The Experts below are selected from a list of 42 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
G. L. Hearn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Electrostatic ignition hazards arising from fuel flow in plastic pipelines
Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries, 2002Co-Authors: G. L. HearnAbstract:The use of electrically insulating synthetic materials, such as plastics, for fuel pipelines and other fuel handling components is now becoming widespread. In the case of buried or underground pipelines in filling station forecourts the use of these materials offers superior corrosion resistance and increased longevity. This in turn reduces the risk of pollution due to fuel leakage. It is well reported that the flow of fuel under certain conditions in metal pipes can produce significant levels of electrostatic charge on the fuel. Little work however has been undertaken on plastic pipe where charge can accumulate at the fuel/pipe wall interface. This paper reports on tests performed on a full-scale, high-density, polyethylene Pipework System. During the tests, an iso-octane/toluene fuel mix of controlled and known electrical conductivity was transferred through the System at varying flow rates. Both buried and free-standing pipeline configurations were simulated. A number of test runs were performed yielding considerable data relating to the resultant electrostatic activity including electrostatic potential, the nature and location of electrostatic discharges and the discharge energy. The influence of components such as in-line valves and couplings, which have a metallic component, are also evaluated. The extensive data resulting from this study is presented in graphical form. The paper concludes with an analytical section and draws important conclusions with regard to the parameters influencing the degree of ignition hazard present.
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Electrostatic ignition hazards arising from fuel flow in plastic pipelines
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2002Co-Authors: G. L. HearnAbstract:The use of electrically insulating synthetic materials, such as plastics, for fuel pipelines and other fuel handling components is now becoming widespread. In the case of buried or underground pipelines in filling station forecourts the use of these materials offers superior corrosion resistance and increased longevity. This in turn reduces the risk of pollution due to fuel leakage. It is well reported that the flow of fuel under certain conditions in metal pipes can produce significant levels of electrostatic charge on the fuel. Little work, however, has been undertaken on plastic pipe where charge can accumulate at the fuel/pipe wall interface. This paper reports on test performed on a full-scale, high-density, polyethylene Pipework System. During the tests, an isooctane/toluene fuel mix of controlled and known electrical conductivity was transferred through the System at varying flow rates. Both buried and free-standing pipeline configurations were simulated. A number of test runs were performed yielding considerable data relating to the resultant electrostatic activity including electrostatic potential, the nature and location of electrostatic discharges and the discharge energy. The influence of components such as in-line valves and couplings, which have a metallic component, are also evaluated. The extensive data resulting from this study are presented graphically. The paper concludes with an analytical section and draws important conclusions with regard to the parameters influencing the degree of ignition hazard present. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ross Broadfoot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A new design of jigger System to improve pan performance
2007Co-Authors: Darryn W. Rackemann, Ross BroadfootAbstract:A new jigger System has been designed by SRI to boost circulation and heat transfer rates in vacuum pans. The jigger System injects and distributes numerous small bubbles of steam/incondensible gases at controllable rates into the base of the pan. Circulation is improved through a combination of the rising bubbles and the increased heat transfer that results from the increased velocity of massecuite through the tubes. The jigger System offers benefits to the pan’s performance throughout the entire pan cycle. Trials were undertaken during the 2004 and 2005 seasons on batch and continuous pans in Australia to determine the performance during operation with and without the jigger System. The performance was assessed by taking circulation measurements using anemometer probes, measuring heat transfer from the calandria section of the pan, monitoring the calandria pressure and steam flow rate during operation and monitoring the production rate of massecuite. The installation of the jigger System shows substantial performance improvements including: • Reduced calandria pressure; • Improved heat transfer coefficients; • Increased circulation velocities; • Shorter batch pan cycle times; and • Production of massecuites at higher brix. Additional advantages of the jigger System include: • Relatively cheap and low maintenance; • Reduced need for balance water and the use of surfactants; and • The Pipework System does not block with massecuite so non-return valves are not required. The jigger System can be retrofitted to existing batch and continuous pans of any design.
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A new design of jigger System to improve vacuum pan performance.
International Sugar Journal, 2007Co-Authors: Darryn W. Rackemann, Ross BroadfootAbstract:A new jigger System has been designed by SRI to boost circulation and heat transfer rates in vacuum pans. The jigger System injects and distributes numerous small bubbles of steam/incondensible gases at controllable rates into the base of the pan. Circulation is improved through a combination of the rising bubbles and the increased heat transfer that results from the increased velocity of massecuite through the tubes. The jigger System offers benefits to the pan's performance throughout the entire pan cycle. Trials were undertaken during the 2004 and 2005 seasons on batch and continuous pans in Australia to determine the performance during operation with and without the jigger System. The performance was assessed by taking circulation measurements using anemometer probes, measuring heat transfer from the calandria section of the pan, monitoring the calandria pressure and steam flow rate during operation and monitoring the production rate of massecuite. The installation of the jigger System shows substantial performance improvements including reduced calandria pressure, improved heat transfer coefficients, increased circulation velocities, shorter batch pan cycle times and production of massecuites at higher brix. Additional advantages of the jigger System include relatively cheap and low maintenance, reduced need for balance water and the use of surfactants, and the Pipework System does not block with massecuite so non-return valves are not required. The jigger System can be retrofitted to existing batch and continuous pans of any design.
