The Experts below are selected from a list of 234 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Andrzej K. Kozminski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Consumers in transition from the centrally Planned Economy to the market Economy
    Journal of Consumer Policy, 1991
    Co-Authors: Andrzej K. Kozminski
    Abstract:

    The article describes the development of consumption and the key consumer policy issues which stem from the transition of Central and East European economies from regimes of central planning to those of market Economy. The author analyzes the role of the consumers in the evolution of the communist economies. His conclusion is that maintaining consumption at or below subsistence level (massive starvation was common) was one of the major sources of financing the USSR “socialist industrialization” under Stalin. This was not possible in the East European “people's democracies” and, after Stalin's death, in the USSR. “Repressed inflation” (permanent shortages of consumption goods) and foreign debt became new sources of financing growth in the later stages of the development of the communist economies, a development which caused a permanent disequilibrium leading to negative economic growth and massive popular revolt. The transition to the market Economy makes it necessary to address these disequilibrium problems. Two transition strategies are discussed: gradual transition and “shock treatment” therapy. These strategies give rise to different consumer problems and to different sets of issues facing the consumer movement. Der Beitrag beschreibt, wie sich der private Verbrauch beim Übergang von einer zentral geplanten Wirtschaft zu einer Marktwirtschaft in den osteuropäischen Staaten entwickelt und welche verbraucherpolitischen Aufgaben sich dabei ergeben. Der Autor beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle der Konsumenten in der Entwicklung der kommunistischen Gesellschaften in der UdSSR und in den östlichen Staaten Mitteleuropas. Er kommt zu dem Ergebnis, daß die Begrenzung des Verbrauches auf das Existenzminimum oder auf ein Niveau darunter (massive Hungersnöte waren verbreitet) ursprünglich eine der wichtigsten Quellen war, aus denen das Programm der sozialistischen Industrialisierung in der UdSSR unter Stalin finanziert wurde. Dieses Modell einer industriellen Entwicklung ließ sich in den anderen europäischen kommunistischen Staaten nicht durchführen und war nach Stalins Tod auch in der UdSSR nicht mehr möglich. In der Folgezeit wurden eine unterdrückte Inflation in der Form von dauerhafter Knapphiet von Konsumgütern und wachsende Auslandsschulden neue Quellen für die Finanzierung des industriellen Wachstums — eine Entwicklung, die ihre eigenen Ziele auf Dauer nicht erreichen konnte. Sie führte gegen Ende der 80iger Jahre zu negativen Wachstumsraten, zu massiver Unzufriedenheit in der Bevölkerung, zu sehr ernsthaften Umweltproblemen und zu riesigen Auslandsschulden. Versuche, die kommunistischen Volkswirtschaften zu reformieren ohne Veränderung der politischen und ideologischen Grundlagen, schlugen völlig fehl. Der Beitrag diskutiert zwei Strategien für den Übergang in das neue Wirtschaftssystem. Die eine ist der “ungarische” Weg eines allmählichen Überganges mit der Fortsetzung der Reformen, die noch unter kommunistischer Herrschaft begonnen wurden, und der allmählichen Öffnung für die Kräfte des Marktes. Die andere ist die “polnische” Form einer Schocktherapie mit abrupter völliger Öffnung gegenüber den Kräften des Marktes. Beide Strategien führen zu jeweils verschiedenen Verbraucherproblemen mit unterschiedlichen Anforderungen an die Verbraucherpolitik.

  • consumers in transition from the centrally Planned Economy to the market Economy
    Journal of Consumer Policy, 1991
    Co-Authors: Andrzej K. Kozminski
    Abstract:

    The article describes the development of consumption and the key consumer policy issues which stem from the transition of Central and East European economies from regimes of central planning to those of market Economy. The author analyzes the role of the consumers in the evolution of the communist economies. His conclusion is that maintaining consumption at or below subsistence level (massive starvation was common) was one of the major sources of financing the USSR “socialist industrialization” under Stalin. This was not possible in the East European “people's democracies” and, after Stalin's death, in the USSR. “Repressed inflation” (permanent shortages of consumption goods) and foreign debt became new sources of financing growth in the later stages of the development of the communist economies, a development which caused a permanent disequilibrium leading to negative economic growth and massive popular revolt. The transition to the market Economy makes it necessary to address these disequilibrium problems. Two transition strategies are discussed: gradual transition and “shock treatment” therapy. These strategies give rise to different consumer problems and to different sets of issues facing the consumer movement.

Adam Ploszaj - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • r d in a post centrally Planned Economy the macroeconomic effects in poland
    Journal of Policy Modeling, 2017
    Co-Authors: Katarzyna Zawalinska, Nhi Tran, Adam Ploszaj
    Abstract:

    Abstract Half a century of centrally Planned policy in the Central and Eastern European countries resulted in outdated technologies, inefficient allocation of resources and low productivity. Following the end of communism there was a fifteen year process of transition which ended in 2004 with eight post-communist countries joining the European Union (EU) of which Poland was the largest. As part of the EU these countries now face the challenge of the common EU strategy Europe 2020, which has set the target of achieving RD (2) to provide tax relief on R&D to businesses. The method applied to assess the options is a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for Poland with an explicit link between productivity and R&D stock. The results show that achieving the R&D intensity target via the use of tax relief is 2.5 times more costly to the government budget, but it has a greater impact on the Economy in terms of a higher GDP growth. Tax relief proved efficient in the short run while in the long run the government expenditure policy provides better value for money.

Adam Budnikowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Gu Huan-zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Grain price policy in Planned Economy Period:an analysis from western economic perspectives
    Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2003
    Co-Authors: Gu Huan-zhang
    Abstract:

    The government-formulated price for grain purchasing and marketing during the Planned Economy Period is state monopoly price, of which the purchasing price is buyer-monopoly price and the marketing price, seller's monopoly price. Economic principles show that the buyer-monopoly price always make inroads on sellers (farmers)' interest, nor can the seller's price benefit the monopoly institution (food management), which accounts for the low levels of enthusiasm on the parts of both farmers and food management in the Planned Economy Period.

Mengke Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • corporate run society the practice of the danwei system in beijing during the Planned Economy period
    Sustainability, 2020
    Co-Authors: Zuopeng Xiao, Tianbao Liu, Yanwei Chai, Mengke Zhang
    Abstract:

    The danwei system is one of the most important institutional arrangements in the Chinese Planned Economy era (1950s–1970s). It also offers a clue to understanding China’s urban transformation since the economic reform. This paper aims to explore the spatial prototype of the danwei system and understand the internal logic for the operation of this system by conducting a case study of the danwei compound of the Beijing No. 2 Textile Factory. Focusing on the obligation of the factory to run social welfare services, the danwei system formed a so-called “corporate-run society”. A sustainable mechanism for production and reproduction is conceptually portrayed. The institutional practice of the danwei system is understood as a process that is in accordance with socialist constructions, the public ownership system, and state socialism. This paper argues that it is necessary to reconfigure the legacies of the danwei system and explore its implications for contemporary Chinese society.