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Musa Doğan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An expanded molecular phylogeny of Plumbaginaceae, with emphasis on Limonium (sea lavenders): Taxonomic implications and biogeographic considerations.
Ecology and evolution, 2018Co-Authors: Konstantina Koutroumpa, Ferhat Celep, Musa Doğan, Spyros Theodoridis, Ben H. Warren, Ares Jiménez, Maria M. Romeiras, Arnoldo Santos-guerra, José María Fernández-palacios, Juli Caujapé-castellsAbstract:Plumbaginaceae is characterized by a history of multiple taxonomic rearrangements and lacks a broad molecular phylogenetic framework. Limonium is the most species-rich genus of the family with ca. 600 species and cosmopolitan distribution. Its center of diversity is the Mediterranean region, where ca. 70% of all Limonium species are endemic. In this study, we sample 201 Limonium species covering all described infrageneric entities and spanning its wide geographic range, along with 64 species of other Plumbaginaceae genera, representing 23 out of 29 genera of the family. Additionally, 20 species of the sister family Polygonaceae were used as outgroup. Sequences of three chloroplast (trnL-F, matK, and rbcL) and one nuclear (ITS) loci were used to infer the molecular phylogeny employing maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. According to our results, within Plumbaginoideae, Plumbago forms a non-monophyletic assemblage, with Plumbago europaea sister to Plumbagella, while the other Plumbago species form a clade sister to Dyerophytum. Within Limonioideae, Ikonnikovia is nested in Goniolimon, rejecting its former segregation as genus distinct from Goniolimon. Limonium is divided into two major clades: Limonium subg. Pteroclados s.l., including L. sect. Pteroclados and L. anthericoides, and L. subg. Limonium. The latter is divided into three well-supported subclades: the monospecific L. sect. Limoniodendron sister to a clade comprising a mostly non-Mediterranean subclade and a Mediterranean subclade. Our results set the foundation for taxonomic proposals on sections and subsections of Limonium, namely: (a) the newly described L. sect. Tenuiramosum, created to assign L. anthericoides at the sectional rank; (b) the more restricted circumscriptions of L. sect. Limonium (= L. sect. Limonium subsect. Genuinae) and L. sect. Sarcophyllum (for the Sudano-Zambezian/Saharo-Arabian clade); (c) the more expanded circumscription of L. sect. Nephrophyllum (including species of the L. bellidifolium complex); and (d) the new combinations for L. sect. Pruinosum and L. sect. Pteroclados subsect. Odontolepideae and subsect. Nobiles.
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First record of Psylliostachys spicata (Plumbaginaceae), confirmation of Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) from Turkey, and taxonomic status of Salvia ertekinii
Turkish Journal of Botany, 2016Co-Authors: Ferhat Celep, Osman Karabacak, Maryam Malekmohammadi, Mehmet Fidan, Musa DoğanAbstract:Psylliostachys spicata (Plumbaginaceae) is reported as a new genus record for Turkey; an amended species description is given. Bossier's record of Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) in Flora Orientalis is confirmed from Turkey. Additionally, the endemic Salvia ertekinii is reduced to a synonym of Salvia pinnata.
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Limonium gueneri (Plumbaginaceae), a New Species from Turkey
Annales Botanici Fennici, 2008Co-Authors: Musa Doğan, Hayri Duman, Galip AkaydinAbstract:Limonium gueneri Dogan, Duman & Akaydin sp. nova (Plumbaginaceae) is described and illustrated from Patara (C2 Antalya, Turkey), where it grows on calcareous slopes on the coast. It is probably closely related to L. ocymifolium (Poir.) Kuntze, an East Mediterranean species. The diagnostic morphological characters are discussed. A taxonomic key for the coastline species of Turkish Limonium without sterile branches is also presented along with some notes on the ecology and biogeography of the new species.
