible first generation hybrids, and represent multiple, unrelated individuals. Their ages and relative abundance suggest that additional hybrids and conceivably purebred C. abingdoni individuals still occur on Volcano Wolf. Spatial analyses suggest locations where additional individuals with C. abingdoni ancestry are most likely to be recovered, consistent with historical records of human movement of tortoises. These results provide an opportunity for species recovery of Pinta Island tortoises using individuals with C. abingdoni ancestry.
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Origin and evolutionary relationships of giant Galápagos tortoises
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1999Co-Authors: Adalgisa Caccone, James P. Gibbs, Valerio Ketmaier, Elizabeth Suatoni, Jeffrey R. PowellAbstract:Perhaps the most enduring debate in reptile systematics has involved the giant Galapagos tortoises (Geochelone nigra), whose origins and systematic relationships captivated Charles Darwin and remain unresolved to this day. Here we report a phylogenetic reconstruction based on mitochondrial DNA sequences from Galapagos tortoises and Geochelone from mainland South America and Africa. The closest living relative to the Galapagos tortoise is not among the larger-bodied tortoises of South America but is the relatively small-bodied Geochelone chilensis, or Chaco tortoise. The split between G. chilensis and the Galapagos lineage probably occurred 6 to 12 million years ago, before the origin of the oldest extant Galapagos island. Our data suggest that the four named southern subspecies on the largest island, Isabela, are not distinct genetic units, whereas a genetically distinct northernmost Isabela subspecies is probably the result of a separate colonization. Most unexpectedly, the lone survivor of the abingdoni subspecies from Pinta Island (“Lonesome George”) is very closely related to tortoises from San Cristobal and Espanola, the islands farthest from the island of Pinta. To rule out a possible recent transplant of Lonesome George, we sequenced DNA from three tortoises collected on Pinta in 1906. They have sequences identical to Lonesome George, consistent with his being the last survivor of his subspecies. This finding may provide guidance in finding a mate for Lonesome George, who so far has failed to reproduce.