Clare Grandison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessments of quaternary ammonium compounds qac for in water treatment of mussel fouling in vessel internals and sea chests using an experimental seawater Pipework System
Biofouling, 2017Co-Authors: Richard F Piola, Clare GrandisonAbstract:AbstractThe primary in-water emergency treatment method for mussel fouling of internal seawater Systems of Royal Australian Navy vessels is to flush with a 1% detergent solution containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC). Parameters for application of this treatment are based on previous research; however, much of the research has been conducted at small-scales under controlled laboratory conditions. This study examined the efficacy of QAC solutions for treating mussel biofouling under realistic field conditions using experimental seawater piping Systems. The efficacy of QAC solutions was highly dependent on the size of mussels present. Chemical treatments comprising 1, 2 and 5% v v–1 QAC solution were effective at killing large (50–92 mm) mussels in the Pipework and sea chest of the System following 24 h exposure. In contrast, small mussels (10–30 mm) appeared resilient to the majority of treatment regimes. Differences in water temperature, DO and pH during dosing had no discernible impact on treatme...
Darryn W. Rackemann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A new design of jigger System to improve pan performance
2007Co-Authors: Darryn W. Rackemann, Ross BroadfootAbstract:A new jigger System has been designed by SRI to boost circulation and heat transfer rates in vacuum pans. The jigger System injects and distributes numerous small bubbles of steam/incondensible gases at controllable rates into the base of the pan. Circulation is improved through a combination of the rising bubbles and the increased heat transfer that results from the increased velocity of massecuite through the tubes. The jigger System offers benefits to the pan’s performance throughout the entire pan cycle. Trials were undertaken during the 2004 and 2005 seasons on batch and continuous pans in Australia to determine the performance during operation with and without the jigger System. The performance was assessed by taking circulation measurements using anemometer probes, measuring heat transfer from the calandria section of the pan, monitoring the calandria pressure and steam flow rate during operation and monitoring the production rate of massecuite. The installation of the jigger System shows substantial performance improvements including: • Reduced calandria pressure; • Improved heat transfer coefficients; • Increased circulation velocities; • Shorter batch pan cycle times; and • Production of massecuites at higher brix. Additional advantages of the jigger System include: • Relatively cheap and low maintenance; • Reduced need for balance water and the use of surfactants; and • The Pipework System does not block with massecuite so non-return valves are not required. The jigger System can be retrofitted to existing batch and continuous pans of any design.
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A new design of jigger System to improve vacuum pan performance.
International Sugar Journal, 2007Co-Authors: Darryn W. Rackemann, Ross BroadfootAbstract:A new jigger System has been designed by SRI to boost circulation and heat transfer rates in vacuum pans. The jigger System injects and distributes numerous small bubbles of steam/incondensible gases at controllable rates into the base of the pan. Circulation is improved through a combination of the rising bubbles and the increased heat transfer that results from the increased velocity of massecuite through the tubes. The jigger System offers benefits to the pan's performance throughout the entire pan cycle. Trials were undertaken during the 2004 and 2005 seasons on batch and continuous pans in Australia to determine the performance during operation with and without the jigger System. The performance was assessed by taking circulation measurements using anemometer probes, measuring heat transfer from the calandria section of the pan, monitoring the calandria pressure and steam flow rate during operation and monitoring the production rate of massecuite. The installation of the jigger System shows substantial performance improvements including reduced calandria pressure, improved heat transfer coefficients, increased circulation velocities, shorter batch pan cycle times and production of massecuites at higher brix. Additional advantages of the jigger System include relatively cheap and low maintenance, reduced need for balance water and the use of surfactants, and the Pipework System does not block with massecuite so non-return valves are not required. The jigger System can be retrofitted to existing batch and continuous pans of any design.
Richard F Piola - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessments of quaternary ammonium compounds qac for in water treatment of mussel fouling in vessel internals and sea chests using an experimental seawater Pipework System
Biofouling, 2017Co-Authors: Richard F Piola, Clare GrandisonAbstract:AbstractThe primary in-water emergency treatment method for mussel fouling of internal seawater Systems of Royal Australian Navy vessels is to flush with a 1% detergent solution containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC). Parameters for application of this treatment are based on previous research; however, much of the research has been conducted at small-scales under controlled laboratory conditions. This study examined the efficacy of QAC solutions for treating mussel biofouling under realistic field conditions using experimental seawater piping Systems. The efficacy of QAC solutions was highly dependent on the size of mussels present. Chemical treatments comprising 1, 2 and 5% v v–1 QAC solution were effective at killing large (50–92 mm) mussels in the Pipework and sea chest of the System following 24 h exposure. In contrast, small mussels (10–30 mm) appeared resilient to the majority of treatment regimes. Differences in water temperature, DO and pH during dosing had no discernible impact on treatme...