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synopsis of turkish acantholimon boiss Plumbaginaceae
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007Co-Authors: Musa Doğan, Galip AkaydinAbstract:A synopsis of Acantholimon in Turkey is given on the basis of a revisional study conducted in Turkey by the authors. An account of 52 species, ten subspecies, and 17 varieties is given, including keys to the species, subspecies, and varieties, and a general indication of their distribution, as well as their conservation status in Turkey. Seven new taxa, namely A. ekimii sp. nov., A. capitatum ssp. sivasicum ssp. nov., A. calvertii var. glabrum var. nov., A. huetii var. breviscapum var. nov., A. acerosum ssp. longibracteolorum ssp. nov., A. lycaonicum ssp. cappadocicum ssp. nov., and A. halophilum var. coloratum var. nov., are described, together with a few new combinations. A. wiedemannii, A. iconicum, and A. lycaonicum, described from Turkey in the past, but placed under other species as synonyms in the Flora of Turkey, are recognized once again as good species. A. multiflorum and A. parviflorum are given a species status. In Turkey, the presence of A. latifolium, A. araxanum, A. lepturoides, A. hohenackerii, A. senganense, A. fominii, A. petraeum, and A. tragacanthinum is also confirmed. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 154, 397–419.
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Three new species with two flowered spikelets in Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae) from East Anatolia, Turkey
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004Co-Authors: Musa Doğan, Galip AkaydinAbstract:Three new species, Acantholimon bashkaleicum sp. nov., Acantholimon artosense sp. nov. and Acantholimon hoshapicum sp. nov. (Plumbaginaceae) are described and illustrated. The species are all confined to B9/B10 Van Province in East Anatolia where they grow either on calcareous mountain slopes or on mountain steppes. Diagnostic morphological characteristics from the closely related species are given, along with a discussion dealing with their taxonomic relationships, and their conservation statuses are pointed out. A revised key to the Acantholimon species with heterophyllous leaves, two or more flowered and four or more bracteated spikelets is also provided. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 144, 497–505.
Galip Akaydin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Limonium gueneri (Plumbaginaceae), a New Species from Turkey
Annales Botanici Fennici, 2008Co-Authors: Musa Doğan, Hayri Duman, Galip AkaydinAbstract:Limonium gueneri Dogan, Duman & Akaydin sp. nova (Plumbaginaceae) is described and illustrated from Patara (C2 Antalya, Turkey), where it grows on calcareous slopes on the coast. It is probably closely related to L. ocymifolium (Poir.) Kuntze, an East Mediterranean species. The diagnostic morphological characters are discussed. A taxonomic key for the coastline species of Turkish Limonium without sterile branches is also presented along with some notes on the ecology and biogeography of the new species.
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synopsis of turkish acantholimon boiss Plumbaginaceae
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007Co-Authors: Musa Doğan, Galip AkaydinAbstract:A synopsis of Acantholimon in Turkey is given on the basis of a revisional study conducted in Turkey by the authors. An account of 52 species, ten subspecies, and 17 varieties is given, including keys to the species, subspecies, and varieties, and a general indication of their distribution, as well as their conservation status in Turkey. Seven new taxa, namely A. ekimii sp. nov., A. capitatum ssp. sivasicum ssp. nov., A. calvertii var. glabrum var. nov., A. huetii var. breviscapum var. nov., A. acerosum ssp. longibracteolorum ssp. nov., A. lycaonicum ssp. cappadocicum ssp. nov., and A. halophilum var. coloratum var. nov., are described, together with a few new combinations. A. wiedemannii, A. iconicum, and A. lycaonicum, described from Turkey in the past, but placed under other species as synonyms in the Flora of Turkey, are recognized once again as good species. A. multiflorum and A. parviflorum are given a species status. In Turkey, the presence of A. latifolium, A. araxanum, A. lepturoides, A. hohenackerii, A. senganense, A. fominii, A. petraeum, and A. tragacanthinum is also confirmed. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 154, 397–419.
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Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Acantholimon laxiflorum Boiss. ex Bunge (Plumbaginaceae)
Turkish Journal of Botany, 2003Co-Authors: Musa Doğan, Hayri Duman, Galip AkaydinAbstract:Acantholimon laxiflorum Boiss. ex Bunge (Plumbaginaceae), a local endemic species in Turkey, was subjected to taxonomic analysis in order to clarify its taxonomic status, because this species seems to have been wrongly treated and overlooked since it was first described by Boissier. The species is restricted to the east of Arsuz (C5 Hatay, Turkey) along dry riverbank, where it grows in rocky places on serpentine rocks. A full description and an illustration of the species are given, along with some additional information dealing with its ecology, phytogeography and conservation status. Ozet: Turkiye'de lokal bir endemik tur olan Acantholimon laxiflorum Boiss. ex Bunge (Plumbaginaceae)' un taksonomik statusunun anlafl›labilmesi icin detayl› taksonomik analizler yap›lm›flt›r. Bu turun, E. Boissier taraf›ndan tan›mland›ktan sonra yanl›fl deerlendirildii gorulmektedir. Arsuz'un (C5 Hatay, Turkiye) dousunda, kuru dere yataklar› boyunca, serpantin kayal›klar uzerinde yetiflen bu turun ayr›nt›l› tan›m› ve cizimi yan›nda ekolojisi ve fitocorafyas› ile korunma statusu hakk›nda da bilgiler verilmifltir.
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An undescribed species of Acantholimon boiss. sect. Staticopsis (Plumbaginaceae) from Turkey, with some notes on its ecology, conservation status, and relationships
Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 2003Co-Authors: Musa Doğan, Galip AkaydinAbstract:A new species, Acantholimon turcicum Dogan & Akaydin (Plumbaginaceae), is described and illustrated. The species grows on calcareous mountain scree in Astragalus spp. steppe on Hazar Mountain above Sivrice (B7 Elazig). Diagnostic morphological characteristics from the closely related species are discussed and conservation status of the species is given, along with a discussion dealing with its taxonomic relationships. A revised key to the Acantholimon species with circinnate leaf basis is also provided for the species found in Turkey.
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A new species of Acantholimon Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae) from Ankara, Turkey
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002Co-Authors: Musa Doğan, Galip AkaydinAbstract:Acantholimon anatolicum Dogan & Akaydin sp. nov. (Plumbaginaceae) is described and illustrated. The species grows on deep gypsum-rich sandy soil on eroded mountain slopes between Cayirhan and Nallihan in Ankara. Diagnostic morphological characters that discern it from closely related species are discussed and its conservation status is indicated. A revised key to Acantholimon species with ± dense terminal spikes and excurrent scapes is given for the species found in Turkey. (c)The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 140, 443–448.
Bala Rathinasabapathi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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somatic embryogenesis in members of the Plumbaginaceae ornamental statice limonium and sea thrift armeria maritima
Hortscience, 2002Co-Authors: Bala Rathinasabapathi, Sheevani BhalsodAbstract:Many members of the Plumbaginaceae are important flower crops wherein propagation is hindered by poor seed germination. Micropropagation via organogenesis is commercially practiced for certain Limonium species. However, somatic embryogenesis was not reported for members of the Plumbaginaceae until recently for L. bellidifolium Durmort. The induction of somatic embryogenesis from cotyledon explants in a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was examined in four other members of this family, Limonium aureum O. Kuntze, L. latifolium O. Kuntze, L. sinuatum Mill., and Armeria maritima Willd. Induction of embryogenic callus was achieved in all the species examined on MS medium supplemented with 4.5 µM 2,4-D and 88 or 118 mM sucrose. Species of the genus Limonium responded better than A. maritima Willd. in somatic embryo induction and maturation. Somatic embryos of L. aureum O. Kuntze matured readily on MS medium supplemented with 0.93 µM kinetin and 88 mM mannitol. Chemical name used: 2,4- Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D).
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Somatic embryogenesis in perennial statice Limonium bellidifolium, Plumbaginaceae
Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 2002Co-Authors: Mohammed A.m. Aly, Bala Rathinasabapathi, Karen KelleyAbstract:Cotyledon explants from perennial statice Limonium bellidifolium ( Statice caspia Willd.) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium (MS) supplemented with various levels of 2,4-D, kinetin and sucrose. Embryogenic calluses developed over a period of 10 days with the highest response at 4.5 μM (1 mg l^−1) 2,4-D, 0.5 μM (0.1 mg l^−1) kinetin and 117 mM sucrose. Following induction, the calluses were transferred to MS media supplemented with 88 or 117 mM sucrose and 0 or 0.5 μM kinetin. Somatic embryos at the globular, heart-shaped, torpedo, and cotyledonary stages developed. Fully germinated plantlets developed with the best response in medium supplemented with 117 mM sucrose and 0.5 μM kinetin. Direct somatic embryogenesis without a callus phase was observed with some of the cotyledon explants. Induction, maturation and germination of somatic embryos on the optimized media were equally effective using cotyledon, hypocotyl and root explants. Serial sections of L. bellidifolium cotyledon explants cultured for two weeks indicated that pro-embryogenic masses originated from parenchyma cells below the epidermis. Further histological observations of embryogenic calluses confirmed the initiation and development of globular and heart-shaped embryos and repetitive somatic embryogenesis. Ultrastructural observations indicated that the embryogenic cells were less vacuolate with abundant organelles compared to the cells of the explant. This is the first report of somatic embryogenesis in the Plumbaginaceae.
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β-Alanine Betaine Synthesis in the Plumbaginaceae. Purification and Characterization of a Trifunctional, S -Adenosyl-l-Methionine-Dependent N -Methyltransferase from Limonium latifolium Leaves
Plant physiology, 2001Co-Authors: Bala Rathinasabapathi, Walid M. Fouad, Celia A. SiguaAbstract:beta-Alanine (beta-Ala) betaine is an osmoprotective compound accumulated by most members of the highly stress-tolerant family Plumbaginaceae. Its potential role in plant tolerance to salinity and hypoxia makes its synthetic pathway an interesting target for metabolic engineering. In the Plumbaginaceae, beta-Ala betaine is synthesized by S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent N-methylation of beta-Ala via N-methyl beta-Ala and N,N-dimethyl beta-Ala. It was not known how many N-methyltransferases (NMTases) participate in the three N-methylations of beta-Ala. An NMTase was purified about 1,890-fold, from Limonium latifolium leaves, using a protocol consisting of polyethylene glycol precipitation, heat treatment, anion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and two substrate affinity chromatography steps. The purified NMTase was trifunctional, methylating beta-Ala, N-methyl beta-Ala, and N,N-dimethyl beta-Ala. Gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses indicated that the native NMTase is a dimer of 43-kD subunits. The NMTase had an apparent K(m) of 45 microM S-adenosyl-l-methionine and substrate inhibition was observed above 200 microM. The apparent K(m) values for the methyl acceptor substrates were 5.3, 5.7, and 5.9 mM for beta-Ala, N-methyl beta-Ala, and N,N-dimethyl beta-Ala, respectively. The NMTase had an isoelectric point of 5.15 and was reversibly inhibited by the thiol reagent p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid.
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Osmoprotectant β‐alanine betaine synthesis in the Plumbaginaceae: S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine dependent N‐methylation of β‐alanine to its betaine is via N‐methyl and N,N‐dimethyl β‐alanines
Physiologia Plantarum, 2000Co-Authors: Bala Rathinasabapathi, Celia A. Sigua, Janice Ho, Douglas A. GageAbstract:β-Alanine betaine is an osmoprotective compound accumulated by most members of the plant family Plumbaginaceae. Leaf and root tissues of Limonium latifolium known to accumulate β-alanine betaine readily convert supplied β-alanine to β-alanine betaine. To identify the intermediates and the enzymes involved in β-alanine betaine synthesis, radiotracer experiments using [ 14 C] formate were employed. These studies demonstrate that β-alanine betaine is synthesized from β-alanine via N-methyl and N,N-dimethyl β-alanines. A rapid and sensitive radiometric assay was developed to measure N-methyltransferase (NMT) activities by using [methyl- 14 C] or [methyl- 3 H] S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) as the methyl donor. Leaf extracts from β-alanine betaine accumulators -Armeria maritima, L. latifolium and L. ramosisslmum - had detectable NMT activities while none were found in L. perezii, a species that does not accumulate β-alanine betaine. The NMT activities were further characterized from the leaves of L. latifolium. The activities had a pH optimum of 8.0, were soluble and inhibited by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Extractable activities were similar from plants grown under control and salinity stress conditions. Radiolabeling with [ 14 C] L-aspartic acid indicated that, unlike in bacteria, decarboxylation of L-aspartic acid is not the source of β-alanine in the Plumbaginaceae.
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osmoprotectant β alanine betaine synthesis in the Plumbaginaceae s adenosyl l methionine dependent n methylation of β alanine to its betaine is via n methyl and n n dimethyl β alanines
Physiologia Plantarum, 2000Co-Authors: Bala Rathinasabapathi, Celia A. Sigua, Douglas A. GageAbstract:β-Alanine betaine is an osmoprotective compound accumulated by most members of the plant family Plumbaginaceae. Leaf and root tissues of Limonium latifolium known to accumulate β-alanine betaine readily convert supplied β-alanine to β-alanine betaine. To identify the intermediates and the enzymes involved in β-alanine betaine synthesis, radiotracer experiments using [ 14 C] formate were employed. These studies demonstrate that β-alanine betaine is synthesized from β-alanine via N-methyl and N,N-dimethyl β-alanines. A rapid and sensitive radiometric assay was developed to measure N-methyltransferase (NMT) activities by using [methyl- 14 C] or [methyl- 3 H] S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) as the methyl donor. Leaf extracts from β-alanine betaine accumulators -Armeria maritima, L. latifolium and L. ramosisslmum - had detectable NMT activities while none were found in L. perezii, a species that does not accumulate β-alanine betaine. The NMT activities were further characterized from the leaves of L. latifolium. The activities had a pH optimum of 8.0, were soluble and inhibited by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Extractable activities were similar from plants grown under control and salinity stress conditions. Radiolabeling with [ 14 C] L-aspartic acid indicated that, unlike in bacteria, decarboxylation of L-aspartic acid is not the source of β-alanine in the Plumbaginaceae.
Manuel B. Crespo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Limonium tobarrense (Plumbaginaceae), a new species from the southeastern Iberian Peninsula
Phytotaxa, 2016Co-Authors: Joaquín Melgarejo Moreno, Alejandro Terrones, María Ángeles Alonso, Ana Juan, Manuel B. CrespoAbstract:A new species, Limonium tobarrense (Plumbaginaceae), is described from the inland saltmarsh of Cordovilla (Tobarra) in Albacete province, southeastern Iberian Peninsula. This new species is morphologically close to the taxa belonging to the Limonium girardianum group, but there are remarkable differences suggesting separation at species rank. Comparisons are provided with L. dufourii , L. girardianum and L. grosii using multivariate analysis. The principal component analysis (PCA) shows four separated groups, each corresponding to the four species considered. Ecological, phytosociological, bioclimatic, biogeographic and reproductive features of the new species are also discussed, as well as its conservation status. A diagnostic key is provided to facilitate identification of L. tobarrense and its closer allies.
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Typification of Statice dichotoma Cav. (Plumbaginaceae)
Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 2013Co-Authors: P. Pablo Ferrer-gallego, José Gómez, Emilio Laguna, Roberto Roselló, Juan Bautista Peris, Manuel B. CrespoAbstract:A lectotype and an epitype are here designated for Statice dichotoma Cav. (Plumbaginaceae), an endemic taxon from the central part of the Iberian Peninsula, which is currently named Limonium dichotomum (Cav.) Kuntze
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A New Coastal Species of Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) from Southeastern Spain
Folia Geobotanica, 2009Co-Authors: Manuel B. CrespoAbstract:A new species, Limonium scopulorum (Plumbaginaceae), is described from the maritime cliffs of Alicante province, Spain (southeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula). This new taxon belongs to the group of Limonium delicatulum , which is highly diversified in the Mediterranean territories of the Iberian Peninsula. It is related to the Balearic species L. biflorum , though several leaf, floral and chromosomal features warrant its easy recognition. Molecular divergence, shown in previous studies, also supports its separate treatment. Major affinities and differences with other related taxa are discussed. Moreover, morphological, ecological, chorological, biogeographic features of the new taxon are discussed, and its conservation status is reported. An identification key is provided for Spanish taxa of the Limonium delicatulum group.
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myriolepis a new genus segregated from limonium Plumbaginaceae
Taxon, 2003Co-Authors: Dolores M Lledo, Matthias Erben, Manuel B. CrespoAbstract:Taxonomic features of Limonium subg. Myriolepis are reviewed and compared with those of other taxa in Plumbaginaceae. The new genus Myriolepis is proposed on the basis of morphological, karyological and phytochemical characters to include two western M editerranean species of Limonium sect. Myriolepis: L. ferulaceum and L. diffusum . Remaining taxa belonging to L. subg. M yriolepis (those in L. sects. Siphonantha and Polyarthrion ) are recognised as sections in L. subg. Limonium. Affinities to other taxa of Limonium, sometimes suggested as related to M yriolepis, are also discussed.
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Phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of the genus Aegialitis and subfamilies Staticoideae and Plumbaginoideae (Plumbaginaceae): evidence from plastid DNA sequences and morphology
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2001Co-Authors: Mª. D. Lledó, Manuel B. Crespo, Michael F. Fay, Per Ola Karis, Mark W. ChaseAbstract:Circumscription of Plumbaginaceae is evaluated using sequence data from three plastid regions (rbcL, the intron of trnL and the intergenic spacer of trnL-trnF) and a morphological dataset of 51 characters. Thirteen species representing the major genera of Staticoideae and Plumbaginoideae, as well as one species of Aegialitis, have been analysed using three species of Polygonaceae as an outgroup. Analyses of the molecular, morphological and combined datasets yield similar results. Plumbaginaceae are divided in two well-supported groups corresponding to subfamilies Staticoideae and Plumbaginoideae. Aegialitis is sister to the rest of Staticoideae. In the light of these data, we can conclude that the classification of Plumbaginaceae in two subfamilies is well supported. Moreover, Aegialitis should be regarded as a tribe in Staticoideae.
Karen Kelley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Somatic embryogenesis in perennial statice Limonium bellidifolium, Plumbaginaceae
Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 2002Co-Authors: Mohammed A.m. Aly, Bala Rathinasabapathi, Karen KelleyAbstract:Cotyledon explants from perennial statice Limonium bellidifolium ( Statice caspia Willd.) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium (MS) supplemented with various levels of 2,4-D, kinetin and sucrose. Embryogenic calluses developed over a period of 10 days with the highest response at 4.5 μM (1 mg l^−1) 2,4-D, 0.5 μM (0.1 mg l^−1) kinetin and 117 mM sucrose. Following induction, the calluses were transferred to MS media supplemented with 88 or 117 mM sucrose and 0 or 0.5 μM kinetin. Somatic embryos at the globular, heart-shaped, torpedo, and cotyledonary stages developed. Fully germinated plantlets developed with the best response in medium supplemented with 117 mM sucrose and 0.5 μM kinetin. Direct somatic embryogenesis without a callus phase was observed with some of the cotyledon explants. Induction, maturation and germination of somatic embryos on the optimized media were equally effective using cotyledon, hypocotyl and root explants. Serial sections of L. bellidifolium cotyledon explants cultured for two weeks indicated that pro-embryogenic masses originated from parenchyma cells below the epidermis. Further histological observations of embryogenic calluses confirmed the initiation and development of globular and heart-shaped embryos and repetitive somatic embryogenesis. Ultrastructural observations indicated that the embryogenic cells were less vacuolate with abundant organelles compared to the cells of the explant. This is the first report of somatic embryogenesis in the Plumbaginaceae.
